This document discusses metacognition, which refers to thinking about one's own thinking. It provides definitions of metacognition from researchers and describes its two main components: knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition. There are three types of metacognitive knowledge - content knowledge, task knowledge, and strategic knowledge. Metacognition involves planning, monitoring, and evaluating one's cognition and learning. It plays an important role in self-regulation and maximizing one's learning potential.

1. METACOGNITION-2
Ram Kumar Swarnkar
Principal, IASE, Bhopal

2. INTRODUCTION
Metacognition is "cognition about cognition", "thinking
about thinking", or "knowing about knowing" and higher order
thinking skills. It comes from the root word "meta", meaning
beyond. It can take many forms; it includes knowledge about
when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for
problem solving There are generally two components of
metacognition: knowledge about cognition, and regulation of
cognition.

3. DEFINITIONS
This higher-level cognition was given the label
metacognition by American developmental psychologist John H.
Flavell (1979). The term metacognition literally means cognition
about cognition, or more informally, thinking about thinking.
Flavell defined metacognition as knowledge about cognition and
control of cognition. For example, a person is engaging in
metacognition if he notices that he is having more trouble
learning A than B.

4. DEFINITIONS
Metacognition also involves thinking about one's
own thinking process such as study skills, memory
capabilities, and the ability to monitor learning. This
concept needs to be explicitly taught along with content
instruction. Metacognitive knowledge is about our own
cognitive processes and our understanding of how to
regulate those processes to maximize learning.

5. TYPES OF METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE
1. Content knowledge (declarative knowledge) :- It is
understanding one's own capabilities such as a student
evaluating his/her own knowledge of a subject in a class. It is
also notable that not all metacognition is accurate. Studies have
shown that students often mistake lack of effort with
understanding in evaluating themselves and their overall
knowledge of a concept.

6. TYPES OF METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE
2. Task knowledge (procedural knowledge) :- It is
how one perceives the difficulty of a task which is the
content, length, and the type of assignment. The study
mentioned in Content knowledge also deals with the
ability of one to evaluate the difficulty of the task related
to their overall performance on the task.

7. TYPES OF METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE
3. Strategic knowledge (conditional knowledge) :- It
is one's own capability for using strategies to learn
information. Young children are not particularly good at
this; it is not until upper elementary where students start
to develop the understanding of strategies that will be
effective.

8. COMPOSITION OF METACOGNITION
Metacognition is a general term encompassing the
study of memory-monitoring and self-regulation, meta-
reasoning, consciousness/ awareness and auto-
consciousness/ self-awareness In practice these
capacities are used to regulate one's own cognition, to
maximize one's potential to think, learn and to the
evaluation of proper ethical/ moral rules.

9. COMPONENTS
Metacognition is classified into three components:
1. Metacognitive knowledge (also called metacognitive
awareness) is what individuals know about themselves and
others as cognitive processors.
2. Metacognitive regulation is the regulation of cognition and
learning experiences through a set of activities that help people
control their learning.
3. Metacognitive experiences are those experiences that have
something to do with the current, on-going cognitive endeavor.

10. COMPONENTS
Metacognition refers to a level of thinking that involves
active control over the process of thinking that is used in
learning situations. Planning the way to approach a
learning task, monitoring comprehension, and evaluating
the progress towards the completion of a task: these are
skills that are metacognitive in their nature.

11. TYPES OF METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS
Metacognition includes at least three different types of metacognitive
awareness when considering metacognitive knowledge:
1. Declarative knowledge: refers to knowledge about oneself as a
learner and about what factors can influence one's
performance. Declarative knowledge can also be referred to as "world
knowledge".
2. Procedural knowledge: refers to knowledge about doing things. This
type of knowledge is displayed as heuristics and strategies. A high
degree of procedural knowledge can allow individuals to perform tasks
more automatically. This is achieved through a large variety of
strategies that can be accessed more efficiently.

12. TYPES OF METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS
3. Conditional knowledge: refers to knowing when and why to
use declarative and procedural knowledge. It allows students to
allocate their resources when using strategies. This in turn
allows the strategies to become more effective.

13. METACOGNITIVE REGULATION
Metacognitive regulation or "regulation of cognition" contains three skills
that are essential.
1. Planning: refers to the appropriate selection of strategies and the
correct allocation of resources that affect task performance.
2. Monitoring: refers to one's awareness of comprehension and task
performance
3. Evaluating: refers to appraising the final product of a task and the
efficiency at which the task was performed. This can include re-evaluating
strategies that were used.

14. Thank you