Cnh2 masjid negarareport

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2 (ARC60203)
PROJECT 2: REPORT
NATIONAL MOSQUE OF MALAYSIA
ONG TUN CHEK (0319939)
PE ZHI YONG (0319765)
TAN JINGWEI (0320137)
TAN WUI XIANG (0321128)

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CONTENTS
No. Title Page Student
1.0 Introduction 3-8 Tan Jingwei
2.0 Site context analysis 9-18 Tan Jingwei
Pe Zhi Yong
3.0 Architectural layout of building 19-27 Tan Jingwei
4.0 Architecture style analysis 28-43 Pe Zhi Yong
5.0 Building construction, structure & materials analysis 44- Ong Tun Chek
6.0 Architectural elements & components analysis Tan Wui Xiang
7.0 Conclusion Ong Tun Chek
8.0 References Group

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The National Mosque of Malaysia is located in Kuala Lumpur. It has a capacity of 15,000 people
and is situated among 13 acres with 53000 meter square of beautiful gardens. National Mosque
area of 13 acres and the main building meets approximately 3 acres. All mosques in the area
partly surrounded by concrete walls and partly by ornate railings. Overall there are seven
entrances. Facilities for non-Muslim tourists are also provided such as public toilets Kuala
Lumpur City Hall, located near the entrance of foreign tourists and in particular countries. Prior
to development of Shah Alam Mosque, the National Mosque, the mosque is one of the most
modern in Southeast Asia. It occupies an area of 13 acres, opposed to the Kuala Lumpur
Railway Station. Construction of the mosque symbolizes the spirit of unity and tolerance.
The mosque is a bold and modern approach in reinforced concrete, symbolic of the aspirations
of a then newly independent Malaysia. Its key features are a 245 feet high minaret and a 16
angle pointed star concrete main roof. The umbrella, synonymous with the tropics, is featured
conspicuously – the main roof is reminiscent of an open umbrella, the minaret cap a folded
one. The folded plates of the concrete main roof are a creative solution to achieving the larger
spans required in the main gathering hall. Reflecting pools and fountains spread throughout the
compound.

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LOCATION
Location
The National Mosque of Malaysia (Masjid Negara) is located in strategic areas of Kuala Lumpur
City Centre, adjacent to Masjid Negara Malaysia Train, Earth Resource Building, Post Malaysia,
the Islamic Arts Museum, Kuala Lumpur Bird Park and near the Lake Gardens. The mosque was
built in 1965 on the site of a church, the Venning Road Brethren Gospel Hall, which had stood
there since 1922 but was appropriated by the Malaysian government. The place is located at
Taman Perdana.
FUNCTION
National Mosque is the official state religion of the country, a high maintenance of public
buildings, the first mosque in the country, it is a symbolic structure that affirms Islam as the
official religion. It was built in 1965 as a bold statement and aspirations of modern Malaysia
Merdeka. It also act as landmark of Kuala Lumpur.
As the National Mosque, it has multiple functions. Apart from being a place of prayer,
religious discourse and learning, it is also an international Quran-reading competition,
celebration and a state funeral. Besides, it also contains the Warriors’ tomb, Mausoleum, at the
end of the pathway leads from the entrance. It is also a popular tourist attraction Muslims and
non-Muslims alike are welcome.

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HISTORY BACKGROUND
Malaya gained its independence from the British government on 31 August 1957. Major
development programs in areas of economy, social and architecture were actively implemented
in line with the new government. The programs were also to portray new progressive culture
and achieved democracy. Therefore, on 30 July 1957, in the meeting of the Federal Executive
Council an idea to build a national mosque as a symbol of the country’s independence was
mooted. In another meeting on 5 March 1958, Chief Ministers of the eleven states in the
Federation of Malaya, a proposal was made to name the mosque Masjid Tunku Abdul Rahman
Putra Al-Haj, in recognition of Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman's efforts in guiding the
country to gaining independence. However, Tunku refused this honour; on the contrary he
named it Masjid Negara in thanksgiving for the country’s peaceful independence without
bloodshed. On Friday, 27 August 1965, the mosque was declared open by the third Yang di-
Pertuan Agong, the late Tuanku Syed Putra of Perlis.
The mosque underwent major renovations in 1987, and the pink concrete roof has changed in
green and blue tiles. It was first renovated, about 20 years after it was opened to the public.
With this, all-concrete roofing tiles wear pink, green and blue. Frequently required the use of
weathering and other modifications. In 2003, Al-Bukhary Foundation initiated a three-year
program to renovate the mosque. It has carried out repair work on the dome, tower, ceiling,
electrical and lighting. The mosque was also given a new coat of paint, from the ceiling to the

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walls, inside and outside. Garden of the lower and upper has been restored and a new entrance
was built to facilitate easy access.
Renovations were completed at the end of 2005. With this, the National Mosque can continue
to stand tall, beckoning believers and non-believers alike, with well-maintained premises. Its
unique modern design embodies a contemporary expression of traditional Islamic art
calligraphy and ornamentation. Near the mosque is the Makam Pahlawan (Warriors' Tomb,
Mausoleum), a burial ground of several Malaysian Muslim leaders. Makam Pahlawan is a 7-
pointed star concrete roofed structure.
On 27 August 2015, Masjid Negara celebrates its Golden Jubilee, the 50 anniversary.

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ARCHITECT
The original structure of the National Mosque of Malaysia was designed by a three-person team
from the Public Works Department, who are Howard Ashley, a UK architect & also the British
supervisor of the Public Works Department, Dato’ Hisham Albakri and Dato’ Baharuddin Abu
Kassim.
Dato’ Baharuddin Abu Kassim

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Fifty years later, this unconventional umbrella dome remains the most striking feature of the
beloved Malaysian landmark. As Masjid Negara celebrates its Golden Jubilee, it was officially
opened on Friday, August 27, 1965, with a pictorial exhibition, which starts today, we turn to
the man behind its design to unravel the mystery of the dome.
“For Tunku Abdul Rahman, the mosque represented the unity of all Malaysians,” says Datuk
Baharuddin. “Our challenge was to design a mosque that was modern yet still had influences of
traditional Malay architecture.”
Concept of umbrella dome
He recalls being inspired by how royalty would always be escorted with an umbrella when
stepping outside. “I thought the umbrella would be a very good symbol because of this. But I
couldn’t design a round umbrella because we had to use concrete, and that meant straight
lines. Then I thought of the payung kertas — a folded umbrella, which had the straight lines I
needed.”
The final design for the mosque featured a main dome that resembles a semi-opened
umbrella with 16 points. Even its high minaret resembles a folded umbrella. Hence the mystery
of the dome is explained.

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2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS
Site Context
The map above shows the site context of the National Mosque of Malaysia. The main
buildings at the surrounding includes Daya Bumi Complex Kuala Lumpur, National Planetarium
Malaysia, Islamic Art Museum Malaysia (IAMM), KTM Headqurters Kuala Lumpur and also the
Old Railway Station Kuala Lumpur (refer Figure 2.0.2 Site Context II).
Building Nearby

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2.0.1 BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY
Transportation
Transportation
Refering to the map above, National Mosque situated nearby Pasar Seni station (KLJ) and Kuala
Lumpur station (KTM).
At Pasar Seni station, after get off the train and pass by the ticket counter, you will see a bridge
that links the station with Kuala Lumpur station. And the bridge across Kelang river from Pasar
Seni that allow public walk through the bridge until you see Kuala Lumpur KTM station, do not
enter the ticket counter over there, just go straight further until see a parking lot in front of Pos
Malaysia building. A door located to an underground tunnel that cross the Jalan Kinabalu. The
mosque is situated at the end of the tunnel. At the end of the tunnel, the signage of National
Mosque pointing.

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RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING TO SURROUNDING
Daya Bumi Complex
The Dayabumi Complex was completed in 1983 and it was a controversial expensive mega
project at that time which automatically gained a new Kuala Lumpur landmark status then. It
was also the first modern building in Malaysia whose architecture was loosely influenced by
Islamic and moorish architecture.
It was designed purposely so to blend in with the pervading Moorish and Byzantine
atmosphere of the structures that surround it namely The Sultan Abdul Samad Building and the
Railway Station Building. The complex houses a shopping arcade, City Point, offices and the
General Post Office.
As shown in the figure above the Daya bumi Complex and the National Mosque is sharing
the similarities on the screening walls. The openings of the screening walls manipulated light as

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an expression through illuminating effects of sun rays and moon light. It also increases
individuality and sensory experience of the space.
National Planetarium
The National Planetarium is located conveniently inside the Lake Gardens Kuala Lumpur. It was
back in 1993 when the planetarium was first opened to the public. The planetarium has been
intelligently designed and structured to mimic a mosque with a blue dome. In order to locate it
in the large Lake Gardens is easy. The National Planetarium sits in between the Kuala Lumpur
Bird Park and the National Museum.
As shown in the figure above, the structure of the fountain of the National Planetarium and the
National Mosque share some similarities. They are created following the shape of the Al-Quds
star

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Islamic Art Museum Malaysia (IAMM)
In December 1998 Malaysia became home to Southeast Asia’s largest museum of Islamic art.
The building occupies 30,000 square metres, situated amid the leafy surroundings of central
Kuala Lumpur’s Lake Gardens.
The Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia houses more than seven thousand artefacts, as well as an
exceptional library of Islamic art books. The art objects on display range from the tiniest pieces
of jewellery to one of the world’s largest scale models of the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. The
aim is to create a collection that is truly representative of the Islamic world.
As shown in the figure above, the Islamic Art Museum Malaysia has the vital and significant
mosaic dome on top of the building. The dome itself, along with the building is built with the
style of modernism. The fusion of modernism and Islamic architecture is applied. Although the
shape of dome of both Islamic Art Museum Malaysia and the National Mosque has a very vivid

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comparison, yet the style of the dome themselves along the building is sharing similarities,
which is the fusion of modernism and Islamic architecture.
KTM Headquarters KL
This building is said to be the last of many Mughal-style buildings erected in Kuala Lumpur.
Located along Jalan Hishamuddin, it blends in nicely with the appearance of its more famous
counterpart, the Old Kuala Lumpur Railway Station across the road.
Like many Mughal-style buildings in Malaysia its architecture was also designed by AB
Hubback. It was completed in 1917, after works were halted during World War One. It
incorporates the Mughal style of architecture, just like its counterpart across the road, the Old
Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. The building suffered bombing in its North Wing during the
Second World War, and in 1968, the second floor was gutted by fire. In 1983, the building was
gazetted as a heritage site.

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Referring to the figure above, the dome on top of the KTM Headquarters is an onion dome. This
onion dome shows the fusion in architecture of Mughal and local style. While under a vivid
comparison, the umbrella dome of the National Mosque of Malaysia shows the fusion of
modernism and Islamic architecture. It also shows the sustainable and indigenous architecture
style.

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Old Railway Station KL
The old Kuala Lumpur Railway Station was also designed by AB Hub back with significant
Mughal architectural style. In other words it was the contemporary architectural style at that
time.
This majestic railway station complex was completed at a cost of $742,980.00 Straits Dollar
(cost included straightening of some portions of the Klang River, bulding of a temporary station,
as well as dismantling of the staff quarters and re-erecting them in Brickfields) and began its
operation on 1 August 1910.
Mughal architecture is one of the exotic revival architectural styles that was adopted by
architects of Europe and America in the wake of the Romanticist fascination with everything
oriental. It is a mix of Islamic, Persian and Indian influence.

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Referring to the figure above (Figure 2.1.10 Similarities & Comparison - Old Railway Station II),
the Old Railway Station is designed with Chhatris built on the top. The Chhatris is a traditional
element of Mughal architecture, a dome-like pavilion. While again, under comparison, the
National Mosque might be less fusion with the other country (like Mughal), yet it is still
aesthetic showing by the fusion of modernism and Islamic architecture, and also the interaction
of the building and the nature (microclimate) by applying sustainable design on it.
RESPOND TO CLIMATE
The fact that the National Mosque of Malaysia is located at a very strategic location is definitely
not only just against the accessibility to others building, it also apply to the climate. The location
of the building captures the wind from the North-east and also from the south-west.
To make it more sustainable and indigenous, the triangular openings between the folds of
the building’s roof is used to capture wind. Therefore the building can have a better wind
ventilation, which make the building interacts with the naature, which is the climate.

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Besides, the openings of the screening walls also manipulated light as an expression through
illuminating effects of sun rays and moon light. It also increases individuality and sensory
experience of the space.

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3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING
PLANS
The following figures (Figure 3.0.1.1 Site Plan, Figure 3.0.1.2 Floor Plan, Figure 3.0.1.3
Elevation Plan) shows the site plan, floor plan and elevation plan of the National Mosque
Malaysia.
Site Plan
Floor Plan

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Elevation Plan
BUILDING LAYOUT
The following figure shows the plan and as well as the interior spaces layout of the National
Mosque Malaysia. The legend is stated below.
Building Layout
Legend for Ground Floor & 1st Floor
1. Main prayer hall
2. Female prayer hall
3. Admin office, Imam’s room, royal antechamber, library
4. Veranda
5. Conference hall
6. Mausoleum
7. Pool where the Minaret stands
8. Open walk way

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3.1 CIRCULATION
Circulation I
As shown in the figure above the configuration of the linear pathway from the entrance to
the Mausoleum, which is the Warriors’ tomb is flexible. The path-space relationship is used to
approach and enter functionally to the specific spaces. Hence, the path-space relationship is
achieved.
Circulation II
As shown in the figure above, the linear pathway leads people from the interior spaces of
the building to the semi-exterior space, which is the Mausoleum, the Warriors’ tombs.

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ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS
SYMMETRY & BALANCE
Symmetry & Balance I
Referring to the plan of the National Mosque Malaysia (Figure 3.2.2 Symmetry & Balance I),
balance is achieved through the mosque structure plan in terms of golden rationing and the
spatial sequence.
Symmetry & Balance II
As shown in the figure,the shape of the building is simple and the basis on which it is almost
symmetrical to each site plan and elevation.

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GEOMETRY
Screening Walls I
Knowledge is also known as the light of truth in Islamic art field. Many architecture has
manipulated light as an expression through illuminating effects of sun rays and moon light.
Screening Walls II
As shown in the figure above, manipulated lighting qualities by the screening wall from the
natural lightings adding individuality and sensory experience of the space.

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As shown in the figure above, the Mausoleum, which is the Warriors’ tomb, is a large and
open structure designed to create a well-defined space for the tombs within rather than as
elaborated edifies.
Mausoleum II
Referring to the figure above, wind ventilation through the structure is achieved due to the
triangle openings between the folds are large enough. It also create a continual view of the
exterior spaces. The interaction between the building and the nature (microclimate) is also
achieved.
The Al-Quds star Structure I

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Some of the structure found at the National Mosque is created following the shape of the
Al-Quds star This structure also act as a sign of adaptation of the Islamic Rub el Hizb symbol as a
Muslim symbol.
The element Al-Quds star
The al-Quds star is an adaptation of the Islamic Rub el Hizb symbol which is specifically
associated with al-Quds. The eight-pointed star design is inspired by the octagonal ground-plan
of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock shrine were built to commemorate Jerusalem's status as the
first Qibla or direction of prayer in Islam, as well as by the standard Rub el Hizb symbol.
The element of Islamic star II
As shown in the figure above, the Rub el Hizb is a Muslim symbol, represented as two
overlapping squares, which is found on a number of emblems and flags. In Arabic, Rubʻ means
"one fourth, quarter", while Hizb means a group or party. Initially, it was used in the Quran,
which is divided into 60 Hizb (60 groups of roughly equal length); the symbol determines every
quarter of Hizb, while the Hizb is one half of a juz'. The main purpose of this dividing system is
to facilitate recitation of the Qur'an.

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HIERARCHY
Hierarchy I
There is no hierarchy performed by the overall building. As shown in the elevation plan of the
building, the Minaret stands in the middle which had obstructed the hierarchy performance of
the building.
Hierarchy II
.
As shown in the elevation plan, the exterior form of the iconic ‘umbrella dome’ is also not
performing a hierarchical order

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4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS
Architectural styles of modern mosque
The modern architectural style of the mosque can be divided into two categories. The first
category of modern mosque is the Islamic influences which combination the styles of many
mosques found in other Islamic countries including Turkey, the Middle East and Northern
Africa.
The second category is the modern styles which emphasize the advancement in building
technology and engineering. For instance, the National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur has a 73
meters high minaret and a folded plate roof like umbrella. The mosque was constructed of
reinforced concrete faced with Italian marble. Its main prayer hall can easily accommodate up
3,000 prayers at one time whilst its surrounding galleries and deep verandas, topped with
numerous small domes, can accommodate up to 5,000 people. The mosque also has a number
of rooms provide various functional spaces which included library, offices, Imam's room, open
courtyard, royal guest rooms, and mausoleum and store rooms.
Masjid Negara expresses the idea of Islamas a religion that is dynamic and progressive of the
times. In terms of architectural ethnicity, the overall architectural expression of the National
Mosque does not prefer any foreign influence but within our socio-cultural context. Besides, it
also presents the idea of spirit of times well. As it is built in the modern era of reinforced
concrete construction which also second category of modern styles that just mentioned above,
its wide span of beams, and use of the huge folded plate roof overlaying the prayer hall which
express the spirit of the structural material.
The term modernistic expressionismcan be used to portray the National Mosque as it uses
abstract metaphor approach such as the serambi-verandah structure. The building represent

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horizontality and serves well as the vocabulary of humility in Islam. The fact that the building is
a tropical model with numerous fenestration exposed by light-wells with ponds for
representing the inner courts add to the idea of moderation. It also refuse the use of symmetry
and hierarchical composition of massing for expressing the image of Islamas a religion of their
own people .National Mosque is a combination of modernist reinterpretation of traditional
Malay Architecture with a folded plate ‘dome’ with the importance of the royal umbrella
metaphor of the building as a national monument.
The National Mosque is one type of modernist architecture which inspired by traditional Islamic
themes and motifs. The unique design of mosque involved a contemporary expression of
traditional Islamic calligraphy, art and ornamentation. It refuse the use of historic revivalism or
ornamentation in any form that glorify the abstraction and structural expression in architecture
in forms. It is best example of a building composed with the technological and spiritual qualities
of an architecture with a true Malaysian identity.
Its most stunning feature is the umbrella-like roof which symbolizes the aspirations of an
independent nation and symbolizes under the conservation of Allah. According to the architect
of the mosque, Datuk Baharuddin, the roof of the national mosque was inspired by how royalty
would always be escorted with an umbrella when stepping outside. Also, Because of the

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building will be built with concrete, he couldn’t design a round umbrella and needed more
straight lines elements which made him further think of the Payung Kertas — a folded umbrella
with straight lines. The roof with 18 points which representing the 13 states of Malaysia and the
five pillars of Islam. In the main prayer hall, the unique design of the roof gives the impression
of standing under a gigantic open umbrella. In the interior, the concrete roof in the shape of
opened umbrella is coated with glass mosaic and white gold.
Roof of Main Prayer Hall

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Islamic Architecture
In worldviews of Islam, Allah is the Supreme Being and is indivisible and has no equals. He is the
lawgiver for the whole world including human being, animals and other creatures as well.
According to the Qu’ran, when a believer dies, the individual await the Day of Judgment. If he /
she has lived her life according to Allah’s will, then they are allowed to enter paradise or
heaven.
Seven Unifying Principles of Islamic Architecture
1. Tawhid: Unity and Allah Uniquity
Main Prayer Hall
The main prayer hall is a room where the assembly hall of Muslims to pray by facing the
direction of Kaabah in Mecca, it can accommodate up to 3,000 prayers with a floor area of
23,409 square feet in one time. The direction of Kaabah has symbolized that Islamis a religion
of Unity: One Lord, One Final Prophet Muhammad. Through 9 sliding glass door, prayer are
allowed to access to the prayer hall from 3 different directions and unite them into a single
space.

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2. Dikr : Remembrance
Masjid Negara covered with geometric ornaments including the nature and Jawi writing around
the mosque. Thus, it represents a remembrance of Allah and the process to be alert.

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3.Haya : Modesty
Modesty has been illustrated in the mosque through the use of geometric impression. In
addition to acting as a private impression, it also serves as the aesthetic and environmental
features.
4. Ikhlas : Sincerity
Sincerity was demonstrated as a sign of sincerity through the action of external physical body
for example and also inward actions of the heart where it is achieved by removing doubts from
mind. Sincerity is explicit through the inner heart that include deep contemplative of spiritual

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nature of man. There is always the focal point, a direction in which all things lead to. The lines
of pattern that run across the floor face the direction of Ka’ba.
5. Iqtisad : Balance
The structure plan is designed according to the golden ration, and the spatial sequence. In
terms of this building, it is quite easy and simple than almost symmetrical to each site plan and
elevation. The structure plan is in the order form, hypostyle mosque where a flat roof
supported by columns throughout the entire mosque.

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6. Ihtiram : Respect
Respect means fairness or adab (good manners), positive feelings of self-esteemor respect for
another person or entity, and also specific actions and behavior of the representative price. In
Islam, the honor rendered in ihtiram in respect or behave in a good way towards God, Allah; to
fellow humans and to oneself. To translate the meaning in architecture, symbolism, harmony
and sanctity of the Kaaba geometric shapes found in the architecture of fear throughout the
world of Islamhas been used. At the National Mosque, the geometric shape of the screen wall
used in almost every wall of the building. In the main prayer hall which is similar to the Dome of
the Rock, an Islamic art found decorating the walls and windows of the mosque screen. Animal
Arabesque is a complex application repeating geometric shapes of plants and animals that
symbolize the infinite, uncentralized, the nature of God's creation.
7. Ilm : Knowledge
Inscriptions where calligraphic is wrote or carved in pure Arabic language to describe
knowledge in Islamic architecture. The calligraphy Arabic script aesthetics is used to celebrate
Islamic world through a visible form that can be seen by exposing ilm 'and words of wisdom
Quran.
In Islam, Knowledge also known as the light of the truth. Islamic architecture has been
manipulated to express the light source through the light effects of sunlight and moonlight. To
enhance the sense of personality and experience of architecture space because it is driven by

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the quality of light and shadow that determine the individual's perception, details on walls or
decorative inscriptions used as a point source moving natural sunlight.
Several written verses from the Quran are placed across the all above the interior part of
the prayer hall door. The writing measures 2 feet high and woven with gold and blue shiny
mosaic.

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Nine galleries lattice gates and provide sunlight into the prayer hall as well as decorative
lighting, recessed lights in the ceiling rosette in aluminum and 16 chandeliers which give a
gift of kings, former national president and governor of Singapore.

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The mausoleum is located at the rear of the mosque stood on a circular reflecting pool and
connected to the main building by a covered footbridge. It is circular in shape and covered by
an umbrella like concrete dome folded together in the shape of the Grand Hall, but with only
seven folds, one of which includes reserves for the grave of national hero.
Today, the mosque remained standing sleek and stylish with a modern design that includes a
contemporary expression of traditional Islamic art calligraphy and symbolism Malay
architecture. Since completion on August 27, 1965, the National Mosque has become a symbol
for Islamin Malaysia magnificent.

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Moorish Architecture
Moorish architecture is a variance of Islamic architecture. There are many motifs, or repeated
patterns in Moorish architecture. There are few similarities between the elements in National
Mosque with Moorish Architecture elements.
1. Jawi Inscriptions written on facade of mosque
2. All decoration or ornamentation is finished through, tiles work, architectural forms and
calligraphy.
3. Geometrical shaped Mihrab
4. Nine entrances, attached to the same number of naves in the prayer hall. ‘
5. Colourful mosaics and glass windows
2 5 1
4 3

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Moroccan Architecture
The mihrab in national mosque previously was in rectangular shape like a door but has been
renovated to curved arch. This mihrab is coated with verses of the Quran in Moroccan
calligraphy. The facade that surrounds the mihrab are renovated according to the Moroccan
architecture with characteristics of inscription in Arabic Script.The entrance is emphasized by
rich, rectangular frames (alfiz) surrounded by arabesques and lettering carved in marble, stucco
and mosaic.
Mihrab in National Mosque Mihrab in Mosque of Cordoba

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Mughal Architecture
According to the Qur'an, used the garden as an analogy for paradise and Islamcame to have a
significant influence on garden design such as balance, symmetry and axis principle. The
concept of paradise garden was normally used in the Persian gardens.
Shalimar Garden
A pool found outside the prayer hall of Masjid Negara
The interior of the prayer hall is decorated with patterns that portray the Islamic culture and
look alike the pattern found in Moghul Mosque in Mumbai, India.

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Prayer Hall in National Mosque
Main Prayer hall in Moughul Mosque

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Persian Architecture
The roof of national mosque is painted blue in colour which is a very alike to the Persian domes
which common is blue in colour and purposes to allocate the skyline of the city especially
during the penetration under the sun and glitters like the turquoise gem and the use of
extensive inscriptions calligraphy and arabesques under the dome.
Multi-fold umbrella-like roof in National Mosque
Dome of Shrine of Davazadeh Imam

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5.0 Building Construction, Structure and Material analysis
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
The architectural styles of mosque have changed gradually in parallel with the development in
the structural enhance and construction method. The materials of National Mosque commonly
used are concrete, bricks, steel, and stone and marble the design of the marble are comes from
geometrical shapes as Islamic style. A common mosque consist domes, minaret and high
ceiling.
The modern mosque can de differentiated into ‘Expressionism” and “Structuralism” where they
more emphasize the advancement in building technologies and engineering. The Nation
Mosque, has a 245feet high of Minaret and an umbrella roof, becomes a good examples for the
words “Expressionism.”
Minaret
High
Ceiling
Domes

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THE MAIN PRAYER HALL
The main hall, where the most significant and excellent part of work-done in national mosque.
The area of the hall is 153 square feet with reinforced concrete and covered with beautiful
Italian marbles, called Terrazzo.
The interior of the mosque portrays some decorative elements on such significance for
mosque. Also the elements were limited to the hall. The north, south and east walls were faced
with plain cream colored marble. It used as the main material where it gives a clean, smooth
and reflective surface. The walls are also detailing with Quranic verses written in gold that run
across the walls.
Plain Cream Marbles

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Intertwine with the Quranic verses is a band of geometric patterns from blue, brown and green
colours glaze in ceramic tiles. They were arranged accordingly.
They are nine sliding door that were placed along the walls with three facades of the main hall.
The sliding door were made out of aluminium sliding glass with iron in gold frame.
Quran Verses

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The roof is now clad in green and blue tiles after renovate the pink concrete roof, it gives the
dome better ability to reflects during the day catches people attention .In the shape of opened
umbrella is decorated with glass mosaic in white and gold, minimized the maintenance over
time.
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR

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The interior of the hall was surrounded by contrast which are geometrical concrete grills made
of concrete and wrought iron railings, clerestory windows comes from many colour at the
above of grills. The windows decrease the rate of sunray to the main hall.
Measured 84 feet high has a diameter of over 200ft and is supported by 16 pillars measuring
over 3 feet in diameter. The reinforced concrete is concrete in which steel is embedded in such
a manner that two materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforced concrete was used
as it was able to withstand the bad weather or angled structure. The umbrella roof been
supported by reinforced concrete on each angle to the middle of the roof.
Clerestory Windows
Geometrical Grill

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The 16 main concrete columns in the main prayer hall were detailed plaster Muqamas (Islamic
pattern) at the top and glazed ceramic tiles arranged according in diamond form at the bottom
of the column.
z
Waffle slab used on the slab

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Besides, main prayer hall is covered by a folded plate concrete roof with the centerpiece of the
dome made out of aluminium panel engraved verses shape like Sun. In the middle part has an
Islamic symbol as represent the symbolic of sun. The sculpture was hanged at the peak in
between 16 angles.
At the pavilion area located at the main entrance of main prayer hall at east side has 48
concrete columns where arranged in grid lines with white tile mosaic to support the parasol
roof. The columns anodized gold coloured aluminium at the top and base.

50
VERANDAH WALKWAY
The Construction of the ceiling along the Verandah was built in waffle slabs where also
modified as curved arch. It was a strategy to lighten the slab where people won’t go to the top.
Also it decreasing the force and gives support to the small domes at the top.

51
There are 70 domes above the flat concrete slab at the verandah walkway are also sheathed in
unglazed blue tiles.

52
The floors are constructed with white marble tiles with the black marble strips while renovated.
This tiles have characteristic of low water absorption and declared freeze resistance is required.
It reflects which brighten up the whole walkways. The pillars were glazed with black Najaf Abad
Marble and anodized gold on top and base. It arranged in an order and are widely used to
support the whole verandah and also emphasized on vertically elements in the mosque. The
wall with geometrical grills bring the sunlight to the pathway, gives user experiences the quality
of shadow. The wall combine with the white floor and also created a layer of reflection.
MINARET
The minarets located in a rectangular pool at the south part of main hall. It has 75meters
(245feet) high. All side of minaret faced with rectangular shaped terrazzo slates except a part
(east) would have concrete grills. The minaret presents a modest and functional tower whereas
the structural framework portrays the use of size columns and proportionate dimension of
beams to support the roof structure on the top.

53
HERO MAUSOLEUM
Beside of main hall has a 7 roof structure where connect to the Verandah. With a whiteness of
concrete roof and the colour, texture and coolness of the marble enhanced the quality of space
and light in the interior of mausoleum. The structure was similar to the main roof. In Islamic ,
the white colour associated as a funeral rites. The mausoleum was surround by pool where
Malay believe water to be a purifying elements thus their graves ideally be exposed to
rainwater.
Terrazzo
Slate
Concrete Grill

54
LANDSCAPE
The hardscape of national mosque are playing with the Islamic architecture style such as the
structure form and material used. The ground has construction with the stone tile with blue,
yellow and grey as the stripes forming the hexagon star. Whereby they hued the colours and
create the form. Each of the trees around the building were built boundaries with star as their
base. Besides, water feature arranged accordingly and the bottoms also constructed a
significant Islamic star form the pool of the water features by stone concrete. Reinforced
concrete been used on water feature has a better strength to support the base.
Stone tile on the floor
Significant water feature

55
There are some Quran Verses sculptures on somewhere were made of Aluminium and steel. It
has clean and reflective surface where reflected the light and giving the sense of the power to
the verses. The sculpture were supported by reinforced stone concrete.
SIMILARITIES TO THE WEST
There are some kind of building that we found which are similar to the National Mosque. Take
one example, The Falling Water, designed by the modern master architect, Frank Lloyd Wright,
located a Bear Run, Pennsylvania. The building was use of waffle slab, in the same way to
lighter and stiffer slab which help to reduce the extent of the base. The building is designed
with cantilevered floor, same goes to the walkway of national mosque. It lift up the space to
increase the view.
Quran Sculptures

56
Waffle slab used on the slab
Cantilevered floor can be seen

57
6.0 Architectural elements & components analysis
UMBRELLA ROOF
At first glance, the tower measuring 245 feet high looks like a rocket that shapes like a closed
umbrella while the roof of the mosque looks like an open umbrella. The mosque previously
underwent major renovations in 1987, and was once pink concrete roof is now clad in green
and blue tiles. The roof measuring 84 feet high has a diameter of over 200ft and is supported by
16 pillars measuring over 3 feet in diameter. The pillars are paved with terrazzo. In the middle
of the roof there is an aluminium panel engraved with verses shape like door but has been
modified as curved arch. These is one of the most striking feature of the mosque, as it is
uniquely different and outstanding compared to other mosque that has a onion dome.
FUNCTION
The roof serves as an interesting feature or symbol of the mosque, like a signature of the
mosque. It resembles a partly-opened umbrella like roof which symbolizes under the protection
of Allah.

58
MINARET
A minaret is a slimtower rising from a mosque. They vary
in height, style, and number. Minarets may be square,
round, or octagonal and are usually covered with a
pointed roof. Originally used as a high point from which
to make the call to prayer (adhan), minarets remain a
traditionally decorative feature of most mosques. The
minaret of National Mosque is 73-metre-high, rises from
the middle of the reflecting pool and can be seen
alongside the umbrella roof from the city’s skyline. The
design of the national mosque’s minaret is like a folded
umbrella. The tall and distinct minaret serves as a visual
statement, a symbol of the greatness of Islamas the
official religion in Malaysia. They are constructed in a
wide variety of forms ranging from thick, squat spiral
ramps to soaring, delicate, pencil-thin spires.
FUNCTION
In Islam, a minaret is an element of Islamic religious architecture. It is the tower traditionally
used by a muezzin, or crier to call the faithful to prayer five times each day. Minarets are always
connected with a mosque, sometimes by an elevated passageway. At the time of the prophet
Muhammad, the call to prayer was made from the highest roof in the vicinity of the mosque.
The earliest minarets as such were former Greek watchtowers or the towers of Christian
churches. Today, calls to prayer are usually done in the prayer hall through a loudspeaker, and
minarets serve mainly decorative purposes.

59
GRAND PRAYER HALL
DESCRIPTION
It is surrounded by deep verandahs which are screened off by white grilles of traditional Islamic
designs, similar to those in the mosques at Agra and Patephur Sikri in India. Also, the floor is
carpeted and the remaining area is finished in terrazzo. The hall is sheltered by a folded-plate
roof in the shape of a 'semi opened umbrella' with 18 pleats radiating from the center instead
of the traditional 'onion shaped' dome. The Grand Hall and the verandahs provide a praying
space of 7,432 sq metres which can accommodate 8,000 people. The central area for prayer is
called a musalla, place for prayers, and it is deliberately quite bare. No furniture is needed, as
worshippers sit, kneel, and bow directly on the floor. There may be a few chairs or benches to
assist elderly or disabled worshippers who have difficulty with mobility. Along the walls and
pillars of the prayer hall, there are usually bookshelves to hold copies of the Qur'an, wooden
book stands, also called as rihal, other religious reading material, and individual prayer rugs.
Beyond this, the prayer hall is otherwise a large open space. The prayer hall has reinforced

60
concrete wall garnished with Italian marble. There are nine sliding aluminium doors along the
three parts of the wall. Several written verses from the Quran are placed across the all above
the interior part of the door of the prayer hall. The writing measures 2ft high and woven with
gold and blue shiny mosaic. The concrete roof in the shape of opened umbrella is decorated
with glass mosaic and white gold.
FUNCTION
The prayer hall is located on the south side of the Mosque and is an all-purpose hall which can
seat 500 persons. Besides, the air-conditioned library and offices are situated on the rear of the
main building. The mausoleum situated, at the rear of the Mosque stands in a circular reflecting
pool and is connected to the main building by a covered footbridge. It is circular in plan and is
also covered by a pleated shell concrete dome similar in shape to shape to that of the Grand
hall but having only folds, one of which covers a reserved area for a national hero's tomb.

61
MAUSOLEUM
DESCRIPTION
Mausoleum is a burial ground of Malaysian statesmen. The heroes’ mausoleum located at the
rear of the mosque is surrounded with a lovely circular self-reflecting pool connected to the
main building through a covered foot bridge.
FUNCTION
Originally in the Koran, it was considered good that upon death people were buried in the
ground with facing towards Mecca when he/she died. It was strictly forbidden to decorate
tombs or to visit somebody's grave, not to mention building a construction above the tomb
stone in the Koran. However, mausoleums, tomb architecture covering grave developed in
Islamic world despite the contradictions, and became one of the significant features of Islamic
architecture. All Muslim tombs represent merely a temporary residence for the buried
deceased until the final judgment is made. However, what is interesting is the fact that for
Muslims still living this life, tombs for saints and secular rulers have come to have different
functions in Islamic society.

62
GEOMETRY SCREEN
DESCRIPTION
The geometry screen wall can be found in every point of the buildings. The geometric patterns
exemplify the Islamic interest in repetition, balance, symmetry and continuous generation of
pattern. Lighting is manipulated by the screening wall from the natural lightings, adding
individuality and sensory experience of the space.
FUNCTION
Each repeating geometric motifs on the wall has a built-in symbolism ascribed to it. The
rhombus, with its four equal length of sides, is symbolic of the equally important elements of
nature: earth, air, fire and water. Without any one of the four, the physical world, represented
by a circle at the center of the rhombus, would collapse upon itself and cease to exist. The
common theme of all Islamic art is geometric regularity, spatial rhythm, and periodic repetition.
Islam, with its central creed of an omnipotent God to whom all humans must humbly defer,
found in the infinite pattern a supreme artistic expression of its philosophy. By showing only a
finite portion of a design which in it’s entirely is infinite, the believer is reminded of his frailty
and insignificance under the reign of the Almighty. The attractive and beautiful design of the
geometry screen affects the number of the worshippers come to the mosque. Promotes the
faithful to perform their prayers with other Jemaah at the mosque, which in turn make the
mosque as the center of human activities and encourage the Muslims to socialize.

63
SAHN
DESCRIPTION
In many mosques this is adjoined to an open courtyard, called a sahn. Within the courtyard one
often finds a fountain, its waters both a welcome respite in hot lands.The open courtyard is an
important element in the tradition of mosque planning and is placed in front of the Grand Hall.
Courtyards in mosques in the Middle East are open to the sky and are invariably furnished with
a cluster of fountains in a pavilion or an open pool where ablutions can be performed.
FUNCTION
Sahn is a tradition of mosque planning and is in front of the Grand Hall. It is partly covered by
48 independent concrete parasols to provide shade and architectural contrast, the fountains for
ablution being located on the floor beneath.

64
VERANDAH
DESCRIPTION
The National Mosque uses an extensive set of verandah space with light courts and air wells to
provide ample daylighting and passive cooling to the building. The corridors in front of the main
structure are supported by repeated pillars to allow air ventilation and natural lighting to create
a light and open feeling for the occupants as they enter the mosque.

65
FOUNTAIN AND POOL
DESCRIPTION
Walking along the open corridors and walkways, you can’t help but notice the big blue pool that
is situated in the center of the building, which also happens to be the base of the lone minaret.
The main pool also branches out of all the way to the Hero’s Mausoleum and encircles it. A
strong emphasis on water has been implemented into the mosque to strengthen the focus of
Islamon nature and the environment, water being one of the four elements earth, air, water
and fire. The sound of water drizzling from many of the fountains produces a calmand peaceful
atmosphere.
FUNCTION
Found within the compound and it design as eight-pointed star to symbolize fullness and
regeneration.

66
QIBLA WALL
DESCRIPTION
The whole Qibla wall is finished with ceramic tiles and stucco plastering ornamented with
calligraphy and geometrical patterns. It is easy to locate the Qibla wall upon entering the prayer
hall because the other walls are mostly glazed and it is a beautiful sight to witness. The top part
of the Qibla wall is filled with inscription from Al-Quran. The Qibla wall is divided vertically into
three parts. The lower part which is about 2000mm from floor level is ornamented with green
and blue mosaics arranged in accordance with Islamic geometrical star patterns. The middle
stretch is finished with marble panels. The upper part is placed above the calligraphy frames
and finished with massive carved stucco ornamentation that carries the Kalimah ‘Allah’ in the
eight star pattern motif.

67
STAIRCASE
DESCRIPTION
Staircases in National Mosque are built wide and rather massive looking. This could be to
represent how the mosque is a public space where all the Muslims are encouraged and
welcomed. These staircases are located at all the main entrances. As you approach the grand
entrance of the National Mosque, you will be greeted by a wide protruding flat-planed flight of
stairs that incorporates a feeling of serenity and peacefulness through its horizontality. The
stairs are also wide to improve the flow of up to 15,000 Muslims that come and leave every
Friday to pray. After ascending the stairs, you will be overwhelmed by the grandeur and
magnificent structure built above ground. The corridors/walkways in front of the main structure
are supported by repeated pillars to allow air ventilation and natural lighting to create a light
and open feeling for the occupants as they enter the mosque.

68
COLUMN
DESCRIPTION
The columns present in the mosque are also detailed with beautiful Islamic patterns. Most
mosques utilize the Islamic patterns all over the building as simple yet intricately detailed
decorative elements. The column in the photo above is found in the main prayer hall. At the
front entrance of the main hall is the semi-enclosed courtyard that serves the purpose of being
a secondary praying area for the Muslims when the main hall has been filled during the Friday
prayers. Similar to the walkways and mausoleum, the gaps between the concrete parasols held
up by many uniformly-arranged concrete pillars are cover in glass to allow sunlight to penetrate
through, yet keeps the place dry from rain.
FUNCTION
The parasols are elevated above the lower roof, which allows for space to include a row of
clerestory that surrounds the entire courtyard to provide natural lighting. Therefore, the
interior of the courtyard is well lit during the day that complements the white tiles and mosaic
flooring, giving off a sense of clarity and purity.

69
CEILING
DESCRIPTION
The ceiling of the open areas such as the verandahs are very simple and bare compared to the
one in the prayer hall with the shape of umbrella dome designed but the height and verticality
of the tall columns holding it gives a strong sense of meaning to the person while standing
below. In Islam, it would signify how small human beings are in comparison to the greatness of
Allah the almighty.

70
7.0 CONCLUSION
Conclusion In conclusion,we experience through the National Mosque is indescribable as itis an iconic and a very
symbolic building byhaving its own uniqueness and individual character.Based on our opinion,the momentwe first
stepped into the entrance,the verandah gives us a very open and welcoming feeling due to its columns which were
arranged uniformlyacross the walkway,which is quite differentfrom the Middle East that usuallyapplies courtyards
within the mosque compound.Compensation were made byreplacing one of the famous Malay architecture element,
the verandah in the absence ofcourtyard. The architecture of the mosque is a bold and modern approach with the
usage ofreinforced concrete. A mix of Islamic,Malay and modern architecture,this mosque is uniquelydifferent
compared to the Middle East.This is because the unique feature of this mosque is thatituses an open umbrella
conceptwhich does function the same and does nothave the usual domes on the roof structure of the building.The
umbrella is a synonymous with the tropics which reminiscentofthe roof structure.The water features surrounding the
compound gives a very serene and calm feeling where one can relax their mind and souls during their prayers
Through this project, we experienced the functional of the architecture elements,the structural and the usage ofthe
space.National Mosque is an excellence work done where it combines with the modern elements in Islamic
architecture.It gave a different senses to us compare with usual mosque.

71
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72
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