Coasts: Introduction
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Coastal landforms are shaped by the interacting processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition from waves and currents. These processes constantly alter the coastline over time, forming features like beaches, sand dunes, cliffs, and bluffs. Effective coastal management and protection requires understanding these natural coastal processes and how to mitigate erosion and other threats while still allowing the coast to change over time.
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Coasts
This document provides an overview of coasts and coastal processes. It begins with an introduction to the topics that will be covered, including the syllabus, case studies, coastal processes, and exam technique. Case studies include the Holderness Coast, Flamborough Head, and Spurn Point. Coastal processes such as hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution are explained. Exam advice is given around answering 6-marker questions by explaining coastal landforms and processes in a structured sequence.
All about coasts
The document discusses several key topics regarding coastal processes and geomorphology:
1) Coasts are important interfaces between land and sea that are hazardous due to erosion and flooding. They also provide economic value through activities like tourism.
2) Coasts are open systems with inputs of energy, sediments, and processes like erosion and deposition that create landforms. They have outputs like deposited material onshore.
3) Sediment cells define discrete lengths of coastline where sediment movement is self-contained through longshore drift. These inform shoreline management plans.
Coasts 2 Features
The document discusses coastal erosion and deposition features. It lists various erosion features such as stack erosion, cliff erosion along chalk cliffs or stratified rock layers, blowholes, headlands, stacks, arches and caves. It also discusses depositional features including sand dunes, beaches with groynes to prevent sand movement, beaches with varying slopes and widths, spits, bars made of materials like shingle, lagoons, salt marshes, and mud flats.
L2 waves
Waves influence erosion through both constructive and destructive processes. Constructive waves gently build up beaches by spilling water up the shore, while destructive waves strongly erode beaches by crashing waves that remove material. Waves are formed by wind blowing across the surface of the ocean, transferring its energy to the water. As waves approach shore, they steepen and eventually break, providing energy to erode, transport, and deposit coastal materials.
4. longshore drift
Longshore drift is the process where coastal sediments such as sand are transported parallel to the shoreline due to the breaking of incoming ocean waves at an oblique angle. This sediment transport process shapes coastlines over time through erosion and deposition, and can impact infrastructure like harbors if not properly managed. Longshore drift is an important coastal process that redistributes sediments and affects shoreline formation.
Coasts Lesson 3 (Erosion)
This document summarizes various landforms created by coastal erosion including wave cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, headlands and bays. It describes how factors like rock type, wave energy, weathering and human activity influence the rate of coastal erosion. It also explains the processes of cliff erosion, cave formation, and longshore drift which transports sediment along the coast.
Wave Cut Platform
The document describes the formation of a wave cut platform through erosion. High and low tides cause corrasion which erodes material at the cliff base and undercuts the cliff. This leaves the cliff unstable and it retreats, forming a wave cut notch. Further retreat creates a wave cut platform below the low tide line where corrasion can no longer occur.
Coasts Lesson 1
Coasts undergo change due to three main coastal processes: erosion, transportation, and deposition. Waves are a major force in coastal change, as they erode and transport sediment. The size and power of waves depends on factors like wind strength and duration, and fetch - the distance over which the wind blows to generate the waves. Destructive waves in storms can cause significant erosion, while constructive waves in calm weather tend to deposit material and build up beaches.
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Coasts
This document provides an overview of coasts and coastal processes. It begins with an introduction to the topics that will be covered, including the syllabus, case studies, coastal processes, and exam technique. Case studies include the Holderness Coast, Flamborough Head, and Spurn Point. Coastal processes such as hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution are explained. Exam advice is given around answering 6-marker questions by explaining coastal landforms and processes in a structured sequence.
All about coasts
The document discusses several key topics regarding coastal processes and geomorphology:
1) Coasts are important interfaces between land and sea that are hazardous due to erosion and flooding. They also provide economic value through activities like tourism.
2) Coasts are open systems with inputs of energy, sediments, and processes like erosion and deposition that create landforms. They have outputs like deposited material onshore.
3) Sediment cells define discrete lengths of coastline where sediment movement is self-contained through longshore drift. These inform shoreline management plans.
Coasts 2 Features
The document discusses coastal erosion and deposition features. It lists various erosion features such as stack erosion, cliff erosion along chalk cliffs or stratified rock layers, blowholes, headlands, stacks, arches and caves. It also discusses depositional features including sand dunes, beaches with groynes to prevent sand movement, beaches with varying slopes and widths, spits, bars made of materials like shingle, lagoons, salt marshes, and mud flats.
L2 waves
Waves influence erosion through both constructive and destructive processes. Constructive waves gently build up beaches by spilling water up the shore, while destructive waves strongly erode beaches by crashing waves that remove material. Waves are formed by wind blowing across the surface of the ocean, transferring its energy to the water. As waves approach shore, they steepen and eventually break, providing energy to erode, transport, and deposit coastal materials.
4. longshore drift
Longshore drift is the process where coastal sediments such as sand are transported parallel to the shoreline due to the breaking of incoming ocean waves at an oblique angle. This sediment transport process shapes coastlines over time through erosion and deposition, and can impact infrastructure like harbors if not properly managed. Longshore drift is an important coastal process that redistributes sediments and affects shoreline formation.
Coasts Lesson 3 (Erosion)
This document summarizes various landforms created by coastal erosion including wave cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, headlands and bays. It describes how factors like rock type, wave energy, weathering and human activity influence the rate of coastal erosion. It also explains the processes of cliff erosion, cave formation, and longshore drift which transports sediment along the coast.
Wave Cut Platform
The document describes the formation of a wave cut platform through erosion. High and low tides cause corrasion which erodes material at the cliff base and undercuts the cliff. This leaves the cliff unstable and it retreats, forming a wave cut notch. Further retreat creates a wave cut platform below the low tide line where corrasion can no longer occur.
Coasts Lesson 1
Coasts undergo change due to three main coastal processes: erosion, transportation, and deposition. Waves are a major force in coastal change, as they erode and transport sediment. The size and power of waves depends on factors like wind strength and duration, and fetch - the distance over which the wind blows to generate the waves. Destructive waves in storms can cause significant erosion, while constructive waves in calm weather tend to deposit material and build up beaches.
Lesson 1 Why Are Coasts Important
Coasts are important for many reasons. Coasts provide land for settlement and are used for defense, marine research, yacht racing, ferry ports, fishing, ship repair, and trade. Different groups utilize coasts including industry, tourism, recreation, and more. Coasts are economically and culturally significant as many people rely on coastal areas for livelihoods, trade, transport and leisure activities.
4 Coasts Intro
The document defines coasts as the area where land meets the sea, and explains that coasts are important habitats and home to most of the world's population. Coasts are dynamic systems that are constantly changing due to coastal processes like waves and tides, which erode, transport, and deposit material, affecting both the environment and people living in coastal areas. The document will study waves, coastal processes and how they form landforms, coastal management, and possibly coral reefs.
Longshore drift and spit formation
This lesson teaches about landforms created by longshore drift, including bars, spits, and tombolos. By the end of the lesson, students will be able to name 3 depositional landforms, describe the process of longshore drift, and explain how it forms bars, spits, and tombolos. The lesson will include diagrams demonstrating longshore drift and how spits are formed through the movement of sediment along a coastline.
Beach Profiles
Beaches have three main components - the nearshore, foreshore, and backshore. The nearshore extends seaward of the shoreline and contains sand bars formed by sediment deposition as wave energy is lost. The foreshore is the area between low and high tide marks affected daily by swash and backwash, depositing and returning sediment. The backshore lies beyond the foreshore and contains dunes, with sediment transported there during storms. Key beach features include berms, ridges and runnels, cusps, spits, and bars, formed by processes like deposition, swash action, and longshore drift.
Coasts Intro Lesson
The document lists 14 coastal landform terms and their definitions. Students were asked to match each term with its description by considering photos, maps, and descriptions provided. The terms included beach, cliff, estuary, delta, wave-cut platform, bays, cove, clay, chalk, resort, harbour, headlands, shingle, and slumping. The student answers each term correctly by working through the activity over time.
Constructive and destructive waves
This lesson aims to teach students about different types of waves and how they impact coastlines. By the end, students should be able to name two types of waves, describe their differences, and explain how each type changes coastlines. Constructive waves are low in height and length with few occurrences per minute, depositing sediment to build wide, flat beaches. Destructive waves are high, short, and frequent, eroding steep beaches by pulling sediment offshore.
Sediment cell lesson 10
A sediment cell is a stretch of coastline where sediment is sourced from coastal erosion, transported via longshore drift and tidal currents, and ultimately deposited in sinks like beaches and bars. The cell receives sediment inputs from eroding cliffs and deposits within the cell as well as from rivers. Sediment is transported along the coastline before being trapped in depositional features, effectively removing it from circulation. Human activities like seawalls can disrupt sediment movement within a cell, causing erosion issues down drift.
Beaches AS
Beaches are depositional landforms that form along coastlines where sand and shingle accumulate faster than they are removed by waves. Beaches represent accumulated material deposited between low and high tides. Beach material comes from cliff erosion, offshore sources, and rivers. Sand produces gently sloped beaches below 5 degrees, while shingle produces steeper beaches from 10-20 degrees. Factors like wave energy, type, and longshore drift influence beach profiles.
Formation Of A Wave Cut Platform
A wave cut platform is formed by the continuous erosion of a sea cliff by destructive ocean waves. The erosion creates a wave cut notch between the high and low tide lines that grows deeper over time. As the notch expands into a cave, the cliff face weakens and collapses under gravity, leaving behind a wave cut platform where the cliff once was through the combined effects of erosion and gravitational collapse of the rock.
Spit, bar or tombolo
Beaches form in sheltered environments like bays through the processes of deposition. Spits are formed when longshore drift causes sediment to accumulate into narrow extensions of land along a shoreline. Bars are similar to spits but connect two areas of mainland, while tombolos connect an island to the mainland through a double-barred spit formation.
Coastal erosion processes
The document provides information about different types of coastal erosion and how they can be represented through "Kung Fu" gestures. It includes descriptions of four erosion processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion. Students are asked to create gestures to symbolize each process. The document also contains sample exam questions about coastal erosion processes and features formed by erosion.
9. hard and soft engineering
The document discusses hard and soft engineering techniques used to protect coastlines in the UK. Hard engineering aims to control coastal processes through man-made structures like sea walls, while soft engineering works with natural processes, using methods such as beach replenishment and managed retreat. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages for coastal management.
Constructive and deconstructive
Natural processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and floods can affect Earth's land and oceans in both constructive and destructive ways. Constructive processes build up landforms through deposition and volcanism, while destructive processes like weathering and erosion break down landforms. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks by water, ice, plants, and temperature changes. Erosion is the movement of sediments by wind, water and ice. Deposition occurs when sediments are dropped by wind, water or ice to build up new landforms.
Coastal Management
The document discusses different methods of coastal management to reduce erosion and flooding risks along coastlines. It describes hard engineering options like groynes, sea walls, revetments, and rock armour that use rigid structures to reduce wave energy. It also describes soft engineering options like beach nourishment, beach reshaping, and managed retreat that are more sustainable and natural approaches. Managed retreat in particular allows the sea to reclaim formerly flooded land to create salt marshes that can absorb wave energy and flooding impacts.
Coastal Processes And Landforms
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It begins with defining terms related to waves and wave action. It then explains processes of marine erosion and how they can shape cliff coastlines and form wave-cut platforms. It describes how waves can transport and deposit sediment. Landforms like spits, bars, and salt marshes are discussed along with their formation. Finally, it covers coral reef types and theories about their formation, and how sea level changes can impact coral reefs.
Sediment Cells And Sources
This document discusses sediment cells and sources along coastlines. It defines sediment cells as discrete areas where sediment movement is largely self-contained. Sediment can come from erosion of cliffs, sea beds, and rivers being transported by waves, currents, tides and wind. Sediment is either stored in depositional landforms like beaches or transported through the cell. The UK has 11 major sediment cells that operate in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Coastal processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion cause different rates and types of erosion along coastlines. Mass movement processes also influence erosion, including soil creep, solifluction, and mudflows.
Formation of spits, tombolos and bars
Spits, tombolos, and bars are coastal landforms created by the deposition of material through longshore drift. Spits project from the coastline into the sea, tombolos join mainland to islands, and bars connect two headlands and cut off a bay. They form in areas of reduced wave energy where deposited material builds up over time through the processes of longshore drift and deposition.
Sand Dune Ecosystems
The sand dunes show different stages of development as you move inland from the shoreline. Embryo dunes near the beach are less than 1 meter tall and only stabilized by debris. Foredunes a little further inland reach up to 5 meters tall with grasses like marram grass stabilizing the sand. Yellow dunes have greater plant diversity as conditions improve, with dunes 5-10 meters tall and 80% plant coverage.
Coastal Protection Methods
This document discusses several coastal protection methods:
Breakwaters reduce wave power to protect beaches from erosion. Gabions are wire cages filled with stones that absorb wave energy. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift. Revetments are sloped structures that absorb wave energy and trap sediment. Sea walls are curved concrete walls that protect cliffs from wave erosion. Each method has advantages in reducing erosion but can also impact sediment movement and beaches.
What on earth has happened at barton on sea xp
The document discusses a field trip to study coastal management techniques along the Hampshire and Dorset coastline in England. It provides information about the different defenses used at Highcliffe in Dorset, including groynes, beach replenishment, and cliff stabilization, and the natural rock armor and cliff stabilization used at Barton-on-Sea in Hampshire. The document notes that the two local councils disagree on coastal management strategies, with Highcliffe strongly protecting developed coastline including a golf course and housing, while Barton uses a managed retreat approach as it only contains farmland.
9134024.ppt
Coastal erosion is a major problem for Grand Bahama's economy and infrastructure due to sea level rise and hurricanes. Hard engineering structures like sea walls, groynes and breakwaters have been used to protect settlements, roads and tourism resorts, but can disrupt sediment flows and cause erosion issues further down the coast. Softer techniques like beach replenishment, gabions and dune vegetation have also been tried with mixed results. While protection is needed, coastal managers must consider both economic and environmental impacts.
S3 GE Slides 3 - Coasts GW3
This document discusses various coastal protection measures. It begins by explaining soft engineering approaches like beach nourishment, planting mangroves, and stabilizing coastal dunes to reduce erosion through natural processes. Hard engineering structures are then outlined, including seawalls, gabions, and breakwaters which use physical barriers to weaken wave energy. Both soft and hard approaches are compared in terms of their effectiveness and limitations for managing coastal areas sustainably.
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Lesson 1 Why Are Coasts Important
Coasts are important for many reasons. Coasts provide land for settlement and are used for defense, marine research, yacht racing, ferry ports, fishing, ship repair, and trade. Different groups utilize coasts including industry, tourism, recreation, and more. Coasts are economically and culturally significant as many people rely on coastal areas for livelihoods, trade, transport and leisure activities.
4 Coasts Intro
The document defines coasts as the area where land meets the sea, and explains that coasts are important habitats and home to most of the world's population. Coasts are dynamic systems that are constantly changing due to coastal processes like waves and tides, which erode, transport, and deposit material, affecting both the environment and people living in coastal areas. The document will study waves, coastal processes and how they form landforms, coastal management, and possibly coral reefs.
Longshore drift and spit formation
This lesson teaches about landforms created by longshore drift, including bars, spits, and tombolos. By the end of the lesson, students will be able to name 3 depositional landforms, describe the process of longshore drift, and explain how it forms bars, spits, and tombolos. The lesson will include diagrams demonstrating longshore drift and how spits are formed through the movement of sediment along a coastline.
Beach Profiles
Beaches have three main components - the nearshore, foreshore, and backshore. The nearshore extends seaward of the shoreline and contains sand bars formed by sediment deposition as wave energy is lost. The foreshore is the area between low and high tide marks affected daily by swash and backwash, depositing and returning sediment. The backshore lies beyond the foreshore and contains dunes, with sediment transported there during storms. Key beach features include berms, ridges and runnels, cusps, spits, and bars, formed by processes like deposition, swash action, and longshore drift.
Coasts Intro Lesson
The document lists 14 coastal landform terms and their definitions. Students were asked to match each term with its description by considering photos, maps, and descriptions provided. The terms included beach, cliff, estuary, delta, wave-cut platform, bays, cove, clay, chalk, resort, harbour, headlands, shingle, and slumping. The student answers each term correctly by working through the activity over time.
Constructive and destructive waves
This lesson aims to teach students about different types of waves and how they impact coastlines. By the end, students should be able to name two types of waves, describe their differences, and explain how each type changes coastlines. Constructive waves are low in height and length with few occurrences per minute, depositing sediment to build wide, flat beaches. Destructive waves are high, short, and frequent, eroding steep beaches by pulling sediment offshore.
Sediment cell lesson 10
A sediment cell is a stretch of coastline where sediment is sourced from coastal erosion, transported via longshore drift and tidal currents, and ultimately deposited in sinks like beaches and bars. The cell receives sediment inputs from eroding cliffs and deposits within the cell as well as from rivers. Sediment is transported along the coastline before being trapped in depositional features, effectively removing it from circulation. Human activities like seawalls can disrupt sediment movement within a cell, causing erosion issues down drift.
Beaches AS
Beaches are depositional landforms that form along coastlines where sand and shingle accumulate faster than they are removed by waves. Beaches represent accumulated material deposited between low and high tides. Beach material comes from cliff erosion, offshore sources, and rivers. Sand produces gently sloped beaches below 5 degrees, while shingle produces steeper beaches from 10-20 degrees. Factors like wave energy, type, and longshore drift influence beach profiles.
Formation Of A Wave Cut Platform
A wave cut platform is formed by the continuous erosion of a sea cliff by destructive ocean waves. The erosion creates a wave cut notch between the high and low tide lines that grows deeper over time. As the notch expands into a cave, the cliff face weakens and collapses under gravity, leaving behind a wave cut platform where the cliff once was through the combined effects of erosion and gravitational collapse of the rock.
Spit, bar or tombolo
Beaches form in sheltered environments like bays through the processes of deposition. Spits are formed when longshore drift causes sediment to accumulate into narrow extensions of land along a shoreline. Bars are similar to spits but connect two areas of mainland, while tombolos connect an island to the mainland through a double-barred spit formation.
Coastal erosion processes
The document provides information about different types of coastal erosion and how they can be represented through "Kung Fu" gestures. It includes descriptions of four erosion processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion. Students are asked to create gestures to symbolize each process. The document also contains sample exam questions about coastal erosion processes and features formed by erosion.
9. hard and soft engineering
The document discusses hard and soft engineering techniques used to protect coastlines in the UK. Hard engineering aims to control coastal processes through man-made structures like sea walls, while soft engineering works with natural processes, using methods such as beach replenishment and managed retreat. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages for coastal management.
Constructive and deconstructive
Natural processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and floods can affect Earth's land and oceans in both constructive and destructive ways. Constructive processes build up landforms through deposition and volcanism, while destructive processes like weathering and erosion break down landforms. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks by water, ice, plants, and temperature changes. Erosion is the movement of sediments by wind, water and ice. Deposition occurs when sediments are dropped by wind, water or ice to build up new landforms.
Coastal Management
The document discusses different methods of coastal management to reduce erosion and flooding risks along coastlines. It describes hard engineering options like groynes, sea walls, revetments, and rock armour that use rigid structures to reduce wave energy. It also describes soft engineering options like beach nourishment, beach reshaping, and managed retreat that are more sustainable and natural approaches. Managed retreat in particular allows the sea to reclaim formerly flooded land to create salt marshes that can absorb wave energy and flooding impacts.
Coastal Processes And Landforms
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It begins with defining terms related to waves and wave action. It then explains processes of marine erosion and how they can shape cliff coastlines and form wave-cut platforms. It describes how waves can transport and deposit sediment. Landforms like spits, bars, and salt marshes are discussed along with their formation. Finally, it covers coral reef types and theories about their formation, and how sea level changes can impact coral reefs.
Sediment Cells And Sources
This document discusses sediment cells and sources along coastlines. It defines sediment cells as discrete areas where sediment movement is largely self-contained. Sediment can come from erosion of cliffs, sea beds, and rivers being transported by waves, currents, tides and wind. Sediment is either stored in depositional landforms like beaches or transported through the cell. The UK has 11 major sediment cells that operate in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Coastal processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion cause different rates and types of erosion along coastlines. Mass movement processes also influence erosion, including soil creep, solifluction, and mudflows.
Formation of spits, tombolos and bars
Spits, tombolos, and bars are coastal landforms created by the deposition of material through longshore drift. Spits project from the coastline into the sea, tombolos join mainland to islands, and bars connect two headlands and cut off a bay. They form in areas of reduced wave energy where deposited material builds up over time through the processes of longshore drift and deposition.
Sand Dune Ecosystems
The sand dunes show different stages of development as you move inland from the shoreline. Embryo dunes near the beach are less than 1 meter tall and only stabilized by debris. Foredunes a little further inland reach up to 5 meters tall with grasses like marram grass stabilizing the sand. Yellow dunes have greater plant diversity as conditions improve, with dunes 5-10 meters tall and 80% plant coverage.
Coastal Protection Methods
This document discusses several coastal protection methods:
Breakwaters reduce wave power to protect beaches from erosion. Gabions are wire cages filled with stones that absorb wave energy. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift. Revetments are sloped structures that absorb wave energy and trap sediment. Sea walls are curved concrete walls that protect cliffs from wave erosion. Each method has advantages in reducing erosion but can also impact sediment movement and beaches.
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Coastal management integrated and sustainable management
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Forests serve many important functions such as maintaining water supply by filtering and storing water, replenishing oxygen levels and absorbing carbon dioxide, providing habitat for plants and animals, preventing floods and protecting coasts from natural hazards, and supplying valuable resources like timber, medicine, and recreation areas. However, overuse of forests through activities like deforestation can disrupt these ecosystem services and have negative environmental and economic impacts. Sustainable forest management is important to balance human use of forest resources with conservation of forests for future generations.
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