growth an ddevelopment of toddler

1. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF TODDLER

2. INTRODUCTION
•Considered as the age from 1 – 3 years, a
period in which enormous changes take place
in the child and in the family as well
•The largely immobile and preverbal child now
becomes a walking, talking child with a sense
of independence

3. GROWTH
Physical growth actually begins to slow though the
toddler makes great developmentally.
A. Weight
- Gains only about (2.5 kg)
- Decreased weight gain due to increased activity
B. Height
- Gains on 5 inches (12 cm) a year during toddler
period
- Subcutaneous fat ("baby fat") begins to disappear

4. GROWTH
C. Head
- HC = CC at 1 year
- CC > HC at 2 years
- Head circumference increases only 7 cm during the
2nd year compared to about 12 cm during the 1st
year
- Anterior fontanel (bregma) closes at 12 -18 months
D. Body Contour
- Prominent abdomen (LORDOSIS)
- With wide-stanced gait

5. PHYSICAL GROWTH
• Body System
1 Respiratory System
- Respiration slows slightly but remains to be
abdominal
-The lumen of the tract increase progressively so
that the threat of Lower respiratory infection is
less
2 Cardiovascular System
- HR slow from 110 to 90 beats/min
- BP increase to about 99/64 mmHg

6. PHYSICAL GROWTH
3. Nervous System
- brain develops to about 90% of adult size
-complete myelination of spinal cord causes urinary
and anal sphincter control
4. GI System
- stomach capacity increases to the point that the
child can eat 3 meals a day
-stomach secretions become more acid ~ GI infections
are less common

7. PHYSICAL GROWTH
5. Immune System
- IgG and IgM antibody production becomes mature @ 2 yrs
of age.
- The passive immunity effects from intrauterine life are no
longer operative
6. Dentition
- 8 new teeth (the canines and the first molars) erupt during
the 2nd year
- All 20 deciduous teeth are generally present by 2 y;, to 3
years of age

8. Special Needs of the Toddler
A. Sense of Autonomy
- Favorite word: “NO”
- Child learns to be independent
a. Child should be given the freedom that he can
safety use
b. giving him all the love and help his needs to keep
him safe in an environment beyond his control
c. giving him attention which he feels himself to be
focal point

9. Special Needs of the Toddler
B. Graded Independence/Negativism
- gives the child opportunity to make choices
C. Love and Security
- Love enables the toddler to grow up and reach out for
more mature goals because he feels secure
- “Security object” (e.g diaper, blanket, toy, etc.)

10. Specific Areas for Guidance
A. Toilet Training
B. Delayed Speech
C. Temper Tantrums

11. Requisites for Toilet Training
1. Physiology readiness
Sphincter control – myelination of nerve tract occurs at around 15 – 18
months of age
Recognizes the urge and the ability to stand and walk to the bathroom
and manage clothing
2. Psychological readiness
Understands the act of elimination
Ability to verbally communicate need to defecate or urinate
Mother or caretaker must be able to recognize verbal behaviour
3. Schedule/Timing of Training
15 – 18 moths bladder training
18 mth – 24 mth bowel control
2 –3 years daytime bladder control
3 – 4 years night time bladder control

12. Principles of Toilet Training
1. Bowel training should be started before bladder training. Bladder training
is done 1 or more months after fairly well established bowel training.
2. Training should not be accomplished during illness.
3. Consistency – observe usual time for defecation
4. Firm but not strict training should be done (<10 minutes).
5. Positive maternal attitude – when successful, the child should be praised
and cuddled; if not, she should not show any disapproval.
6. Child should feel secure when seated on the chair or toilet bowl. NEVER
FLUSH TOILET WHILE CHILD IS SITTING ON IT!
7. Child should not be given food or toys during training as it distracts him.

13. Specific Areas for Guidance
B. Delayed Speech
- A normal child will begin to speak by 15 months of age.
- If by 2 years, he is not able to speak, cause of the delay
must be investigated.
C. Temper Tantrums
- Occur when a child cannot integrate his interval
impulses and the demands of reality
- He is frustrated and reacts in the only way he knows by
violent body activity and crying

14. Interventions for Temper Tantrums
1. Remove him from immediate cause of tantrum.
2. Be calm and be patient.
3. He should not be given extra attention but should
be observed from self-injury or anything in the
environment which may be a source of injury to him
4. Avoid restraining the child

15. Basic Needs of the Toddler
A. Bathing
B. Clothing
C. Vocabulary building
D. Discipline
E. Dental Care
F. Sleep and Exercise
G. Play
H. Nutrition : Caloric requirements: 1,300 calories
per day; 100 cal/kg/day

16. THANK YOU