1) Indonesia is the world's largest exporter of thermal coal, exporting 165 million tons in 2007. The country's coal industry continues to grow due to rising regional and domestic demand.
2) Major Indonesian coal exporters include Bumi Resources, Adaro Resources, Banpu, and Kideco Jaya Agung, which collectively exported over 130 million tons in 2007.
3) Indonesian coal ranges from bituminous to sub-bituminous in rank and varies in qualities like ash content, heat value, and sulfur content. Most coal is transported from mines to loading facilities by truck and barge before being exported.
This document discusses coal and its role in energy for sustainable development. It notes that coal is an abundant fossil fuel that currently accounts for a large portion of global electricity production. It is classified based on its composition and analyzed to determine its quality and suitability for different applications like power generation. The document discusses how Pakistan's lignite coal reserves can be utilized for power generation as well as in industries like cement production and brick kilns. It also summarizes the development process for underground and open-pit coal mines. Finally, it argues that coal will continue playing an important role in providing reliable base load electricity for developing countries to support economic growth and development in a sustainable manner.
This document provides information about energy sources in India. It discusses that India's energy generation is primarily from fossil fuels like coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas. It also discusses India's plans to expand renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Coal is the most important energy source in India, accounting for over 55% of energy needs. India has the third largest coal reserves in the world. The document discusses coal mining and classification of coal in India. It also discusses clean coal technologies and the advantages and disadvantages of coal. The document also summarizes information about oil, natural gas, nuclear power and solar power sources in India.
Coal liquefaction is a process that converts coal into liquid fuels like diesel or gasoline. There are two main types of coal liquefaction: direct and indirect. Direct liquefaction involves partially refining coal directly into synthetic crude oil, while indirect liquefaction first gasifies coal into syngas and then converts the syngas into liquid fuels using processes like Fischer-Tropsch or the Bergius process. Major countries investing in coal liquefaction include China, South Africa, and Australia. It offers benefits like energy security but also faces challenges of high costs and potential environmental impacts.
This document provides information on various carbon materials used in steelmaking processes. It discusses the production and properties of anthracite coal, metallurgical coke, calcined petroleum coke, fluid coke, and artificial graphite. It then outlines the uses of carbon in basic oxygen furnaces, induction furnaces, and electric arc furnaces, including as charge carbon, injection carbon for slag foaming, recarburizer, and graphite electrodes. The ideal material depends on the process and desired properties like carbon content, sulfur level, and gas generation. Lower-cost materials like anthracite and coke are commonly used when quality is less critical.
The document introduces a proposed coal-to-liquids (CTL) plant project by Baganuur Energy Corporation, a 50-50 joint venture between MCS Group of Mongolia and POSCO of South Korea. The project aims to produce 456,000 tons per year of diesel, 90,000 tons of gasoline, and 100,000 tons of DME from local Mongolian coal to reduce import dependence and air pollution in Ulaanbaatar. The proposed plant location is in Baganuur district and would cost $2 billion with commissioning planned for 2020.
Electrochemical synthetic hydrocarbons - Rambach - for printing with title pageGlenn Rambach
The document describes using solid oxide electrochemistry to produce synthetic hydrocarbon fuels from water and carbon dioxide. It discusses using solid oxide electrolysis cells to electrolyze water and carbon dioxide into hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and oxygen. The gases can then undergo further electrochemical and catalytic reactions to produce synthetic fuels like diesel. Configurations are proposed involving porous electrodes, solid electrolytes, and downstream catalysts to facilitate these reactions in a single system. Thermochemical and electrochemical processes are compared for producing hydrogen and synthesis gas as intermediates for fuel synthesis.
The document provides information about a natural gas processing plant located at Kailashtila, Sylhet in Bangladesh. It discusses the objectives of designing the plant and providing background information on the study area. It also describes the Kailashtila silicagel plant, which uses silica gel to remove water from raw natural gas. The plant processes gas from two wells, KTL-1 and KTL-5. The document outlines the design basis and provides a brief overview of the gas separation process used at the plant.
This document discusses different methods of coal liquefaction, which is the process of converting coal into liquid fuels. There are three main types of coal liquefaction: direct coal liquefaction, indirect coal liquefaction, and methanol-to-gasoline coal-to-liquids. Direct coal liquefaction involves adding hydrogen to coal under heat and pressure to increase its hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. Indirect coal liquefaction involves gasifying coal to produce syngas, then using Fischer-Tropsch chemistry to convert the syngas to liquid fuels. Methanol-to-gasoline coal-to-liquids first produces methanol from syngas, then converts the methanol into gasoline. Each method aims to produce liquid fuels
This document discusses coal and its role in energy for sustainable development. It notes that coal is an abundant fossil fuel that currently accounts for a large portion of global electricity production. It is classified based on its composition and analyzed to determine its quality and suitability for different applications like power generation. The document discusses how Pakistan's lignite coal reserves can be utilized for power generation as well as in industries like cement production and brick kilns. It also summarizes the development process for underground and open-pit coal mines. Finally, it argues that coal will continue playing an important role in providing reliable base load electricity for developing countries to support economic growth and development in a sustainable manner.
This document provides information about energy sources in India. It discusses that India's energy generation is primarily from fossil fuels like coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas. It also discusses India's plans to expand renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Coal is the most important energy source in India, accounting for over 55% of energy needs. India has the third largest coal reserves in the world. The document discusses coal mining and classification of coal in India. It also discusses clean coal technologies and the advantages and disadvantages of coal. The document also summarizes information about oil, natural gas, nuclear power and solar power sources in India.
Coal liquefaction is a process that converts coal into liquid fuels like diesel or gasoline. There are two main types of coal liquefaction: direct and indirect. Direct liquefaction involves partially refining coal directly into synthetic crude oil, while indirect liquefaction first gasifies coal into syngas and then converts the syngas into liquid fuels using processes like Fischer-Tropsch or the Bergius process. Major countries investing in coal liquefaction include China, South Africa, and Australia. It offers benefits like energy security but also faces challenges of high costs and potential environmental impacts.
This document provides information on various carbon materials used in steelmaking processes. It discusses the production and properties of anthracite coal, metallurgical coke, calcined petroleum coke, fluid coke, and artificial graphite. It then outlines the uses of carbon in basic oxygen furnaces, induction furnaces, and electric arc furnaces, including as charge carbon, injection carbon for slag foaming, recarburizer, and graphite electrodes. The ideal material depends on the process and desired properties like carbon content, sulfur level, and gas generation. Lower-cost materials like anthracite and coke are commonly used when quality is less critical.
The document introduces a proposed coal-to-liquids (CTL) plant project by Baganuur Energy Corporation, a 50-50 joint venture between MCS Group of Mongolia and POSCO of South Korea. The project aims to produce 456,000 tons per year of diesel, 90,000 tons of gasoline, and 100,000 tons of DME from local Mongolian coal to reduce import dependence and air pollution in Ulaanbaatar. The proposed plant location is in Baganuur district and would cost $2 billion with commissioning planned for 2020.
Electrochemical synthetic hydrocarbons - Rambach - for printing with title pageGlenn Rambach
The document describes using solid oxide electrochemistry to produce synthetic hydrocarbon fuels from water and carbon dioxide. It discusses using solid oxide electrolysis cells to electrolyze water and carbon dioxide into hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and oxygen. The gases can then undergo further electrochemical and catalytic reactions to produce synthetic fuels like diesel. Configurations are proposed involving porous electrodes, solid electrolytes, and downstream catalysts to facilitate these reactions in a single system. Thermochemical and electrochemical processes are compared for producing hydrogen and synthesis gas as intermediates for fuel synthesis.
The document provides information about a natural gas processing plant located at Kailashtila, Sylhet in Bangladesh. It discusses the objectives of designing the plant and providing background information on the study area. It also describes the Kailashtila silicagel plant, which uses silica gel to remove water from raw natural gas. The plant processes gas from two wells, KTL-1 and KTL-5. The document outlines the design basis and provides a brief overview of the gas separation process used at the plant.
This document discusses different methods of coal liquefaction, which is the process of converting coal into liquid fuels. There are three main types of coal liquefaction: direct coal liquefaction, indirect coal liquefaction, and methanol-to-gasoline coal-to-liquids. Direct coal liquefaction involves adding hydrogen to coal under heat and pressure to increase its hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. Indirect coal liquefaction involves gasifying coal to produce syngas, then using Fischer-Tropsch chemistry to convert the syngas to liquid fuels. Methanol-to-gasoline coal-to-liquids first produces methanol from syngas, then converts the methanol into gasoline. Each method aims to produce liquid fuels
NALCO is Asia's largest integrated aluminium producer, operating bauxite mines, alumina refineries, aluminium smelters, and casting facilities in Odisha, India. It produces aluminium metal, ingots, billets, wire rods, and alloy products. The company's operations are divided into three major areas: carbon area for anode production, potline area for electrolysis, and casting area for final product shaping. NALCO sources bauxite from open-cast mines and produces alumina at a refinery before smelting aluminium in large pots at its smelter facility.
Fuel cell presentation museum docent class 2022- color with no extra slides...Glenn Rambach
The document discusses fuel cell powered vehicles and hydrogen as a fuel. It provides information on the basic operation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, comparing it to an internal combustion engine. A PEM fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat through an electrochemical reaction. The core component is a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) consisting of porous electrodes and a polymer electrolyte membrane, which allows protons to pass through while blocking electrons. Multiple MEA's are stacked to produce greater power output. The document traces the development of fuel cell vehicles over the past 28 years.
The Bionic Group announces its patent pending method of microwave assisted liquefaction of carbonaceous feedstock like coal or char. The technology is an improved application of the Bergius-Pier process which has single-handedly fueled the German airforce during WW2 from 1941. The application of microwaves offers a previously unknown level of energy efficiency to CTL and a carbon footprint reduced to a minimum. More about Bionic's ground breaking work on the application of microwaves to the production of alternative fuels can be found at www.bionic-world.net or write to info@bionic-lab.de.
Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...Steve Wittrig
This document discusses methanol as a transportation fuel. It notes that methanol production can bridge conventional fossil fuels and renewable feedstocks. Methanol can be used directly as a fuel through blending with gasoline or producing dimethyl ether, or indirectly through producing biodiesel, MTBE, or fuels through methanol-to-olefins or methanol-to-gasoline processes. China is a leader in using methanol fuel, with over 7 million metric tons of methanol blended annually in gasoline as M15. Guidelines are provided for safe handling of methanol at blending terminals and retail fuel stations.
This document discusses a proposal for Pakistan to produce synthetic fuels from underground coal gasification of its large Thar coal reserves. It outlines Pakistan's growing oil consumption and limited domestic oil production, presenting underground coal gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis as a viable option. The process involves drilling, underground coal gasification to produce syngas, syngas cleaning and conditioning, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce synthetic fuels and olefins, and refining. Analysis shows the proposed 10,000 bpd plant could be economically viable and profitable, helping reduce Pakistan's oil dependence.
Este documento presenta una guía de apoyo sobre el uso de la acentuación diacrítica con cuatro ejercicios. El primero consiste en completar oraciones con "él" u "el", el segundo con "tú" o "tu", el tercero con "mí" o "mi", y el cuarto con "dé" o "de".
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations which can be shared on SlideShare. In just a few sentences, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create visual presentations.
Aplicando lo aprendido en el Taller PROMOCIÓN DEL USO DE MATERIALES DE LABORATORIO DE CIENCIAS PARA EL LOGRO DE LOS APRENDIZAJES SIGNIFICATIVOS DE CTA - 2015.
Este documento presenta información sobre hologramas. Define un holograma como una fotografía tridimensional creada con un rayo láser que captura información sobre la profundidad de un objeto. Explica que los sistemas de software para procesar hologramas se están volviendo más sofisticados y que la tecnología puede almacenar grandes cantidades de datos en espacios pequeños. También describe algunas aplicaciones emergentes como la televisión holográfica y sistemas de almacenamiento holográfico de alta
James Scott is the CEO of Princeton Corporate Solutions and has over 13 years of experience in
management and international corporate growth. He has authored multiple books on topics related to
taking a company public and mergers and acquisitions. Mr. Scott is a member of several economic think
tanks that study legislation affecting corporations worldwide. He brings his experience in building
businesses and facilitating strategic alliances between corporations and politics to his role leading
Princeton Corporate Solutions.
e-CODEX is a 50-month project involving 27 European countries and organizations to develop electronic cross-border legal procedures. It has 7 work packages and 3 pilot projects testing electronic services for civil claims, mutual legal assistance, and business register interconnection. The project aims to establish frameworks for electronic identities, signatures, and document exchange. Related projects like STORK 2.0 and e-SENS also aim to facilitate cross-border digital services and identities in Europe. For more information, see the listed websites and contact details.
This short document promotes Haiku Deck, a presentation creation tool. It contains a photo watermark and a call to action encouraging the reader to get started creating their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare. In 3 sentences or less, it highlights Haiku Deck and prompts the reader to try making a presentation.
This document discusses collaborating on regulation for machine-to-machine (M2M) and internet of things (IoT) technologies in the Middle East region. It notes that key stakeholders are bringing together issues like big data, cloud computing, privacy, and cybersecurity to devise a regulatory framework. It suggests establishing a regional M2M/IoT working group through DLA Piper to develop whitepapers on relevant topics. While some see no need yet for specific regulation, others argue regulators can facilitate joining supply and demand. Examples of regional collaboration discussed include initiatives by the UAE's TRA and smart city projects in Dubai.
El documento presenta un resumen de tres teorías epistemológicas: el empirismo, que sostiene que la experiencia es la única fuente válida del conocimiento; el materialismo dialéctico de Marx y Engels, que plantea el método de analizar las leyes generales del desarrollo de la naturaleza, sociedad y pensamiento para lograr la transformación revolucionaria del mundo; y el racionalismo, que considera que la razón es la fuente primaria del conocimiento.
7 primary drivers of employee engagement www.copypasteads.comjackpot201
The document discusses 7 key drivers that can power employee engagement: 1) Purpose Alignment - Helping employees feel inspired by an organization's cause. 2) Progress Inertia - Keeping employee momentum and progress going. 3) Task Autonomy - Giving employees autonomy over their work. 4) Task to Skill Alignment - Aligning employee jobs with their skills and strengths. 5) Rewards & Recognition - Providing rewards and recognition to employees. 6) Friends at Work - Leveraging social connections between employees. 7) A Common Enemy - Finding issues to unite employees against. The document provides details on each driver and how organizations can improve engagement by focusing on these areas.
El Imperio Romano alcanzó su máxima extensión bajo el reinado de Trajano, abarcando desde el océano Atlántico hasta el mar Caspio. Tras la caída del Imperio Romano de Occidente, el Imperio Romano de Oriente continuó gobernando desde Constantinopla.
1. A business valuation and analysis of the target company's financials, products, capital requirements, brands, and organizational structure is needed to identify suitable targets for mergers and acquisitions.
2. When negotiating a deal, it is important to evaluate pre-acquisition issues through due diligence, identify post-acquisition and administrative issues, and establish a special negotiation committee comprising experienced and disinterested experts.
3. Key strategies for negotiating include engaging competent advisors, avoiding conflicts of interest, determining a fair price through thorough financial review, using a closed auction process, maintaining proper records, and remaining focused to close the deal.
Este documento discute como o uso da programação de computadores pode melhorar o aprendizado da lógica em crianças. Ele propõe usar a ferramenta Scratch para ensinar lógica através de desafios e jogos em oficinas para alunos. A pesquisa observa como as crianças aprendem lógica de forma colaborativa ao criar histórias e animações no Scratch.
NALCO is Asia's largest integrated aluminium producer, operating bauxite mines, alumina refineries, aluminium smelters, and casting facilities in Odisha, India. It produces aluminium metal, ingots, billets, wire rods, and alloy products. The company's operations are divided into three major areas: carbon area for anode production, potline area for electrolysis, and casting area for final product shaping. NALCO sources bauxite from open-cast mines and produces alumina at a refinery before smelting aluminium in large pots at its smelter facility.
Fuel cell presentation museum docent class 2022- color with no extra slides...Glenn Rambach
The document discusses fuel cell powered vehicles and hydrogen as a fuel. It provides information on the basic operation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, comparing it to an internal combustion engine. A PEM fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat through an electrochemical reaction. The core component is a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) consisting of porous electrodes and a polymer electrolyte membrane, which allows protons to pass through while blocking electrons. Multiple MEA's are stacked to produce greater power output. The document traces the development of fuel cell vehicles over the past 28 years.
The Bionic Group announces its patent pending method of microwave assisted liquefaction of carbonaceous feedstock like coal or char. The technology is an improved application of the Bergius-Pier process which has single-handedly fueled the German airforce during WW2 from 1941. The application of microwaves offers a previously unknown level of energy efficiency to CTL and a carbon footprint reduced to a minimum. More about Bionic's ground breaking work on the application of microwaves to the production of alternative fuels can be found at www.bionic-world.net or write to info@bionic-lab.de.
Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...Steve Wittrig
This document discusses methanol as a transportation fuel. It notes that methanol production can bridge conventional fossil fuels and renewable feedstocks. Methanol can be used directly as a fuel through blending with gasoline or producing dimethyl ether, or indirectly through producing biodiesel, MTBE, or fuels through methanol-to-olefins or methanol-to-gasoline processes. China is a leader in using methanol fuel, with over 7 million metric tons of methanol blended annually in gasoline as M15. Guidelines are provided for safe handling of methanol at blending terminals and retail fuel stations.
This document discusses a proposal for Pakistan to produce synthetic fuels from underground coal gasification of its large Thar coal reserves. It outlines Pakistan's growing oil consumption and limited domestic oil production, presenting underground coal gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis as a viable option. The process involves drilling, underground coal gasification to produce syngas, syngas cleaning and conditioning, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce synthetic fuels and olefins, and refining. Analysis shows the proposed 10,000 bpd plant could be economically viable and profitable, helping reduce Pakistan's oil dependence.
Este documento presenta una guía de apoyo sobre el uso de la acentuación diacrítica con cuatro ejercicios. El primero consiste en completar oraciones con "él" u "el", el segundo con "tú" o "tu", el tercero con "mí" o "mi", y el cuarto con "dé" o "de".
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations which can be shared on SlideShare. In just a few sentences, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create visual presentations.
Aplicando lo aprendido en el Taller PROMOCIÓN DEL USO DE MATERIALES DE LABORATORIO DE CIENCIAS PARA EL LOGRO DE LOS APRENDIZAJES SIGNIFICATIVOS DE CTA - 2015.
Este documento presenta información sobre hologramas. Define un holograma como una fotografía tridimensional creada con un rayo láser que captura información sobre la profundidad de un objeto. Explica que los sistemas de software para procesar hologramas se están volviendo más sofisticados y que la tecnología puede almacenar grandes cantidades de datos en espacios pequeños. También describe algunas aplicaciones emergentes como la televisión holográfica y sistemas de almacenamiento holográfico de alta
James Scott is the CEO of Princeton Corporate Solutions and has over 13 years of experience in
management and international corporate growth. He has authored multiple books on topics related to
taking a company public and mergers and acquisitions. Mr. Scott is a member of several economic think
tanks that study legislation affecting corporations worldwide. He brings his experience in building
businesses and facilitating strategic alliances between corporations and politics to his role leading
Princeton Corporate Solutions.
e-CODEX is a 50-month project involving 27 European countries and organizations to develop electronic cross-border legal procedures. It has 7 work packages and 3 pilot projects testing electronic services for civil claims, mutual legal assistance, and business register interconnection. The project aims to establish frameworks for electronic identities, signatures, and document exchange. Related projects like STORK 2.0 and e-SENS also aim to facilitate cross-border digital services and identities in Europe. For more information, see the listed websites and contact details.
This short document promotes Haiku Deck, a presentation creation tool. It contains a photo watermark and a call to action encouraging the reader to get started creating their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare. In 3 sentences or less, it highlights Haiku Deck and prompts the reader to try making a presentation.
This document discusses collaborating on regulation for machine-to-machine (M2M) and internet of things (IoT) technologies in the Middle East region. It notes that key stakeholders are bringing together issues like big data, cloud computing, privacy, and cybersecurity to devise a regulatory framework. It suggests establishing a regional M2M/IoT working group through DLA Piper to develop whitepapers on relevant topics. While some see no need yet for specific regulation, others argue regulators can facilitate joining supply and demand. Examples of regional collaboration discussed include initiatives by the UAE's TRA and smart city projects in Dubai.
El documento presenta un resumen de tres teorías epistemológicas: el empirismo, que sostiene que la experiencia es la única fuente válida del conocimiento; el materialismo dialéctico de Marx y Engels, que plantea el método de analizar las leyes generales del desarrollo de la naturaleza, sociedad y pensamiento para lograr la transformación revolucionaria del mundo; y el racionalismo, que considera que la razón es la fuente primaria del conocimiento.
7 primary drivers of employee engagement www.copypasteads.comjackpot201
The document discusses 7 key drivers that can power employee engagement: 1) Purpose Alignment - Helping employees feel inspired by an organization's cause. 2) Progress Inertia - Keeping employee momentum and progress going. 3) Task Autonomy - Giving employees autonomy over their work. 4) Task to Skill Alignment - Aligning employee jobs with their skills and strengths. 5) Rewards & Recognition - Providing rewards and recognition to employees. 6) Friends at Work - Leveraging social connections between employees. 7) A Common Enemy - Finding issues to unite employees against. The document provides details on each driver and how organizations can improve engagement by focusing on these areas.
El Imperio Romano alcanzó su máxima extensión bajo el reinado de Trajano, abarcando desde el océano Atlántico hasta el mar Caspio. Tras la caída del Imperio Romano de Occidente, el Imperio Romano de Oriente continuó gobernando desde Constantinopla.
1. A business valuation and analysis of the target company's financials, products, capital requirements, brands, and organizational structure is needed to identify suitable targets for mergers and acquisitions.
2. When negotiating a deal, it is important to evaluate pre-acquisition issues through due diligence, identify post-acquisition and administrative issues, and establish a special negotiation committee comprising experienced and disinterested experts.
3. Key strategies for negotiating include engaging competent advisors, avoiding conflicts of interest, determining a fair price through thorough financial review, using a closed auction process, maintaining proper records, and remaining focused to close the deal.
Este documento discute como o uso da programação de computadores pode melhorar o aprendizado da lógica em crianças. Ele propõe usar a ferramenta Scratch para ensinar lógica através de desafios e jogos em oficinas para alunos. A pesquisa observa como as crianças aprendem lógica de forma colaborativa ao criar histórias e animações no Scratch.
The document discusses Indonesia's role as the world's largest exporter of thermal coal despite having relatively small coal reserves. Indonesia is able to export cheap coal due to its open-cut mining methods and access to rivers for transportation, allowing it to undercut competitors like Australia and China. However, the mining boom is temporary as easy-to-access coal deposits near rivers will be exhausted by 2016-17, requiring more expensive transportation. New government regulations are also increasing coal prices and reducing exports.
Indonesia will double its demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG) by 2019 as it converts power plants and develops new smelters. This increased demand comes as Indonesia prepares infrastructure to import more LNG within four years, given domestic production is declining while demand rises. State-owned mining company PT Aneka Tambang is expanding its smelting capacity which will require an additional 100 million standard cubic feet per day of LNG from export facilities in Tangguh and Bontang by 2016. Overall, 30 investors plan over $55 billion in new smelters that will consume 30-40 million standard cubic feet of gas per day each.
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL) owns and operates Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP), India's first shore-based integrated steel plant. VSP has a production capacity of 7.3 million tonnes per annum. The plant uses iron ore, coke, dolomite and limestone as raw materials and employs various processes like coke making, sintering, blast furnace production, and rolling mills to produce finished steel products. Trainees can receive on-site training in departments like coke ovens, utilities, quality control, power plant and water management.
This document provides an overview of global coal markets. It discusses different types of coal and their uses. It notes that international trade accounts for a small percentage of overall coal production. The document then examines trends in steam coal and coking coal trade between 1995 and 2012. Subsequent sections provide more details on low rank coal trade, major coal importers and exporters, and dynamics in China, India, and other Asian markets like Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
1) Hanking Co. Ltd is developing new nickel processing projects in Indonesia, including an NPI plant and ferronickel plant.
2) The NPI plant will have a production capacity of 50,000 tons per year and use shaft furnace technology. It began construction in 2013 and aims to begin commercial operation in 2016.
3) Hanking is also constructing a ferronickel plant with a production capacity of 115,000 tons per year of 12.84% ferronickel. It has a capital expenditure of $245 million and also aims to begin commercial operation in 2017.
National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO) was established in 1981 to exploit bauxite reserves in Odisha and produce alumina and aluminum. It is India's first public sector aluminum producer. NALCO operates bauxite mines, an alumina refinery, and an aluminum smelter in Odisha. It exports around 40% of its alumina and aluminum. NALCO has received several certifications for quality, environmental management, and social accountability.
- Coal is Mongolia's main energy source and driver of economic development. Mongolia has 173.3 billion tons of coal reserves across over 300 deposits.
- In 2012, Mongolia produced 31.1 million tons of coal, of which 20.5 million tons were exported, bringing in $828.5 billion in revenue. Around 10,000 people are employed in the coal mining industry.
- The government aims to support investments in processing facilities, limit exports of raw coal, and promote value-added processed coal products to bring the industry in line with international standards.
Quality Assessment of Igaliwo and Olokwu Coals in the Northern Anambra Basin ...Premier Publishers
Chemical and geochemical studies have been carried out on coal samples from Igaliwo and Olokwu coal deposits in northern Anambra Basin of Nigeria. The studies were carried out principally to determine the chemical and geochemical characteristics of the coals in order to ascertain their potential relevance to possible industrial usages. Proximate analysis indicated that the moisture content of the coal samples, on average, varied from 19.27% in Olokwu coal to 20.37% in Igaliwo coal, ash content from 4.88% in Olokwu coal to 6.48% in Igaliwo coal, volatile matter content from 36.39% in Igaliwo coal to 37.97% in Olokwu coal, and fixed carbon content from 36.76% in Igaliwo coal to 37.88% in Olokwu coal. Ultimate analysis revealed that the percentage of carbon in the coals, on average, ranged from 52.01% in Igaliwo coal to 54.74% in Olokwu coal, hydrogen from 4.34% in Igaliwo coal to 4.49% in Olokwu coal, nitrogen from 1.41% in Igaliwo coal to 1.42% in Olokwu coal, oxygen from 14.42% in Igaliwo coal to 14.43% in Olokwu coal, sulphur from 0.78% in Olokwu coal to 0.98% in Igaliwo coal, and phosphorus from 0.001% in Olokwu coal to 0.003% in Igaliwo coal. The heating (calorific) values of the coals, on average, varied from 9275 Btu/Ib in Igaliwo coal to 9740 Btu/Ib in Olokwu coal. Generally, both coals have low free swelling index (FSI) of zero (0). These characteristics put together suggest that both coals cannot be used by the steel industry, mostly for the manufacture of coke for metallurgical processes such as iron and steel production. However, they are suitable for electricity generation, heating boilers and ovens in industrial process heating, manufacturing organic chemicals and production of gas and automotive fuel.
Aluminum is the third most abundant element on Earth and the second most used metal. India has a long history of aluminum production dating back to 1938. It is now the eighth largest producer globally. The key companies in the Indian aluminum industry are Hindalco, NALCO, and BALCO/Sterlite Industries. Aluminum is used widely in power, transportation, construction, and packaging. While India has abundant bauxite reserves and a growing market, high energy costs and infrastructure limitations pose challenges for the industry. Further expansion and meeting rising domestic demand is expected to make India one of the top aluminum producers by 2020.
The document provides information about the Korba Coalfield located in Chhattisgarh, India. Some key details include:
- Korba Coalfield has over 10 billion tonnes of coal reserves and accounts for a major portion of production by South Eastern Coalfields Limited.
- Major coal mines in the region include Gevra, Dipika, and Kusmunda which supply coal to nearby power plants such as the Korba Super Thermal Power Plant.
- Coal washing plants have been established to reduce the ash content of coal extracted from open cast mines in the coalfield, which can be as high as 40%.
- Nearby power plants fueled by Korba coalfield include the Korba Super
this presentation deals with the types, formation, depletion, conservation of coal. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of it. other sources of energy are also include.
- The document summarizes news from the Business Council of Mongolia newsletter, covering business, economic, and political news in Mongolia.
- In business news, precious metals production is helping offset costs at the Oyu Tolgoi mine, Rio Tinto increased its stake in Ivanhoe Mines, and Voyager Resources discovered a new copper intersection. Aspire Mining received a positive report on its Ovoot coal mine's product quality. Petro Matad shifted drilling operations due to technical difficulties. Prophecy Coal signed coal sales agreements.
- Economic news included Mongolia excelling in 2011 and consumption and mining spurring economic growth.
- In politics, employees may strike at Erdenes T
This document provides an overview of coal preparation and washing in India. It discusses the types and properties of Indian coal, the importance of proper coal sizing and conditioning prior to combustion. It also examines existing coal preparation plants in India, case studies that show improved yields from full-wash plants, and the evolution and growing importance of coal washing to meet industry demands. Future plans include installing more washing capacity to process India's deteriorating coal reserves and research into techniques tailored for India's difficult-to-wash coal characteristics.
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1. WorldCoalAsiaSpecialwww.worldcoal.com Reprinted from May2009
Indonesian coalDonald L. Ewart, Jr., and Robert Vaughn, Marston & Marston
Inc., US, review the Indonesian thermal coal industry.
I
Indonesia’s coal industry continues to prosper
and grow. Even as markets and prices
diminish in the short-term, regional and
domestic coal demands provide a robust
long-term outlook for Indonesian coal
producers.
Seaborne thermal coal trade has grown
from 343 million t in 2000 to almost
555 million t in 2007, with roughly 43% of the
total exports destined for Atlantic Basin
markets and 57% supplied to Pacific Basin
markets. Major Pacific Basin thermal seaborne
coal consumers include Japan, Central and
Southeast Asia and India. From 2000 to 2007,
exports to Pacific thermal coal markets grew
from 193 million t to almost 318 million t
(Figure 1).
More than 95% of world seaborne thermal
coal exports originate from just six countries,
with the remainder being supplied from
about a half dozen other nations. The six
principal thermal coal exporting countries are
Indonesia, Australia, Russia, South Africa,
Colombia and China, while the smaller
exporters include the US, Venezuela, Poland
and Canada.
Indonesia is currently the world’s leading
exporter of thermal coal. In 2007 Indonesian
producers shipped 165 million t, or almost
30% of global seaborne thermal coal supply.
Australia is the second largest thermal coal
exporting country with 2007 shipments
approaching 115 million t (representing a
market share of 20.6%), followed by Russia
with 2007 thermal coal exports of 72 million t
(13% market share), South Africa with
66.2 million t (11.9%), Colombia with
64.6 million t (11.6%), and China with
45.3 million t (8.2%). A summary of 2007
seaborne thermal coal exports by source
country is provided in Table 1.
Indonesian coal
production
International markets have traditionally been
the principal destination for Indonesian
thermal coals, with more than 75% of the
country’s total thermal coal production being
exported in recent years. Major export
markets for Indonesian thermal coals include
Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong,
India, other Southeast Asian countries and
Western Europe. Indonesia currently supplies
more than 30% of the Pacific Basin Market.
Indonesia’s thermal coal exports have almost
tripled over the last eight years, increasing
from 56 million t in 2000 to almost 165 million t
in 2007 (Figure 2).
Considering only legal operations,
Indonesia currently produces thermal coals
from more than 40 different mines in East
Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and Sumatra.
2. www.worldcoal.comReprinted from May2009WorldCoalAsiaSpecial
About two-thirds of the country’s export
thermal coal is currently produced from
around two dozen mines in East
Kalimantan with nine mines in South
Kalimantan accounting for most of the
remaining exports. Less than 4% of
Indonesian thermal coal exports
currently originate from the half dozen
exporting Sumatran mines.
Coal production in Indonesia is from
the following: 1) the state-owned
enterprise PT Tambang Batubara Bukit
Asam (PTBA); 2) holders of Coal
Contracts of Work (CCoW) or ‘Coal
Contractors’; 3) Mining Authorisation
(or KP) Holders; 4) Cooperative Units
(KUDs). The larger producers dominate
the supply of export coal, with the four
largest suppliers jointly accounting for
more than two-thirds of total
Indonesian thermal coal exports in
2007. A summary of the major
Indonesian thermal coal exporters and
their reported/forecast thermal coal
export levels for 2006, 2007 and 2012 is
provided in Table 2.
There are three generations of
actively producing Coal Contractors in
Indonesia with different ownership,
royalty and tax provisions applying to
each generation.
Currently, there are 17 identified
major exporters of steam coal (i.e.,
companies with steam coal exports in
excess of 0.5 million tpa) operating in
Indonesia along with several smaller
legitimate suppliers.
The largest export steam coal
producer in Indonesia is Bumi
Resources, which controls two operating
subsidiaries: PT Arutmin Indonesia
(Arutmin) and PT Kaltim Prima Coal
(KPC). Indian power producer, Tata
Power Ltd, recently acquired a 30%
stake in both the Arutmin and KPC
operations.
The Arutmin operations include three
operating coal mines, designated as
Asam-asam, Satui and Senakin,
associated barge-loading facilities for the
respective mines and the North Pulau
Laut coal terminal. The KPC operations
consist of the Bengalon and Pinang coal
mines, barge-loading facilities at the
Bengalon Mine, the Tanjung Bara ship-
and barge-loading terminal serving the
Pinang Mine and various undeveloped
coal resources.
Bumi Resources’ Satui and Senakin
operations produce higher-heat content
bituminous steam coals almost
exclusively for export markets. The
Pinang and Bengalon operations
produce a range of bituminous steam
coals for both export and domestic
customers, and the Asam-asam Mine
produces low-rank, ultra-low sulphur
coal primarily for domestic markets. In
2007 Bumi Resources’ mines exported
almost 50 million t of coal to overseas
markets, accounting for almost a third of
total Indonesian steam coal exports.
After Bumi Resources, the next
largest Indonesian export steam coal
producer is PT Adaro Indonesia (Adaro).
Adaro produces mid-heat content, ultra-
low sulphur sub-bituminous coal for
both export and domestic markets from
its Tutupan Mine. With a current
capacity of 40 million tpa, Tutupan is
currently the second largest coal mine in
Indonesia behind Bumi Resources’ KPC
operation, and controls substantial low-
rank coal resources in South Kalimantan.
Tutupan’s export steam coal shipments
exceeded 26.5 million t in 2007,
representing more than 16% of the
year’s total exports (gar) Indonesian
coal.
Banpu Public Co. Ltd (Banpu),
Indonesia’s third largest export
producer, currently operates three mines
serving export steam coal markets.
Banpu’s Bontang and Trubaindo
operations produce mid- to high-heat
content bituminous steam coals
exclusively for export markets. The
Jorong operation supplies lower-heat
content, ultra-low sulphur sub-
bituminous coal to both a nearby power
plant and offshore customers. Banpu’s
mines exported almost 17.5 million t of
steam coal in 2007, which represented an
export market share of 10.6%.
Table 1. Summary of seaborne thermal coal export
2007 Exporting country 2007 steam coal
exports (milliont)
Percentage of 2007
steam coal exports
1 Indonesia 165.0 29.8
2 Australia 114.5 20.6
3 Russia 72.0 13.0
4 South Africa 66.2 11.9
5 Colombia 64.6 11.6
6 China 45.3 8.2
7 US 10.3 1.9
8 Venezuela 8.3 1.5
9 Poland 4.0 0.7
10 Canada 3.7 0.7
11 Other 0.6 0.1
Total 554.5 100
Figure 1. Seaborne thermal coal exports.
3. WorldCoalAsiaSpecialwww.worldcoal.com Reprinted from May2009
The fourth largest Indonesian steam
coal exporter is PT Kideco Jaya Agung
(Kideco), which operates the Roto
mining complex in southern East
Kalimantan. Kideco’s Roto North
mining unit produces a borderline
bituminous coal that is exported
exclusively to South Korean power
generators. The company’s Roto South
operation produces a range of sub-
bituminous coals for both export and
domestic markets. Steam coal exports
from the Roto Complex totaled
15.5 million t in 2007, representing an
approximate 9.5% share of the total
Indonesian export market.
The other larger Indonesian steam
coal producers exporting more than
4.5 million tpa in 2007 are PT Berau Coal
(Berau), Straits Resources, PT Tanito
Harum (Tanito) and PT Gunung Bayan
Pratama Coal (GBP).
Berau currently exports bituminous
to sub-bituminous steam coals from
its Binungan, Lati and Sambarata
mines in East Kalimantan.
Straits Resources exports
bituminous steam coal from its
Sebuku Mine, operated by the
company’s PT Bahari Cakrawala
u
u
Sebuku subsidiary, located on an
island off the South Kalimantan
coast, and both bituminous and
sub-bituminous steam coals from
its recently acquired Jembayan
operation in East Kalimantan.
Tanito exports bituminous coal
from its mines in the Mahakam
River Region of East Kalimantan.
GBP presently exports higher-
heat content bituminous steam
coal from its Muara Tae Mine
in the western Mahakam River
Region and sub-bituminous
coals from two recently opened
operations, Perkasa Inakakerta
(PIK) and Tambang, elsewhere
in East Kalimantan. As well,
GBP has several new projects in
development or under study.
Indonesian coal quality
Indonesia’s export thermal coals are
bituminous to sub-bituminous in rank
with widely varying ash, moisture,
sulphur and volatile matter
characteristics. In Indonesia, coals with
as-received heat contents in excess of
5300 kcal/kg (gar) are generally
regarded as bituminous coals while
u
u
coals with as-received heat contents of
4100 to 5300 kcal/kg (gar) are classified
as sub-bituminous coals. Typical coal
quality specifications for Indonesian
export thermal coals are summarised in
Table 3.
The bituminous and higher heat
content sub-bituminous coals produced
from Indonesia are typically supplied to
export markets. The lower heat content
Indonesian sub-bituminous coals are
supplied in varying proportions to both
export and domestic markets. Most of
the lowest rank Indonesian sub-
bituminous coals have gained
acceptance in export markets due to
their ultra-low (i.e., less than 0.2%)
sulphur contents.
Although domestic customers
currently consume less than 25% of
Indonesia’s total coal production, an
ever increasing share of the country’s
total coal output is expected to be
consumed domestically as new coal-
fired generating capacity is installed to
meet growing energy demands.
Much of the increased production is
expected to be from low-rank lignite and
sub-bituminous coal deposits with as-
received heat contents of about
Table 2. Summary of major Indonesian thermal coal exporters
2007 export rank Company No. of export mines Steam coal exports (million t)
2006 2007 2012
1 Bumi Resources 5 48.2 49.7 57.5
2 Adaro Resources 1 – 2 24.4 26.7 28.5
3 Banpu 4 17.9 17.4 24.4
4 Kideco Jaya Agung 2 13.5 15.5 16.0
5 Berau Coal 3 5.8 7.6 11.5
6 Straits Resources 2 4.8 7.5 8.0
7 Tanito Harum 2 4.1 5.0 5.2
8 Gunung Bayan
Pratama Coal
3 1.3 4.9 9.0
9 Batubara Bukit
Asam
1 3.2 3.8 3.2
10 Anugerah Bara
Kaltim
1 2.5 2.5 2.5
11 Bukit Baiduri Energi 1 2.1 2.2 2.0
12 Mandiri Iniperkasa 1 0.9 1.8 1.0
13 Lanna Harita
Indonesia
1 1.7 1.6 1.7
14 Multi Harapan
Utama
1 0.9 1.0 1.0
15 Padang Karunia 2 0.8 1.3
16 Kapital Asia 1 0.4 0.7 1.0
17 Bornea Indobara 1 0.6 1.0
18 Other n/a 13.8 14.2 5.2
Total 145.5 163.5 180.0
4. www.worldcoal.comReprinted from May2009WorldCoalAsiaSpecial
3700 kcal/kg (gar) to 4200 kcal/kg (gar).
Although Indonesian low-rank coals are
typically ultra-low and low in ash and
sulphur, total moisture contents are
generally greater than 40%. Significant
low-rank coal deposits are located in
south Sumatra and in all major
producing areas of Kalimantan.
Inland transportation
Bumi’s Pinang and Banpu’s Bontang
mines are currently the only two export
coal operations in Indonesia capable of
directly loading panamax size or larger
ocean-going vessels. Other Indonesian
export coals are typically loaded into
barges at either river- or coastal-sited
loading facilities and transported to an
offshore transfer point for loading onto
ocean-going vessels or barged to a deep
water coal terminal, such as the
Balikpapan Coal Terminal, Indonesia
Bulk Terminal or Arutmin’s North Pulau
Laut Coal Terminal.
Indonesian coal moves from mines to
shipping points primarily via a
combination of trucking and barging;
however, some inland coal
transportation is by rail (Sumatra) and
conveyor. In Indonesia, coal trucking
and barging operations are typically
performed by contractors.
At most Indonesian export thermal
coal mines, coal is trucked directly to a
coal processing/barge-loading facility
located on tidewater or on a barge-
navigable river. Coal trucking distances
for these direct-haul operations
typically vary between 10 km and
35 km, with a few mines experiencing
longer hauls of up to 75 km. Crushed
coal is generally stockpiled and then
loaded into barges and transported
offshore for transfer to ocean-going
vessels, with this process referred to as
transhipping. Coal destined for the
Indonesian domestic market and also
for some nearby export destinations,
such as Malaysia, is barged directly
from Kalimantan or Sumatra to the
end-users.
At several producers, the barging
and transhipping operations are world-
class. For example, Adaro’s Taboneo
Anchorage features floating cranes and
a new floating loading facility that
together provide a shiploading capacity
of 80,000 tpd. The Bayan Group’s
Balikpapan Coal Terminal and Bumi
Resources KPC and Arutmin loadout
port facilities are also world-class.
Kideco, Berau and Tanito have major
barge-loading and transhipping
facilities.
In summary, Indonesia’s coal
industry continues to grow with
burgeoning regional and domestic
demand. Producers and investors have
continued to show great interest in
Indonesian coal project development
and expansions despite changes in
markets, Government policies and the
world economy. Indonesia’s advantages
in coal quality, transportation distance
and cost structure continue to be
attractive to producers and consumers
alike.
Table 3. Typical quality specifications for Indonesian export thermal coals
Quality parameter (as-
received basis)
Bituminous coals Sub-bituminous coals
Total moisture (weight
percent)
10 – 12 24 – 38
Ash content (weight
percent)
2 – 12 1.5 – 7.5
Volatile matter (weight
percent)
31 – 42 28 – 37
Sulphur content (weight
percent)
0.10 – 0.95 0.07 – 0.90
Heat content (kcal/kg) 5300 – 6700 4100 – 5200
Figure 2. Indonesian thermal coal production.
Figure 3. PT Kideco Jaya Agung’s Tanah Merah coal terminal.