This document discusses breastfeeding, including its benefits, physiology, technique, composition of breast milk, and potential problems. Some key points:
- Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants and protects against illness through antibodies in breast milk.
- The physiological process of lactation involves preparation of breasts, milk synthesis and secretion, milk ejection, and maintenance of lactation.
- Breast milk contains the right balance of nutrients for infants and differs from cow's milk in important ways.
- Proper breastfeeding technique involves positioning the baby correctly at the breast and supporting the baby to latch on.
- Benefits of breastfeeding include improved immunity, maternal weight loss, and reduced risk of various diseases in both mother
neonatal hypothermia is a very emergency condition. if we identify this in early stage we can save the life of neonate. all should know about the maintaining the temperature if the neonate is in our home.
The slides contain description of weaning foods and artifical feeding given to the baby, important points to be considered while preparing feed for the baby
This PPT is regarding Breast Feeding-Introduction, Definition, Anatomy of Breast, Physiology of Lactation, Hormones, Reflexes in the baby, Advantages, Contraindications, composition of Human Milk, the types of milk,Breast Feeding Positions,Breast Feeding Pattern, Good and Poor attachment of the baby.
neonatal hypothermia is a very emergency condition. if we identify this in early stage we can save the life of neonate. all should know about the maintaining the temperature if the neonate is in our home.
The slides contain description of weaning foods and artifical feeding given to the baby, important points to be considered while preparing feed for the baby
This PPT is regarding Breast Feeding-Introduction, Definition, Anatomy of Breast, Physiology of Lactation, Hormones, Reflexes in the baby, Advantages, Contraindications, composition of Human Milk, the types of milk,Breast Feeding Positions,Breast Feeding Pattern, Good and Poor attachment of the baby.
Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
This presentation is related with the contents regarding breast feeding. It includes complete information about breast feeding including different pictures and beautifully designed.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
2. INTRODUCTION
Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with breast
milk directly from female human breast via lactation rather then using
infant formula from a baby bottle or container
Babies have sucking reflex that enables them to suck and swallow
milk
Experts recommend that children be breastfed within one hour of
birth, exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, and the breast until
age two.
3. INTRODUCTION
"The more we know
about human
breast milk the
more we discover
about its value in
human nutrition
and development”.
6. PHYSIOLOGY
The physiological basis of lactation is
divided into four phases :
1. Preparation of breasts (mammogenesis).
2. Synthesis and secretion from the breast
alveoli (lacto genesis).
3. Ejection of milk (galactokinesis).
4. Maintenance of lactation (galactopoiesis).
8. LACTOGENESIS
1. Begins when estrogen and progesterone
are withdrawn following delivery,
2. Prolactin begins its milk secretary activity
3. The secretary activity is enhanced growth
hormone, thyroxine, glucocorticoids and
insulin.
4. Milk secretion actually starts on 3rd or 4th
postpartum day
9. GALACTOKINESIS
Milk let down reflex
Discharge of milk from the mammary
glands depends not only on the suction
exerted by the baby during sucking but
also on the contractive mechanism which
expresses the milk from the alveoli into
the ducts.
11. GALACTOPOEISIS
Prolactin appears to be the single most
important galactopoietics hormone. For
maintenance of effective and continuous
lactation, suckling is essential.
12. MILK PRODUCTION
A healthy mother may produce about
500-800 ml of milk a day to feed her
infant with about 500 kcal /day
13.
14. REFLEXES IN THE BABY
1. The rooting reflex
2. The suckling reflex
3. The swallowing reflex
15. FACTORS WHICH LESSEN
MILK PRODUCTION
Dummies, pacifiers, bottles-even one or
two feeds.
Making the baby wait for feeds.
Giving feeds like sugar water gripe water,
honey, breast milk substitutes or formula,
either as pre-lacteal feeds or at anytime.
Certain medications for mothers like oral
contraceptives or methergine.
Painful breast conditions like sore or
cracked nipples & congested breast.
16. DRUGS TO IMPROVE
MILK PRODUCTION
Metclopramide (10 mg thrice daily)
Increases the blood volume by
increasing prolactin level. Intranasal
oxytocin contracts myoepithelial cells
and causes milk let down
18. COMPOSITION
COLOSTRUM :
Is the secretion of breast during the later part of
pregnancy & for 2-4 days after delivery
It has deep lemon yellow colour as it contain
several times the protein of mature breast milk
but less fat & more minerals.
It has important immunological factors
(antibodies - IgA)
It’s alkaline in nature
19. COMPOSITION
TRANSITIONAL MILK
During the next two weeks, the milk increases in
quantity and changes in appearance and
composition and this is called transitional milk.
The immunoglobin and protein content decreases
while the fat and sugar content increases.
MATURE MILK
The milk which replaces the transitional milk after
2 weeks of lactation
20. DIFFERENCES
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COW'S MILK AND BREAST MILK
1. Both contain equal amounts of water.
2. The energy contents are equal approximately 20Kcal/kg/oz ,as
1oz=30 ml of milk
3. Protein : Cow milk contains higher protein approximately 3 folds,
its contents of casein is about 6 folds , while the human milk protein is
mainly whey protein (lactalbumin & lactglobulin ) but 30% casein .
4. Carbohydrates: Human milk 7% which is lactose while cow milk is
4.5% .
5. Fat: Contents are almost equal but there is qualitative differences ,as
both containing triglycerides (olein ,palmitin & stearin ) but human
milk contain twice of the more absorbable olein .
21. DIFFERENCES
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COW'S MILK AND BREAST MILK
6. Minerals: Cow milk contains much more of all the minerals except
iron &copper &although breast milk iron is low but better absorbed
(bioavailable) and the infant will depend on the iron stores in the first
4-6 months .
7. Vitamins: Both has large amount of vitamin A, cow milk has low
vitamin C & D ,also human milk has low vitamin D and depends
largely on the maternal nutrition and sun exposure .both milk contains
adequate amount of vitamin B complex so breast fed infants should
receive the daily requirements of vitamin D which is 400 I.U / day .
22. DIFFERENCES
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COW MILK, FORUMULA MILKAND BREAST MILK
BREAST MILK COW MILK FORMULA MILK
WATER Enough Extra needed May need extra
ENERGY Equal Equal Equal
PROTEIN Correct amount easy to
digest
Too much difficult to
digest
Partially corrected
CARBOHYDRATE Lactose – plenty
oligosaccharides
Lactose – less
oligosaccharides
Lactose + Sucrose
Lacks lipase
FAT EFAs present
Lipase to digest
No EFAs
No lipase
Some EFAs added
No lipase
VITAMINS Adequate depending on
mom’s nutritional
adequacy
Low vitamin A, C and
Iron
Vitamin / mineral
added – usually
enough
ANTI-INFECTIVE
FACTORS
IgA, Lactoferrin,
Lysozeme, etc
None None
GROWTH FACTORS Present None none
25. INITIATION
Breast feeding should be started within half
an hour of birth as soon as possible after
normal delivery where as in case of
caesarian section delivery, within 1 hours.
Rooming in and bedding should be done
with mother and baby to prevent separation
and promote breast feeding.
28. TECHNIQUE
Here are the basic steps for breast feeding:
1. Make sure you’re comfortable and well supported with pillows. Lean back
rather than sit upright
2. Place your baby on your bare chest between your breasts, facing you.
Gravity will help keep her in position. It’s best if your baby is awake but not
crying – if she’s crying, calm her first, perhaps by letting her suck your
finger.
3. When calm, your baby will begin to follow his instincts. He’ll start to move
towards one breast. Support your baby behind his shoulders and under his
bottom (hold his head only if he needs it). Let him move to where he’s
trying to go – towards your nipple. He knows where to go. Your job is to
keep him calm. You can help him by moving his whole body a little if
necessary.
29. TECHNIQUE
Here are the basic steps for breast feeding:
4. Your baby will most likely position herself on an angle, with her mouth near
your nipple and her feet supported by your thigh or lap.
5. When your baby is just below your nipple, he’ll dig his chin into your breast,
reach up with an open mouth, attach to the breast and start sucking
30. POSITIONS
Baby’s head & body straight.
Baby’s body turned towards the mother, nose opposite
the nipple.
Baby’s body touching mother’s abdomen.
Baby’s whole body well supported not just neck or
shoulders.
Mother should than support her breast with her finger
flat against her chest wall under her breast.
31. POSITIONS
1. Cradle Hold (Tummy to Tummy)
Sit as straight as possible with a pillow behind you, or sit on the edge of the
bed.
Cradle your baby in your arm, her tummy against yours and her head
resting in the bend of your elbow. Her ear, shoulders and hip should be in a
straight line.
Tuck your baby's lower arm out of the way, with her mouth close to your
breast.
Support your breast with your free hand; place all of your fingers
underneath it, well away from the areola.
Rest your thumb lightly on top of your breast above your areola.
Lift your breast upward and lightly stroke your nipple on your baby's lower
lip. As part of the rooting reflex, her mouth will open wide.
Pull her quickly onto the breast to latch-on when her mouth is opened wide,
like a big yawn, and her tongue is down. Do not lean over your baby; keep
your back straight, and pull your baby up to your breast.
32. 2. Football hold
Position your baby so her legs and body are under your arm, with your hand
holding her head (as if you were holding a football).
Place your fingers below your breast. Allow your baby to latch-on while pulling
her in close, holding her head tightly against your breast.
Keep your baby's body flexed at the hip with her legs tucked under your arm.
The football hold is a good position when:
- You have had a caesarean birth and want to avoid placing your baby against your abdominal
incision.
- You need more visibility in getting your baby to latch-on.
- Your breasts are large.
- You are nursing a small baby, especially if premature.
- Your baby tends to slide down your areola onto your nipple.
- Your baby is fussy, restless and hard to latch-on.
- Your baby is sleepy. Sitting upright may encourage her to remain alert for a longer period.
- You have inverted nipples.
POSITIONS
33. 3 Side lying position
First, position yourself and your baby on your sides tummy-to-
tummy.
Bend your top leg and position with pillows
Place your fingers beneath your breast and lift upward, then pull
your baby in close as she latches-on.
The side-lying position is an especially good choice for
breastfeeding when:
You must be flat after a caesarean birth with
spinal anesthesia.
POSITIONS
36. MATERNAL AND FETAL
MATERNAL FETAL
Reduces the risk of breast cancer,
ovarian cancer, diabetes, hypertension
and heart disease
Meets the full nutritional requirement of
infant
Promotes post partum weight loss and
emotional health
Reduces the risk of infectious disease
and illness
Emotional support and bonding Lowers the risk of developing allergies
Prevents post partum hemorrhage and
delays ovulation
Lowers the rate of sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS), cancer,
gastrointestinal disrupt
37. IMMUNITY
During breast feeding approximately 0.25-0.5grams
per day of secretory IgA antibodies is passed to
the baby via the milk.This is one of the most
important feature of breast feeding.
The main target of these antibodies is the
microorganism in the fetal intestine.
Breast milk also contains several substances such as
bile salt stimulated lipase which protects against
amoebic infection, lactoferrin which binds to iron
and inhibits growth of intestinal bacteria.
38. SUDDEN INFANT
DEATH SYNDROME
Non breast fed babies have worst arousal from
sleep at 2-3 months
This coincides with the peak of incidence of
sudden infant death syndrome.
The risk of SIDS is doubled among infants whom
has been not breastfeed.
39. MENTAL HEALTH
Breastfeeding for more than 6 months is an
independent predictor of better mental health
through childhood and adolescent.
The more months the child has been breastfeed
they less likely suffer from depression, dequilent
behavior, attention issues and physiological
issues
Breastfeeding can also improve cognitive
function
40. HORMONE RELEASE
Breastfeeding releases oxytocin and prolactin,
hormones that relax the mother and make her feel more
nurturing toward her baby.
This hormone release can help to enable sleep even
where a mother may otherwise be having difficulty
sleeping.
Breastfeeding soon after giving birth increases the
mother’s oxytocin levels, making her uterus contract
more quickly and reducing bleeding.
Pitocin, a synthetic hormone used to make the uterus
contract during and after labor, is structurally modeled on
oxytocin.
41. WEIGHT LOSS
As the fat accumulated during pregnancy is used to
produce milk, extended breastfeeding as least 6 months
can help mothers lose weight.
However, weight loss is highly variable among lactating
women monitoring the diet and increasing the amount of
intensity of exercise are more reliable ways of losing
weight.
The 2007 review for the AHRQ found “The effect of
weight breastfeeding in mothers on return-to-pre-
pregnancy weight” was negligible, and the effect of
breastfeeding on postpartum weight loss was unclear.
42. LONG-TERM HEALTH
For breastfeeding women, long-term health benefits
incudes:
Less risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and
endometrial cancer.
Breastfeeding diabetic mothers requires less insulin.
Reduced risk of metabolic syndrome.
Reduce risk of post-partum bleeding.
Women who breast fed for a longer duration have a
lower risk for contracting rheumatoid arthritis than
women who breast fed for a short duration or who had
never breast fed.
44. CONTRAINDICATIONS
IN MOTHER
1. Chronic disease such as active TB, leprosy, AIDS etc.
2. Mothers addicted to alcohol or heavy doses of some
drugs.
3. Mothers taking any of the following medications:
radioactive isotopes, cancer chemotherapy agents,
such as antimetabolites, and thyrotoxic agents.
4. Psychosis
5. Local condition like breast abscess, cracked nipples
The mother should give adequate attention to her diet,
personal hygiene and health and should have sufficient rest.
45. CONTRAINDICATIONS
IN INFANT
1. Gross prematurity of baby or other conditions in which
the newborn cannot suckle.
1. Inborn errors such as phenylketonuria, lactose
intolerance, galactosemia
46. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Commonly mistaken as contraindication are the
following:
Women who have cesarean deliveries: Initiate
breastfeeding immediately, using a semi-recumbent
position on the side or sitting up.
Women received vaccinations or live with vaccinated
children: Neither inactivated nor live vaccines
administered to a lactating woman or other family
members affect the safety of breastfeeding for the mother
or infant.
Women who take medications: Most medications can be
taken while breastfeeding.
47. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Commonly mistaken as contraindication are the
following:
Women who had breast surgery: breastfeed frequently to
maintain milk supply. If the surgical wound is painful, the other breast can
be used but monitor infant growth because milk supply could be
insufficient.
Women who have hepatitis A: Initiate breastfeeding after infant receives
immune serum globulin, and then vaccinate at 1 year of age.
Women who have hepatitis B: Initiate breastfeeding after infant receives
hepatitis B immune globulin and first dose of the 3-dose
hepatitis B vaccine series.
Women who have hepatitis C: Hepatitis C is not a contraindication for
breastfeeding, but reconsider if nipples are cracked or bleeding.
Women who have pierced nipples: Remove nipple accessories before
feeding to avoid the risk of infant choking.
50. BLOOD STAINED NIPPLE DISCHARGE
Typically bilateral
Due to epithelial proliferation
2nd and 3rd of pregnancy and < 3 months
of postpartum
Self limiting, no treatment needed.
52. PAINFUL NIPPLES
Causes:
– Improper latching and positioning
– Thrush (candidiasis)
– Symptoms: swollen, hard, warm and painful
Prevention :
– Early and frequent feeds
– Correct the positioning and attachment
– Express your milk when feedings are missed
Treatment:
– Resting the affected nipple
– Hand express some milk to allow for easier latching.
53. BREAST ENGORGEMENT
If you baby does not adequately remove the
milk from your breasts, it may lead to breast
engorgement.
Begins at the 2nd and 3rd postpartum day
54. BREAST ENGORGEMENT
Causes:
– Delayed or infrequent feeding
– Improper latching and positioning
– Symptoms: swollen, hard, warm and painful
Prevention :
– Early and frequent feeds
– Correct the positioning and attachment
– Express your milk when feedings are missed
Treatment:
– Applying and ice bag, breast massage, analgesics
– Hand express some milk to allow for easier latching.
55. PLUGGED DUCT
Plugged ducts are an occlusion or plug
has occurred in the milk passageways.
This plug prevents milk from passing
through or slower than usual.
56. PLUGGED DUCT
Causes:
– Infrequent feeding and milk stasis
– Inadequate removal of milk from one area of the breast.
– Symptoms: swollen, hard, warm, painful and noticeable lump.
Prevention :
– Early and frequent feeds
– Correct the positioning and attachment
– Express your milk when feedings are missed
– Wear a comfortable, properly fitting bra.
Treatment:
– Warm water packs, breast massage
– Try to move the lump toward the affected nipple to assure drainage
58. MASTITIS
Causes:
– Bacteria enter the breast through the nipple.
– Blocked duct obstructs the flow of the milk & distends the alveoli
– cracked or sore nipple.
– Symptoms:
• Painful, red and swollen
• Flu like symptoms
• Tachycardia
• Pyrexia, rigors
• Intense, localized pain
• Red, hot and swollen breast
Treatment:
– Isolation of the mother and baby
– Ceasing the breastfeeding from the affected part
– Express the milk manually or electric pump
– Antibiotic such as flucloxacillin