This document discusses coal and its role in energy for sustainable development. It notes that coal is an abundant fossil fuel that currently accounts for a large portion of global electricity production. It is classified based on its composition and analyzed to determine its quality and suitability for different applications like power generation. The document discusses how Pakistan's lignite coal reserves can be utilized for power generation as well as in industries like cement production and brick kilns. It also summarizes the development process for underground and open-pit coal mines. Finally, it argues that coal will continue playing an important role in providing reliable base load electricity for developing countries to support economic growth and development in a sustainable manner.
It is considered as the easiest way to convert coal to gasified product such as hydrogen. can reduce the unwanted expenses like waste disposal and transportation
It is considered as the easiest way to convert coal to gasified product such as hydrogen. can reduce the unwanted expenses like waste disposal and transportation
The extensive use of pulverized coal injections in blast furnace worldwide, calls for higher coke quality. On the other hand, as coking coals become more expensive, with volatile price and relative availability, coke producers look for the introduction of cheaper coals in the blend. One of the answers to either of these drivers is stamped charging, initially oriented to the use of high volatile poorly coking coals.
Briefly, the technique of charge preparation consists in preparing a cake with the coal blend in a metallic box, then charging it in the coke oven. The higher charge density implies better coke quality when compared with conventional charging. So, depending on the situation, either better coke quality may be obtained, or poorer coking coals may be included in the blend.
The process has been around since the early XX century. As an example, Coed Ely coke plant, in South Wales, UK, operated two batteries of 30 ovens each, built by Coppe Company in 1914, 34’ long, 8’ 6” high and 50’ width, with a stamping station located in the space between the two batteries. Straw was used as an aid to cake strength. Straw was used as a binder and a specially designed charger car/ram built to load the charge into the oven from the back. Coke made by the stamp charging process was of a denser and larger variety than that made in other ways, making its use ideal for ironmaking in foundries where strength is an important factor. Another advantage noted was that a much larger range of coals could be coked with the limits of (high) volatility and coking properties much increased [1]. Also, other plants in West and East Europe adopted the technique: Germany, France, Poland, and Ukraine.
Modern process development took place in Fuerstenhausen Coke Plant, Völklingen, Germany, focused in the use of high volatile Sarre basin coal. In 1978, after intensive research and development the first 6 meters high cake was produced, overcoming a bottleneck for the economical implantation of this technology. The first plant of this dimension was started-up in 1984, at what is called today ZKS Zentralkokerei Saar, Völklingen, Germany [2].
Then, stamped charging was adopted by Tata Steel in 1989 [3] and other plants in the same country. During this century, an impressive capacity was built in China, with more than 100 M tpy [4]. The first modern stamp charging plant in the Americas was built in 2010 in ThyssenKrupp Steel CSA, Santa Cruz, Brazil [5].
Briquette is a coal product with a certain shape or particle size by mechanically pressing fine coal or pulverized coal. It is mainly divided into industrial briquette and civil briquette.
PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION BOILERKRUNAL RAVAL
In PFBC, the combustor and hot gas cyclones are all enclosed in a pressure vessel. Both coal and sorbent have to be fed across the pressure boundary, and
similar provision for ash removal is necessary. For hard coal applications, the coal and limestone can be crushed together, and then fed as a paste, with 25% water. As with atmospheric FBC (CFBC or BFBC), the combustion temperature between 800-900°C has the advantage that NOx formation is less. SO2
emissions can be reduced by the injection of a sorbent, and its subsequent removal with the ash.
TƯ VẤN CHUYỂN GIAO CÔNG NGHỆ ROBOT XẾP GẠCH VÀ LÒ TUYNEL ĐI ĐỘNG
Tư vấn cấp, chuyển đổi và xây mới dự án nhà máy sản xuất gạch tuynel bằng công nghệ mới nhất. Sử dụng hệ thống robot xếp gạch và hệ thồng lò xoay di động tiên tiến nhất hiện này.
Đi đầu về chuyển giao công nghệ robot xếp gạch và công nghệ lò xoay di động tuynel tại Việt Nam
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DC: Thanh Xuân, Hà Đông, Hà Nội
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The extensive use of pulverized coal injections in blast furnace worldwide, calls for higher coke quality. On the other hand, as coking coals become more expensive, with volatile price and relative availability, coke producers look for the introduction of cheaper coals in the blend. One of the answers to either of these drivers is stamped charging, initially oriented to the use of high volatile poorly coking coals.
Briefly, the technique of charge preparation consists in preparing a cake with the coal blend in a metallic box, then charging it in the coke oven. The higher charge density implies better coke quality when compared with conventional charging. So, depending on the situation, either better coke quality may be obtained, or poorer coking coals may be included in the blend.
The process has been around since the early XX century. As an example, Coed Ely coke plant, in South Wales, UK, operated two batteries of 30 ovens each, built by Coppe Company in 1914, 34’ long, 8’ 6” high and 50’ width, with a stamping station located in the space between the two batteries. Straw was used as an aid to cake strength. Straw was used as a binder and a specially designed charger car/ram built to load the charge into the oven from the back. Coke made by the stamp charging process was of a denser and larger variety than that made in other ways, making its use ideal for ironmaking in foundries where strength is an important factor. Another advantage noted was that a much larger range of coals could be coked with the limits of (high) volatility and coking properties much increased [1]. Also, other plants in West and East Europe adopted the technique: Germany, France, Poland, and Ukraine.
Modern process development took place in Fuerstenhausen Coke Plant, Völklingen, Germany, focused in the use of high volatile Sarre basin coal. In 1978, after intensive research and development the first 6 meters high cake was produced, overcoming a bottleneck for the economical implantation of this technology. The first plant of this dimension was started-up in 1984, at what is called today ZKS Zentralkokerei Saar, Völklingen, Germany [2].
Then, stamped charging was adopted by Tata Steel in 1989 [3] and other plants in the same country. During this century, an impressive capacity was built in China, with more than 100 M tpy [4]. The first modern stamp charging plant in the Americas was built in 2010 in ThyssenKrupp Steel CSA, Santa Cruz, Brazil [5].
Briquette is a coal product with a certain shape or particle size by mechanically pressing fine coal or pulverized coal. It is mainly divided into industrial briquette and civil briquette.
PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION BOILERKRUNAL RAVAL
In PFBC, the combustor and hot gas cyclones are all enclosed in a pressure vessel. Both coal and sorbent have to be fed across the pressure boundary, and
similar provision for ash removal is necessary. For hard coal applications, the coal and limestone can be crushed together, and then fed as a paste, with 25% water. As with atmospheric FBC (CFBC or BFBC), the combustion temperature between 800-900°C has the advantage that NOx formation is less. SO2
emissions can be reduced by the injection of a sorbent, and its subsequent removal with the ash.
TƯ VẤN CHUYỂN GIAO CÔNG NGHỆ ROBOT XẾP GẠCH VÀ LÒ TUYNEL ĐI ĐỘNG
Tư vấn cấp, chuyển đổi và xây mới dự án nhà máy sản xuất gạch tuynel bằng công nghệ mới nhất. Sử dụng hệ thống robot xếp gạch và hệ thồng lò xoay di động tiên tiến nhất hiện này.
Đi đầu về chuyển giao công nghệ robot xếp gạch và công nghệ lò xoay di động tuynel tại Việt Nam
Cam kết mang lại cho khách hàng- chủ đầu tư công nghệ mới nhất, thiết kế mới nhất, hiệu quả đầu tư cao nhất, dịch vụ sau bán hàng tốt nhất
Cam kết bảo hành, bảo trì, cung cấp thiết bị chính hãng 24/7 trên khắp Việt Nam. Cung cấp và xử lý các sự cố bảo hành trong vòng 24h với đội ngũ kỹ thuật lành nghề
QUÝ KHÁCH QUAN TÂM ĐẦU TƯ MỚI HOẶC NÂNG CẤP CHUYỂN ĐỔI SANG CÔNG NGHỆ TUYNEl
LIÊN HỆ TƯ VẤN NGAY HOẶC ĐỂ LẠI SỐ ĐIỆN THOẠI CHÚNG TÔI SẼ GỌI LẠI NGAY!!!
CTY TNHH CHUYỂN GIAO CÔNG NGHỆ VÀ THIẾT BỊ H.I.S
Hotline:0989.382.888-0926.73.6886
DC: Thanh Xuân, Hà Đông, Hà Nội
Web:robotxepgach.com
Mail:huy.robotxepgach@gmail.com
Face:facebook.com/robotxepgach
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. CONTENTS
Coal
Classification of coal
Coal analysis
Utilization of Pakistan’s lignite coal
Coal mine development requirement
Energy for sustainable development
Energy for
SustainableDevelopment
Energy for
SustainableDevelopment
3. Coal
- is the most abundant and utilized
fossil fuel in power generation.
- it accounts for 40% of the world’s total
electricity production.
- is the most polluting fuel which
accounts for 20% of the total CO2
produced.
- is a highly inhomogeneous material, of
widely varying composition.
4. Classification
of coal
Coal is classified as fossil fuel.
It is the main energysource for electricity
production in the world.
Coal is composed primarilyof carbonalong
with variablequantities of other elements,
mostly sulphur, hydrogen,oxygenand
nitrogen.
7. Power plant (Generation of Electricity)
A powerstation (also known as generating plant) is an
industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
At the center of nearly all power stations is a
generator, a rotating machine that converts
mechanical power into electric power by creating
relative motion between a magnetic field and a
conductor.
Mechanical energy Electrical energy
8. Function
1. Coal is prepared for use by crushing the rough
coal to pieces less than 2 inch (5 cm in size).
Crushing the coal into a fine powder makes easirer
to burn it more completely.
2. Pulverized coal is burnt to produce steam.
Water from the feed pump, after pre-heating
enters the boiler.
3. The steam produced in the boiler, goes
to the steam drum and is then piped to
super-heaters where it is heated above
saturation temperature.
4. At this point steam is now turned into a
very powerful source of energy. This rotates
the turbine.
9. Function
5. Flue gases coming out of the boiler carry
a lot of heat. An economizer extracts a
part of this heat from flue gases and use it
for heating feed water.
6. The steam after reheating is used to
rotate the second steam turbine where the
heat is converted to mechanical energy.
7. This mechanical energy is used to run
the generator, which is coupled to the
turbine, there by generating electrical
energy.
11. CONTENTS
Coal analysis
Types of coal analysis
Why invest in coal power sector
Fluidised bed combustion
Basic principles of FBC
Advantages of FBC
Types of FBC
12. Coal Analysis
The basis of an analysis helps to specify the conditions under which the coal is tested on the
following basis
As mined basis
As fired basis
As received basis
Dry ash free
13. The two main coal analysis are
1. Proximate analysis
Fixed carbon
Volatile matter
Moisture
Ash
14. The two main coal analysis are
2. Ultimate analysis
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Sulfur
Ash
15. Why Invest In The Coal Power Sector ?
Pakistan is a coal rich country
The total coal resource of Pakistan is more than 185 billion tonnes
Coal deposits are located in all the Provinces of Pakistan and in AJK
The coal reserves of Pakistan are considered suitable for power generation
16. Why Invest In The Coal Power Sector ?
Opportunities are available for utilization of coal in other industries such as cement, bricks kilns,
coal gasification and coal briquettes
Pakistan has a population of about 140 million, and only 40% people have access to electricity,
Resulting in a large and growing domestic power market
Efficient and cost-effective technical manpower available in coal mining and in the power sector
17. Why Invest In The Coal Power Sector ?
Pakistan has successfully attracted four billion dollars from private sector in power generation
And world renowned power sector players already operating in Pakistan
18. FLUIDISED BED COMBUSTION
Burning of pulverised coal has some problems such as particle size of coal used in pulverized firing is
limited to 70-100 microns.
The pulverised fuel fired furnances designed to burn a particular can not be used other type of coal with
same efficiency.
Fluidised Bed combustion system can burn any fuel including low grade coals (even containing 70% ash),
oil, gas or municipal waste.
Improved desulphurisation and low NO emission are its main characteristics.
20. Advantages of system
FBC system can use any type of low grade fuel including municipal wastes and therefore is a
cheaper method of power generation.
It is easier to control the amount of SO2 and NO formed during burning.
Low emission of SO2 and NO will help in controlling the undesirable effects of SO2 and NO.
During combustion SO2 emission is nearly 15% of that in conventional firing methods.
There is a saving of about 10% in operating cost and 15% in the capital cost of the power
plant.
21. TYPES OF FBC SYSTEMS
1. Atmospheric FBC system
a. Over feed system
b. Under feed system
22. TYPES OF FBC SYSTEMS
In this system the pressure inside the bed is atmospheric.
The solid fuel is made to enter the furnace from the side of walls.
The low velocity, medium velocity and high velocity air is supplied
at different points.
The burning is efficient because of high lateral turbulence.
23. TYPES OF FBC SYSTEMS
2. Pressurised FBC system
In this system pressurised air is used for fluidisation and combustion.
High burning rates.
Improved desulphurization and low NO emission.
Considerable reduction in cost.
25. Power Generation
The power station must be located at the mine site.
Transmission and power line losses require the load centre to be in reasonable proximity to the power station.
Selecting the type of equipment for mining and power generation, e.g.
• High moisture content will reduce the efficiency of power generation
• Add to the cost of capital for the equipment required to burn the coal.
Boiler efficiency and the coal feed rate increases.
Ash content of lignite may contain mineral matter bound with the organic material.
• Cause severe slugging and fouling problems in conventional boiler.
26. Use of lignite coal in Pakistan
Lignite coal is used extensively for power generation throughout the world. In many areas, there is abundance of
lignite reserves, as in Pakistan.
It is cheap to mine and suitable for power generation.
Open-cut mines using Bucket Wheel Excavators are able to recover lignite from the thick coal beds located in the Thar
coalfield.
Steam Fluidized Bed Drying SFBD technology, removes moisture from coal by direct evaporation in a steam heated
exchanger, and produces dry coal with very little moisture.
Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB), coal mixed with limestone is burned in a fluidized bed. The sulfur in the coal is
absorbed by the calcium carbonate, and the emission is free from sulfur dioxide.
The Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle (IGCC), increases the efficiency and reduces the emission level of
the power generation plant.
27. Use of Coal as an Industrial Fuel
It is a cheaper fuel than others.
In some industrial applications, such as brick kilns and glass tanks, the high emission of the coal flame is
a distinct advantage.
In brick kilns, for example, it has been found that one tonne of coal will do the
same work as one tonne of oil.
Coal is used as boiler fuel for the supply of steam to process plant in the paper,
chemical, and food processing industries.
Use for direct firing in the manufacture of cement, bricks, pipes, glass tanks,
and metal smelting.
28. Coal in Brick Kilns & Cement
Brick Kilns
Coal is commonly used for making bricks and
roofing tiles, as it is an ideal fuel for kilns, especially for
heavy clay products.
In Pakistan, about 50% of coal production is used
in the brick kiln industry.
Cement
In many countries, coal is used as fuel in the cement
industry.
Previously, coal was not used as fuel in cement plants in
Pakistan, but now the cement industry has started using
indigenous coal.
It is expected that, in future more and more cement plants
will use coal as fuel.
29. Coal Briquettes
Coal briquettes, can be used as domestic fuel.
It have special applicability in reducing deforestation in the Northern
Areas of Pakistan.
Smokeless coal briquette of good quality is in its pilot plant at Karachi.
30. Coal Gasification
Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas
—a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2),
natural gas (CH4), and water vapor (H2O)
—from coal, water, and oxygen.
• IGCC power plants have the potential of being economically competitive by using gas
produced from indigenous coal.
• Furthermore, catalytic coal gasification is developed as a more efficient and less costly
process to produce gas from coal.
• Methanol or synthetic gas can be produced from Thar coal at the coalfield and can easily be
transported by pipeline throughout the demand centers.
31. Underground Coal Gasification
• A technology is also available for in-situ conversion of coal into gas, which
can be used for power generation or for conversion into higher value products
such as diesel fuel, methanol, and ammonia.
• Underground coal gasification can be applied to both horizontal and inclined
coal beds.
• Coal not recoverable by conventional mining methods, can be accessed for
in-situ coal gasification.
• Private investors can use this new technology where coal beds are thin and
steeply dipping, and not economical for mining by conventional mining
methods.
37. Preliminaries
Procurement of prospecting / mining lease area
Exploration and estimation of coal reserves
Feasibility Study
Determination of coal mineability, coal quality analysis, ground
water conditions and hydrogeology, geotechnical analysis of coal
and coal-bearing strata; i.e. overburden/inter-burden on coal beds,
number of coal beds and thickness of each, cost of coal and its
area of utilization, mine design and planning, infrastructure
requirement such as roads, power & water supply etc., availability
of skilled and unskilled labor, capital and mining cost, availability of
funds.
38. Development of Underground Mine
•Purchase of land, site development and services
•Drilling and blasting arrangement
•Access to coal deposits (drifts, vertical/inclined shafts, tunnels)
•Materials and machinery-handling facilities
•Development of coal working faces (log-wall/ short-wall faces)
•Coal handling and transportation facilities (rail track, locomotives, mine cars, conveyors, etc.)
39. Development of Preliminaries Underground Mine (conti...)
•Installation of mining machineries (continuous miner, road headers, roof bolters, shuttle cars, gate
conveyors, chain conveyors etc.)
•Roof support arrangements (shield support, hydraulic support, hydraulic jack, steel arches, rock
bolters, timber support etc.)
•Electrical equipment (cables, transformer etc.)
•Mine health and safety equipment (gas detectors, self rescuers, breathing apparatus, first-aid etc.)
•Mine water-handling equipment (water pumps, pipes etc.)
•Mine lighting and communication arrangements
40. Development of Underground Mine (conti...)
Installation of equipment at surface (compressors and compressed air supply arrangements, work
shop, store, battery charging house, power supply, circuit breaker, etc.)
•Coal storage yard
•Coal washing plant
•Coal refuse and tailing disposal area
•Mine office and administration building
•Housing colony for labor and staff
41. Development of Open-Pit Mine
1. Purchase of land, site development, site services, surface work and temporary housing
2. Mine planning and layout:
Number of coal-beds, thickness of each coalbed, thickness of over-burdens / inter-burdens
Coal/rock ratio, pit size, strip length and depth
Recovery percentage
Life of mine
Capacity of coal production per year
Number and size of equipment
42. Development of Open-Pit Mine (conti...)
Economy of scale, using large capacity machines
Redundancy and maneuverability of machine
Availability of spares, repair and maintenance facilities
Capital investment
3. Mining Equipment and Combination:
Scrapers and Pushing Bulldozers
Front End Loaders and Trucks
Hydraulic Shovels and Trucks
Face Shovels and Trucks
43. Development of Open-Pit Mine(conti...)
4. Drilling and blasting arrangement
5. Transportation arrangement for explosives
6. Removal of over-burden/inter-burden with Walking Dragline to expose coal beds and deposition of rock
materials on the surface in systematic order
7. Coal cutting and transportation from pit to storage area using Belt- Conveyors, Front End Loaders and
Self-Dumping Trucks
8. Compressors and compressed air supply arrangement
9. Electricity supply and electrical equipment
44. Development of Open-Pit Mine(conti...)
10. Water Pumps and accessories
11. Communication system and lighting arrangement
12. Work-shop for repair and maintenance
13. Mining machinery and equipment storage yard
14. Coal washing plant
15. Housing for labor and staff
45. Global warming, energy crisis, and scarcity of resources have compelled the researchers to
search for alternative sustainable energy resources.
Sustainability includes three dimensions which are Cost, Environment and Society. These
are called triple bottom line (TBL).
The TBL emphasizes on a balanced approach to profit, the planet, and people
Fossil fuels including coal are not sustainable as they influence the environment by
increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
The main goal of sustainability is to minimize the cost and environmental effect of
processes while maximizing the social impact .
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development
46. Across the world there are 1.3 billion people without access to electricity and 2.7 billion people who
don’t have clean cooking facilities.
Economic growth through the expansion of business and industry will be the only way that poverty can
be eradicated in developing countries. Business and industry needs reliable base load electricity in order
to expand.
In the developing world, economic expansion will provide secure employment. Without this, hundreds of
millions of people will remain in poverty, particularly in urban areas.
Many social services are also heavily reliant on a modern, reliable electricity supply. Hospitals and
schools cannot function effectively without access to electricity.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development
47. All energy sources have some role to play in feeding those grids, including nuclear, hydro and the
provision of renewable energy. However, base load power generation through the use of fossil fuels,
and especially with coal, is the only way to provide affordable, safe and reliable electricity at the scale
Coal is the backbone of modern electricity. Coal currently supplies around 30% of primary energy and
41% of global electricity generation. Coal use is forecast to rise over 50% to 2030, with developing
countries responsible for 97% of this increase, primarily to meet improved electrification rates.
Coal will therefore play a major role in supporting the development of base-load electricity where it is
most needed. Coal-fired electricity will bring energy access and support economic growth in the
developing world.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development
48. It has been estimated that there are over 860 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves worldwide. This means that
there is enough coal to last us at least 118 years at current rates of consumption.
Coal mining provides more than seven million jobs worldwide and in 2010 the industry invested more than US$7
billion in capital expenditure in developing countries.
Coal mining often occurs in rural and remote areas requiring significant infrastructure development- particularly the
development of transportation
links such as road and rail.
Improved infrastructure due to mining activity can also support broader economic development within the region.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development
49. It has been estimated that by 2030, there will be an additional 1.5 million premature deaths per
year caused by household pollution from burning wood and dung.
While addressing climate and energy challenges together seems contradictory to some, the reality
is that they must be considered as integrated priorities.
Effective and sustainable climate response must integrate environmental aims with energy security
and economic development.
National and international policy frameworks and financing mechanisms must support the
deployment of the most efficient and cleanest coal technology.
Clean coal technologies, such as advanced coal-fired power generation and carbon capture and
storage, can enable the world’s coal resource to be used in line with environmental and climate
objectives.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development
50. Increases in the efficiency of electricity generation are essential in tackling climate change. A
single percentage point improvement in the efficiency of a conventional pulverised coal
combustion plant results in a 2-3% reduction in CO2 emissions.
Another technology of growing importance in securing national energy supplies is carbon capture,
utilisation and storage (CCUS). It provides a pathway to two important energy goals of many
countries – producing reliable and affordable electricity from coal power plants while reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and producing more oil to meet growing demand and enhance national
security.
Coal – Energy for
Sustainable Development
Editor's Notes
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