Coal and petroleum are non-renewable sources of energy that were formed from ancient plant and animal remains over millions of years. Coal is a combustible rock formed from fossilized vegetation and is mined through surface or underground methods. Petroleum is a flammable liquid found beneath the earth's surface that was produced from the remains of sea creatures. Both coal and petroleum are used as fuel sources but their extraction and use also poses environmental risks like pollution and oil spills.

1. Coal and Petroleum

2. Coal and petroleum are sources of energy that are non-renewable.
They were made in the nature a long time before
and they will finish after long-time use

3. Coal is a combustible ,sedimentary, organic rock, formed
from vegetation. In other words coal is a fossil fuel
created from the remains of plants that lived millions of
years ago. it is considered as a non renewable source of
energy because it takes too much time to form.

4. • Peat
• Lignite
• Sub-bituminous coal
• Bituminous coal
• Anthracite
• Graphite

5. • Coal mainly consists of carbon.
• It also consists some metal compound
and some other impurities.

6. General Applications of Coal
• Coal as fuel
• Coking and use of coke
• Ethanol production
• Coal tar

7. • Coal is used as a solid fuel to produce
electricity.
• Coal is used as a solid fuel to produce heat
through combustion

8. • Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived
from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal.
• Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing
agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.
• It is further used in making steel
• The reaction of coal and natural gas was used
for making Buna rubber.
• This reaction makes ethanol and it is used to
make Buna rubber.

9. • Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of
high viscosity, which smells
of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons.
• Being flammable, coal tar is sometimes used for
heating or to fire boilers.
• Tar is used in treatment of the skin
disease psoriasis, where coal tar is the most
effective.
• It is also used to make roads.

10. There are two ways to mine coal
• Surface mining
• Underground mining

13. Legend
Map of the Earth showing coal deposits
-- coal deposits

14. How is petroleum formed?
Petroleum is a naturally occurring ,flammable liquid , that are
found in geologic formations beneath the earth's surface. It
was produced when sea creatures died and got covered with
sand and clay. Under high pressure , these dead organisms
changed into petroleum and natural gases.

15. Uses of petroleum products
Petroleum may be taken to oil refineries and the
hydrocarbon chemicals separated by distillation and
treated by other chemical processes, to be used for a
variety of purposes like:
Asphalt
Diesel fuelLiquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Lubricating oils

16. Petrochemicals
Fuel oils
Gasoline
Kerosene

17. List of all organic fuels (fossil fuels)
• Ethane and other short-chain alkenes
• Diesel fuel (petro diesel)
• Fuel oils
• Gasoline (Petrol)
• Jet fuel
• Kerosene
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
• Lubricants (light machine oils, motor oils, and greases).

18. • Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others.
• Sulfur or Sulfuric acid.
• Bulk tar.
• Asphalt
• Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products or as solid
fuel.
• Paraffin wax
• Aromatic petrochemicals to be used as precursors in
other chemical production.
• Plastics

19. Composition
Element Percent range
Carbon 83 to 87%
Hydrogen 10 to 14%
Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%
Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5%
Sulfur 0.5 to 6%
Metals < 0.1%

20. Whats an oil well?
An oil well is a general
term for any boring
through the earth's surface
that is designed to find
and acquire petroleum oil
hydrocarbons. It is used to
pump out petroleum.

21. Excess of Petroleum products usage leads to...
• Generation of hundreds of millions of tons of waste products is pro
• Acid rain from high sulfur coal
• Interference with groundwater and water table levels
• Contamination of land and waterways and destruction of homes from fly ash spills
• Impact of water use on flows of rivers and consequential impact on other land-uses
• Dust nuisance
• Subsidence above tunnels, sometimes damaging infrastructure
• Coal-fired power plants shorten nearly 24,000 lives a year in the US, including 2,800 from lung cancer
• Coal-fired power plants emit mercury, selenium, and arsenic which are harmful to human health and
the environment
• Release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, which causes climate change and global
warming according to the IPCC. Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in
the air

22. Hazard involved during processing of
Extraction
petroleum products
• Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging, although Dr. John
Hunt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution pointed out in a 1981 paper that over
70% of the reserves in the world are associated with visible macro seepages, and many oil
fields are found due to natural seeps. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the
surrounding marine environment.
Oil spills
• Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged
natural ecosystems in Alaska, the Galapagos Islands, France and many other places.
• The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several
hundred thousand tons (e.g., Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz). Smaller spills have already
proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

23. • Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since
they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover
beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and
other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a
makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the spill site before most of
the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.
• Control of oil spills is difficult, requires ad hoc methods, and often a large amount
of manpower. The dropping of bombs and incendiary devices from aircraft on the
Torrey Canyon wreck produced poor results; modern techniques would include
pumping the oil from the wreck, like in the Prestige oil spill or the Erika oil spill.

24. Conclusion

25. References
-wikipedia
-google images/search
-www.onepetro.org

26. Thank you for your patience.

27. Presentation submitted by:
Abhinav Singh Bisht (67022)
Anurag Kumar (67033)