Cognitive strategies are learning techniques that actively engage the brain in comprehending and retaining knowledge by structuring learning to acknowledge its limitations. Examples of cognitive strategies include repetition, organizing information, summarizing meanings, guessing meanings from context, using images for memorization, and making mind maps, visualizations, associations, using clues, scanning texts for self-testing and monitoring comprehension. Metacognitive strategies provide students with explicit teacher instruction for step-by-step procedures to solve problems.