The document proposes an automated cockpit system that enhances communication between pilots and the base by offering real-time alerts and journey data replays, addressing limitations of existing black box technology. Detailed descriptions of components such as microcontrollers, power supply, relays, and sensors are provided, along with explanations of their functionalities and interconnections. The system is designed to improve situational awareness and operational efficiency in aviation through innovative use of electronics and communication systems.

1. COCKPIT WHITE BOX

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Here we propose a system of
automated information to be
available to the Base, and also the
instantaneous Relay of the Alert
Levels and the Replay of the course
of journey, the pilot had covered till
the time back to him.

3. EXISTING SYSTEM
The Black Box in the cockpit is only been
elemental in recording the audio part, happening
in cockpit and apparently the control station at
the ATC obtains the deferred data as explained
by Pilot and thus there is no automated system
to obtain the instantaneous reports happening
there. Moreover if the Pilot the asks for the
replay of the process that had gone through, in
his past-journey span while on-board and still at
traveling, its not possible for the Base Station to
relay the Replay of the information.

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM

5. LIST OF OMPONENTS
CONTROLLER
DC MOTOR
RELAY
RELAY DRIVER
ENCODER
DECODER
MAX 232

6. LIST OF COMPONENTS
SPEED SENSOR
LEVEL SENSOR
POSITION ENSOR
LCD

7. SOFTWARE USED
KEIL MICRO VISION TO DEVELOP
ASSEMBLY CODE
VISUAL BASIC FOR PC
MICRO FLASH TO COPY HEX FILE
INTO ONTROLLER.

8. BLOCK DIAGRAM
EXPLANATION
Power supply to the circuit is given
through single regulated power supply.
Power supply unit has following
components.
Step down transformer
Bridge rectifier
Filter
regulator

9. STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER
When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer
it can either be stepped down or up depending on the value of DC
needed.
In our circuit the transformer of 230v/12-0-12v is used to perform the
step down operation where a 230V AC appears as 12V AC across the
secondary winding .
One alteration of input causes the top of the transformer to be positive
and the bottom negative.
The next alteration will temporarily cause the reverse. The current
rating of the transformer used in our project is 2A.
Apart from stepping down AC voltages , it gives isolation between the
power source and power supply circuitries.

10. RECTIFIER
In the power supply unit, rectification is normally
achieved using a solid state diode.
A commonly used circuit for supplying large
amounts of DC power is the bridge rectifier.
A bridge rectifier of four diodes (4*IN4007) are used
to achieve full wave rectification.
Two diodes will conduct during the negative cycle
and the other two will conduct during the positive
half cycle.

11. FILTER UNIT
Filter circuits which is usually a capacitor acting as a
surge arrester always follow the rectifier unit.
This capacitor is also called as a decoupling capacitor or
a bypassing capacitor, is used not only to ‘short’ the
ripple with frequency of 120Hz to ground but also to
leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output.
A load resistor R1 is connected so that a reference to
the ground is maintained .
C1R1 is for bypassing ripples. C2R2 is used as a low
pass filter, i.e. it passes only low frequency signals and
bypasses high frequency signals

12. REGULATOR
The primary purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and
filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage to the device.
Power supplies without regulators have an inherent problem of
changing DC voltage values due to variations in the load or
due to fluctuations in the AC liner voltage. With a regulator
connected to the DC output, the voltage can be maintained
within a close tolerant region of the desired output.
IC7805 and 7812 is used in this project for providing +12v
and +5v DC supply.

13. ATMEL MICRO CONTROLLER
In this project our controller receives the data
sent by the pc.
If the finger print matches with existing data pc
will send one data.so controller will operate one
relay so one bulb load will glow.
If the finger print does not matches with existing
data pc will send another data.so controller will
operate relay so bulb load will not glow.

14. ATMEL MICROCONTROLLER
• The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-
performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and
Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM).
• The device is manufactured using Atmel’s
high density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the
industry standard MCS-51™ instruction
set and pin out

15. FEATURES
• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products
• 4K Bytes of In-System Re-
programmable Flash Memory –
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase
Cycles
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24
MHz
• Three-Level Program Memory Lock

16. FEATURES
• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial Channel
• Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

17. LCD
In this project we are using 16x2 lcd. It means LCD
has 2 lines of 16 characters each.
Many other LCDs like 20×2, 24×2, 32×2, 20×4 etc. are
available. Functionally all these LCDs are same .
These displays contains two internal byte-wide
registers, one for command and second for
characters to be displayed.
There are three control signals called R/W, DI/RS
and En.

18. LCD
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. The most
commonly used LCDs found in the market today
are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have
only 1 controller and support at most of 80
characters.
Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register
(DR)
There are two 8-bit registers controller
Instruction and Data register. Instruction register
corresponds to the register where you send
commands to LCD

19. LCD
Eg. LCD shift command, LCD clear, LCD
address etc. and Data register is used for storing
data which is to be displayed on LCD.
When send the enable signal of the LCD is
asserted, the data on the pins is latched in to the
data register and data is then moved
automatically to the DDRAM and hence is
displayed on the LCD

20. LCD INTERFACE WITH
CONTROLLER

21. RELAY
Relays are electromagnetic switches, which
provides contact between two mechanical
elements.
Relays have a coil which works on 12V dc
power supply and provides DPDT action as
an output. In general relays provide potential
free contacts which can be used for universal
function like DC, AC voltage switching and to
control bigger electrical switch gears.
The electromechanical relays are based on
the comparison between operating
torque/force and restraining torque/force.

22. RELAY
The VA burden of such relays are high. The
characteristics of these relays have some
limitations.
Each relay can perform only one protective
function. Such relays are used for simple and
less costly protection purposes.
For important and costly equipment installation
static relays are preferred.
Protective relaying is necessary for almost
every electrical plant and no part of the power
system is left unprotected.

23. DC MOTOR
DC Motor is an electric motor converts electrical energy
into mechanical motion. The reverse task that of
converting mechanical motion into electrical energy is
accomplished by a generator or dynamo.
In many cases the two devices differ only in their
application and minor construction details
DC motor speed generally depends on a combination of
the voltage and current flowing in the motor coils and the
motor load or braking torque.

24. DC MOTOR…
The speed of the motor is proportional to thevoltage,and
the torque is proportional to the current.
The speed is typically controlled by altering the voltage or
current flow by using taps in the motor windings or by
having a variable voltage supply
Electrical energy or electromagnetic energy is a form of
energy present in any electric field or magnetic field, or
in any volume containing electromagnetic radiation

25. RS 232
The most common communication interface for
short distance is RS-232.
RS-232 defines a serial communication for one
device to one computer communication port,
with speeds upto 19,200 baud.
Typically 7 or 8 bits (on/off) signal are
transmitted to represent a character or digit.The
9 pin connector is used.

26. MAX 232
It has four level translators, two of which are
RS232 transmitters that convert TTL CMOS
input levels into + 9V RS232 outputs.
The Max 232 is a dual RS-232 receiver /
transmitter that meets all EIA RS232C
specifications while using only a +5V power
supply.
It has 2 onboard charge pump voltage
converters which generate +10V and –10V
power supplies from a single 5V power supply.

27. MAX 232
These receivers have a nominal threshold of 1.3V, a typical
hysterics of 0.5V and can operate upto + 30V input.
1. Suitable for all RS232 communications.
2. +12V power supplies required.
3. Voltage quadruple for input voltage up to 5.5V (used
in power supply Section of computers, peripherals, and
modems).
Three main sections of MAX232 are
1. A dual transmitter
2. A dual receiver
3. +5V to + 10V dual charge pump voltage converter.

28. ENCODER
The TP 5088 is a low threshold voltage_ field-implanted_
metal gate CMOS integrated circuit' It interfaces directly
to a standard telephone keypad and generates all dual
tone multi-frequency pairs required in tone-dialing
systems' The tone synthesizers are locked to an on-chip
reference oscillator using an inexpensive 3'579545 MHz
crystal for high tone accuracy' The crystal and an output
load resistor are the only external components required
for tone generation' A MUTE OUT logic signal_ which
changes state when any key is depressed_ is also
provided‘.

29. FEATURES
3'5V–10V operation when generating tones
2V operation of key scan and MUTE logic
Static sensing of key closures or logic inputs
On-chip3'579545 MHz crystal-controlled
oscillator
Output amplitudes proportional to supply voltage
High group pre-emphasis
Low harmonic distortion
Open emitter-follower low-impedance output
SINGLE TONE INHIBIT pin

30. DECODER
In this Project the main operation is performed by
this IC Cm8870 i.e., the main DTMF to BCD
Conversion is done thro this IC only. Let us know
the Features and Functions of this IC
Features
Full DTMF receiver
Less than 35mW power consumption
Industrial temperature range
Uses quartz crystal or ceramic resonators
Adjustable acquisition and release times

31. RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
This is the RF based Transmitter and Receiver
module, which can facilitate the remote applications.
The process using the Radio - Frequency spectrum
for Transmitting and Receiving Voice, Data and
Video signals by which information(s) are shared is
known as Wireless Communication .
Radio Frequency - A range of electromagnetic
frequencies above sound and below visible light,
generally in the 30Khz to 300GHz range, used for all
broadcast transmission including AM and FM radio,
television, short-wave, microwave, and satellite
transmissions.

32. RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
FEATURES
Complete super regenerative RF Transmitter &
Receiver Module operating @ 433.92 MHz
Compact in Size & Model
No External Components & No tuning is required.
High Performance SAW based architecture with a
maximum range of 100 feet @ 4800 bps data rate.
Low Power Consumption
RF Receiver Module - 433.92 MHz (FT-COM-RX2),
Bandwidth–4 MHz
RF Transmitter Module -433.92 MHz (FT-COM-
TX2), Bandwidth – 4 MHz

33. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
EMBEDDED SYSTEM is a combination of
Software and Hardware. An Embedded system
is a system, that has a computing device
embedded into it.
These are the controllers, processors, arrays or
other hardware using dedicated (embedded)
logic or programming (code) called “firmware” or
a “micro kernel
Embedded systems are designed around a C
which integrates Memory & Peripherals

34. WHY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Avoids lots of Electronics Components
Built in rich Features
Reduces the cost, space
Less Down Time for Maintenance
Probability of Failure is reduced
Easy interface with Computers

35. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Sophisticated functionality
Real-Time Operation
Low Manufacturing Cost
Low Power Consumption
Eliminates Necessity of Complex Circuitry
Smarter Products
Smaller Size
User Friendly
State of the Art Technology