The document provides details about a report on Stadium Negara in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the stadium's history and construction. There are sections that analyze the site context, architectural layout, style, construction materials, architectural elements, and conclusions. The stadium was built in 1960 and can seat 10,200 people. It was one of the first modern structural designs in Malaysia and was designed by American architect Stanley Edward Jewkes.

1. Architecture culture and history ii
(arc 60203)
Project 2: Report
tutor: ms balkish
STADIUM NEGARA group members
clara lee pei lin 0324495
goh jyia whey 0324910
goh tze june 0327511
habeebah zainab sayed hossen 0327492

2. what’s inside...
INTRODUCTION PG 01-07
SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS PG 08-15
GOH JYIA WHEY I 0324910
architectural layout of building PG 16-18
GOH JYIA WHEY I 0324910
Architecture style analysis PG 19-23
GOH tze june I 0327511
building construction, structure & material analysis PG 24-31
HABEEBAH ZAINAB SAYED HOSSEN I 0327492
architectural elements & components analysis PG 32-40
CLARA LEE PEI LIN I 0324495
CONCLUSION PG 41-42
rEFERENCES PG 43-45
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08

3. 01introduction

5. The first indoor stadium in Malaysia, Stadium Negara
situated at Jalan Stadium and is appropriate next to
Stadium Merdeka. Construc�on of Stadium Negara
started in 1960 and authorita�vely open on 10 April
1962 by the third Yang Di-Pertuan Agong. The general
development cost of Stadium Negara was RM34
million.million. The stadium is completely self-cooled and has
10200 perpetual seats. It was one of the ini�al
couple of present day structural outline structures
in Malaysia amid that period. Stadium Negara
experienced redesign in 1982 due to water leakage in
the old roof.
INTRODUCTION
3

6. Figure 1.1.1 Aerial View of the Stadium Negara in 2000’s.

7. BUILDINGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
LOCATIONNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
COMPLETION OF CONSTRUCTIONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
ARCHITECTURAL STYLEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
FUNCTIONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
CAPACITYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
AARCHITECTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
FEATURES:
FAST FACTS
5

8. HISTORY
25 Sept 1956 - 21 Aug 1957:
Built to have the Thomas Cup
17,Sept 1963:
Malaya became Malaysia. Stadium Negara was reported by Yang Di-Pertuan Agong as one of the eight typical na�onal structures.
1960’s:
SStadium Negara was built by S.E.Jewkes., Public Works Department and become well known for the biggest unsupported inward roo�op.
1985:
The roo�op was supplanted by space-outline arch which helps in the ven�la�on of the building
February 2003:
Stadium Merdeka was named a na�onal legacy building
2007:
Merdeka Stadium experienced reclama�on to its unique 1957 condi�on. The 45,000-limit stadium has been lessened to 20,000.
Figure 1.1.1 Aerial View of the Stadium Negara in 2000’s.

9. Stanley Edward Jewkes was an American architect as well as an engineer. His close rela�onship with Malaysia's then Prime Minis-
ter Tunku Abdul Rahman led to his construc�on of prominent architectural commission in Malaysia including the famous Stadium
Merdeka and Stadium Negara. He prac�ced in Malaysia from 1941 un�l 1962. He then con�nued to work in the United States for a
mul�-na�onal architectural and engineering prac�ce.
In 1941, JIn 1941, Jewkes came to Malaysia to join the Public Works Department (PWD). He served first in the districts of Krian and Keroh.
He was then asked to become the head of the new Design and Research Branch. From 1959 to 1962, Jewkes became the Director
of the Public Works Department. As a director, he made sure that the PWD’s engineering department capabili�es were on the
same level with most developed na�ons in the world. He also reworked and clarified traffic circula�ons around the city, as well as
supervised the construc�on of Klang Gates Dam for KL’s water supply. At the same �me of being the Director of the PWD, Jewkes
worworked as a lecturer, teaching Advanced Engineering at the KL Technical College.
For his buildings, the Stadium Merdeka won an award given by the Badan Warisan Malaysia for having the tallest prestressed
structure in the world during that �me, as well as having one of the longest can�levered shell roofs in the world.
ARCHITECT Figure 1.4.1 Stanley Edward Jewkes
7

10. 02Site context analysis
(Goh Jyia Whey)

11. 9
Stadium Negara is located at Jalan Stadium,
Bukit Bintang, 50150 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah
Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur. It is quite near to
Kuala Lumpur as it’s distance from Kuala
Lumpur is only 2km. This is especially
cconvenient for users to access and also easily
spo�ed as it is built on a small hill. Moreover,
the sta�on is located at the south-west side of
Stadium Negara and is only a 6 minute walk
from Hang Tuah train sta�on to Stadium
Negara. .The coordinate of Stadium is 3°8ʹ26ʺN
101°42ʹ10ʺE. At the side of the building there
arare 80 parking spaces for visitors to park their
car.
BUILDING LOCATION
Figure 2.1.1 Types of buildings around Stadium Negara.
Circula�on
Residen�al Area
Religious Area
Commercial Areas
Educa�on Centers

12. 2.1 SITE ACCESSIBILITY
Figure 2.1.1 Route to Stadium Negara from LRT by walking.
Figure 2.1.2 Route to Stadium Negara from Monorail by walking.
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Onn cnn nnncn nnnnn ny nnknnn nnnnnc nnnnnnnnnn
nncn nn nnxnn nnnnnnnnn nnn nnn nnnn
By nnknnn LRT trainnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
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nnnnnnnn nnnnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnn nnnnn nnnnnnn nnn nnnn
nnnnnnnnn monorailll lll lllll lll lllll lll lll
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10

13. 11
2.0 BUILDING LOCATION
Figure 2.1.333333333333333333333333 Figure 2.1.4444444444444444444444
Figure 2.1.55555555555555555555 Figure 2.1.666666666666666666666666666666666666

14. 2.2 RELATIONSHIIP OF BUILDINGS TO SURROUNDINGS
SIGNIFICANCE OF BUILDINGS TO STADIUM NEGARA
1
3
4
2
1. STADIUM CHIN WOO
OOtadium Chin Woo was open in 1953. It was con-
structed by by Dato Y. T. Lee. The outline of this build-
ing is Art Deco which is not quite the same as Otadi-
um Negara, which is more towards Brutalism plan.
The engineering style of this building is present day
which is same as Otadium Negara .The principle
reason for this stadium is for game occasions which
finished with game offices. The limit of this building
is around 2000 visitors while Otadium Negara can fit
in just about 10,000 individuals.
Figure 2.2.1 Map showing the buildings around Stadium Negara.
Figure 2.2.2 Chin Woo Stadium.
There are several landmarks that surrounding Otadium Negara. Otadium Merdeka is located behind Otadium Negara (facing south-
west). While next to Otadium Negara is Chin Woo stadium whereas OJK(C) Jalan Davidson with a prominent pediment can been
seen on the opposite of Otadium Negara. The nearest residen�al building is Casa Residency Condominium and Ori Emas condo-
minium which located just right in front Otadium Negara. Further away, Ibu Pejabat Polis Kon�jen is located beside those
residen�al buildings.
12

15. 131313
Figure 2.2.3 Photo showing the front of SJK (C) Jalan Davidson.
4. Victoria Ins�tu�on
Among all the building thAmong all the building that were men�oned, Victoria Ins�tu�on is the most established building as t
was established on fourteenth August 1893, the latest among the other buildings. Victoria Ins�tu�on is
an op�onal school and it is one of the most established schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is likewise
one of the verifiable building. The school was named a�er Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and
it was built up by the Bri�sh.The engineering style of Victoria Ins�tu�on is unique in rela�on to Stadi-
um Negara it is more towards Moorish Influence, Neoclassical and Neo-Gothic styles. Its cri�cal com-
ponent that can found in this building is the clock tower.
2. SJK (C) Jalan Davidson
SJK © Jalan Davidson is a primary chinese school. It was constructed in 1928 and was one of the earli-
est primary chinese school in this na�on. It made during the Japanese control of Malaya. On this
building are adorned with no�ceable pediment while in Stadium Negara, the principle enhancement
is the dome roof and unified shape. In spite of the short distance from the school to the stadium,
there were a few �mes where this school has composed basketball rivalry at the stadium.
3. Stadium Merdeka
SStadium Merdeka is a well known building which is found excep�onally close to Stadium
Negara. The declara�on of autonomy of the Federa�on of Malaya on 31 August 1957 was held
at Stadium Merdeka . It was constructed before Stadium Negara. The similari�es is that both
of the stadium held events like sport compe��ons and concerts in it.Moreover, both of the
building was planned by a similar planner, Sir Edward Stanley Jewkes. In terms of engineering
style, both of the buildings have a pioneer style outline due to Sir Stanley’s crea�vity.
Figure 2.2.4 Perspective View of Stadium Merdeka.
Figure 2.2.5 Photo of the Victorian Institution.

16. 14
Diagram2.3.3 Average of Min and Max temperature in KL
Diagram 2.3.2 Average of Wind Speed in KL
Diagram 2.3.1 Average of Rain in KL
2.3 CLIMATE STUDIES
The temperatures are always high
and humid throughout the year in
Malaysia. The average room tem-
perature remains between 25 to 35
degree Celsius. However, the tem-
perature in Kuala Lumpur is warmer
due to the warm air trapped inside
the city.

17. 15
Prior to the vault redesign, the sunken material framework enables an insignificant measure of twist to enter
the working through ven�la�on crevices. A�er the suspended round roo�op was included, the plan could con-
quer streamlined development. Wind development changed from direct contact with the façade to moving
over the arch, enabling more twist to enter the stadium. This enhances the stadium's ven�la�on framework,
applying innova�on into design, giving the building its advanced a�ributes.
The curved roo�op before redesign has
insignificant common ligh�ng as light can
just infiltrate through a par�cular area to
enter the stadium while the new remod-
eled stadium as a PVC vault roo�op en-
ables most extreme regular ligh�ng to
enter through the roo�op and enter the
sstadium.
This is to allow rain to run off and
also improved the air circula�on in
the interior. When the stadium get
crowded, the hot air will raised to
the center of the roof and release
at the �p of the roof, where ven�-
la�on opening is placed.
CLIMATE RESPONSE
Stadium Negara was located on a li�le slope which makes the building higher
than other building which implies Stadium Negara will exposed more to day-
light. Keeping in mind the end goal to take care of this issue, the designer
chose to make addi�onal openings to the building. Other than that, the type
of the building enables more daylight and twist to enter into the building.
Figure 2.3.4 The path of the sun over Stadium Negara throughout the day.
Diagram 2.3.1 Air Vennlaaon
Diagram 2.3.2 Light Penetraaon Diagram 2.3.3 Dome Roof

18. 03architectural layout of building
(Goh Jyia Whey)

19. 17
3.1 PLAN TO SECTION ANALYSIS 3.2 CIRCULATION TO USE- SPACE
Diagram 3.1.3 Entrance
1 2 21
Diagram 3.1.4 CirculationDiagram 3.1.1 Conceptual Drawing
The idea of Stadium Negara was
configura�on like a circle and
concentric to the inside by the
encompassing stadium. The
structure of the stadium was like
an earthen bowl. Which looking
from far away, the individualis�c
componecomponent of the building like
geometric shape from the out-
side of the stadium had made it
emerge among with other build-
ing adjacent the road.
There’re two main entrance in
this stadium, which are the pri-
mary passage and the back-entry-
way entrance. There is just a
single principle passageway from
the south piece of the stadium,
Which the majority of the general
popula�on arranging to sec�on
the field like game or show occa-
sions. On the inverse side of the
stadium, which is the secondary
passage to get to the stadium.
There has a private parking areas
simply outside the secondary
passage entrance. There are two
sub access to permit individuals
coordinate get to the stadium
which situated inverse of the fun-
damental entrance where adja-
cent the backstage passage.
The structure is built in a round-
about strategy where the course
of space is brought together
from each passages driving
toward the middle, which is the
field or stage. Con�ngent upon
the occasions, the seats that are
ffound nearer to the middle has
more preferred standpoint as it
has be�er view and furthermore
client can encounter characteris-
�c daylight from the roo�op. The
passageway on the south is
mostly for open u�lize while the
passageway on the north side
will lead them to the stage/field
in this manner it is a private area.
Different doorways to the stadi-
um and the dissemina�on of the
space has the benefit of having a
superior stream of course.
Stadium Negara can be suit for
10,000 individuals in the stadium.
In light of the floor arrange, the
basic of the building is shape like
a circle, which the field was incor-
porated on the middle what's
more, encompassing by the
seseats. The heading of seats was
addi�onally stream with bended
line in one enormous circle. To
enable the gatherings of people
to have a reasonable vision to see
the field by expanding the stature
of each line situate from the
middle field.middle field.
Diagram 3.1.2 Plan Analysis

20. 3.3 ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS
Diagram 3.3.1 Geometric Shape Diagram 3.3.2 Repetition of circles
Diagram 3.3.3 Axis of Symmnetry
A round geometric shape is the most signifi-
cant shape used to outline his building. Its cir-
cular façade shapes the working excep�onally
achieve an extraordinary symbol for present
day engineering. The building is developed
from concentric rings, giving the building its
personality in the state of a round arch.
Repe��on of circles forms the whole building
,from the outside which is the structure itself to
the front row seat and lastly to the field or
stage. A repe��on in ver�cal lines and triangu-
lar shapes are straigh�orward and geometrical
advanced design components which consoli-
dates to the structures exterior.
The axis of symmetry is located at the midpoint of the stadium where the field is located at the midpoint of the stadium
where the field is located indica�ng the main focus of the building . From the plan view and eleva�on view of the building ,
the building is balance symmetry, giving the building a simple structure.
18

21. 04aRCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS
(GOH TZE JUNE)

22. 4.0 INTRODUCTION
Figure 4.0.1 Roof before replacement
The Stadium Negara was constructed to
host the Thomas Cup Badminton tourna-
ment as a result of winning the 1949
Thomas Cup against the Dutch. (”Thomas
cup Winners”, 2012) Therefore, it is built as
a symbol to showcase Malaysia’s then new
iden�ty of decoloniza�on. The bicycle
wheelwheel was a representa�on of Malaysia’s
strong specialty in sports, especially bad-
minton, with which the roof of the Stadi-
um Negara was built in reference t
The architect Jewkes grew up and studied in
the United States was influenced by several
Western architecture styles for his design.
While working in Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR
formerly PWD), he was appointed to design
the Stadium Negara. (Chan, 2007) He adapt-
ed and modified the architecture styles to
bebecome more suitable and prac�cal for
buildings in tropical climates like Malaysia.
20

23. 21
4.1 MODERNISM
Figure 4.1.1 Fin Walls on exterior.
Figure 4.1.2 Triangular
egg-crate recessed
windows on facade.
Figure 4.1.3 Overhang at main
entrance
Figure 4.1.4 Floor Plan design
Modernism architecture Entering Malaya
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s957, sss sssssmss ssssss sf Msssysss sss
ssssssss sssssfissss sssssss ssssssssss sss
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fsssssy sssssssss sss�ssssssy fssm Essssss
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Gsssss Rsssssss sss Wsssss Gsssssss Lssss ss
ssssssss sssk sss ssss sf msssssssm sss
sssssss ss ss sss ssssssy’s ssssssss sssmssss
sss sssssss�ss sf msssssssm ssssssssssss ss sss msss ssssssszssss ssyss ssssssssss sss mssy ssysss
ssssssssssss ss sss ssssss sf sss Ns�ssss ssssssms Msssssssm sss ss ssssssss sssssss sssssmssss
ssss ss:
A sssssssssss�s sf mssssss
ssm ss ssss ss ss ssssss�ss
ss sss sssmsss ss Msssysss
sssss ssssssss sssssss
ssss ssssssss
sss ssssss sss ssssss ss ssssss�ss
sss sssssssssssy smsssssss ss sss
ssms �mss sss ssss fsss�ss ss
sssms ss ss ss msssmsss sss sssss
sss sf ssssmss ss sss sssss
As ssssss�ss ss Msssysss’s
ssssssss sssmsss ss sssssss
ssssssss sss ss ssssss ssss
�sssy sss sssss sssssss�ss
sf sssssss smssss sf ssssss
sss sss�ss�ss sssssssss
Modernism in Stadium Negara
Psssssss sss sssssss ss ssss
ss ssssssy ssssss�ss fssm
sss sxsssssss
Components
sssssssssss
ssssssssssssssssssssssss
ssssssssssssssssssss
ssssssssssssssss
ssssssssssssss
2
3
1
4

24. 4.2 BRUTALISM
4.3 INTERNATIONAL STYLE
From left,
Figure 4.2.1 Steps to seating area
Figure 4.2.2 Seating Area
Figure 4.4.1 Elevation of Stadium Negara as
of 2017
Figure 4.4.2 Elevation of Stadium Negara
before roof replacement
The terrace seats of the stadium are le� in their bare concrete finishes which is a
domina�ng characteris�c of brutalist architecture.
The architect employed several types of
different elements into his design, some with
intricate details. The lack of symmetry of the
façade can be generalized as expressionism in
architecture.
The emphasis on horizontality with
less curves and more straight lines is
observed in the design of Stadium
Negara.
ElemeElements such as vent blocks, fin
walls, overhang canopies and slant-
ed walls are a few of the examples
adapted from the Interna�onal
Style.
22
4.4 EXPRESSIONALISM

25. 23
4.5 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
4.6 MURALS
Figure 4.1.1 Fin Walls on exterior.
Figure 4.1.2 Triangular
egg-crate recessed
windows on facade.
Figure 4.6.1 (top) ,Figure 4.6.2 (bottom) Murals in main hall designed by
Phoon Poh Hong(top) and Yee Chin Ming(bottom)
Figure 4.5.1 Facade of Stadium Negara
Diagram 4.5.1 Girih Pattern in floor plan.
Conclusion
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nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
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nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnnnnn
Figure 4.5.2 Railings in between stairs of seating area
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nnnnnnn nnnnnnn nnn nnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnn nnn nnnnn nn�nnn
nn nnn nnnnn nnnn nnnn-nnnnnn nnnn nnnnnn nnnnnn nnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnn nnnnnnn nnn nnnnnnnn nnnnn nn nnnnnn nnnnnnnn nnn nnn
nn nnnnnn nnnnnnnnn nnnn nn n nnnnnnn nnnn nnnn nnnnnnn nnnnn
nnnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnn nnnnn nn nnnnn nn nnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnn nnnn-nnnnnnnn
nnnnnnn nn nnnnnnnnn nnnnnnn nnnn nnnnnnn nnnn nnnnnn nnnnn nnnnnn nn
n nnnnn nnnn nnn n nnnnn nn Rnnnnnnn nnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnn nnnnnn nnn
nnnnnnnn nnnnnn nn nnnnnnnnnn nn n nnnnnnnnn nnnn nn nnnnnnnnn (Lnnn 2007)

26. 05BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIALS ANALYSIS
(habeebah zainab sayed hossen)

27. 25
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 ROOF
Diagaram 5.1.11111111111111111111111111111111111
Figure 5.2.2222222222222222222
Diagram 5.2.111111111111111111111111111111111111 Figure 5.2.33333333333333333333333333 Figure 5.2.333333333333333333333333333333333333333
Figure 5.2.111111111111111
Three phases of construc�on of Stadium Negara
The construc�on of Stadium Negara can be broken down into
3 phases: the roof, the terrace levels and the ground floor
(arena level).
The original stadium designed by Stanley Edward Jewkes possessed a highly admired
suspended roof. The architect had tackled all engineering barriers to devise a
300-foot diameter roof without the use of columns. This splendid roof turned out to
have a limited lifespan as it had to be redone 20 years[1962-1982] a�er its construc-
�on due to water leakage.
The metal support structure has been designed based on Fuller’s tensegrity dome.
As was the suspended roof back in the 60’s, the dome roof today is the most remarkable feature of the stadium. The massive 100 feet diameter roof is made
with corrugated plas�c sheets on top of a ceiling of hard board. Galvanised iron pipes were used to make 2 layers for the support structure: an inner roof and
an outer structure for the main roof, connected by trusses.

28. 5.2 ROOF
ROOF MATERIAL ANALYSIS
Figure 5.2.4 Figure 5.2.55555555555555555Diagram 5.2.2 Diagram 5.2.33333333333333333333
3333333333
Table 5.2.1 Roof Material Analysis
Further support is provided to the circular dome ceiling by big rectangular
wooden columns surrounding the uppermost terrace level. This has granted the
building the possibility to have a clerestory along the circumference of the ceil-
ing.
The ceiling is supported by sloping tubular metal columns outside the stadium
26

29. 27
5.3 TERRACE LEVELS
Diagram 5.3.1
SEATING
Figure 5.3.22222222222222222222222222222
Figure 5.3.3
Figure 5.3.1111111111111111111111111
The sea�ng arrangement in the stadium is sloped around the arena. This technique has been used for millennia; an example being the Olympia stadium
found in Greece. This design enables every member of the audience to have a clear view of the show without obstruc�on from the person in front.
Addi�onally this shape keeps the crowd compact. The smaller the stadium, the louder cheering sounds since sound loses energy as it travels. Therefore,
the sloping sea�ng arrangement contributes to making the ambiance as electric and engaging as possible.
Concrete was used as the base of
some seats and in all staircases for
several reasons:
-Fire resistance
-Affordability
-Easily moulded into curved sur-
face using appropriate formwork.
-Strength and durability.
The wooden seats however lack a concrete base but all the seats are con-
nected by concrete staircases.
There are several types of seats in the stadium, depending on the type
of �cket. Most of them are placed on a concrete base.

30. 5.3 TERRACE LEVELS
VENTILATION FLOORING
ARENA
The arena is a circular surface found in the middle of the stadium. It is on a lower
level and is the place where performances take place.
It is covered in wood flooring in the Herrington pa�ern for the most part and some
ceramic �ling for decora�ve purposes.
The reason wood has been chosen as primary flooring material is because it ab-
sorbs sound waves. This prevents echo and excessive noise during singing perfor-
mances.
Figure 5.3.7
Figure 5.3.44444444444444444444444
Figure 5.3.6
Figure 5.3.5
On the terrace level, Jewkes designed the seats in an a�empt to boost ven�la-
�on inside the stadium. Thus, a large tunnel was built connec�ng the middle ter-
race whereby air is blown out the concrete slits as well as the backs and arms of
upholstered seats
28
CARPETING GRAVEL FLOOR CERAMIC TILES
CERAMIC TILES CERAMIC TILES CONCRETE FLOORING

31. 29
5.3 TERRACE LEVELS
Figure 5.3.10 Column in the entrance.
ENTRANCE
Figure 5.3.8 Entrance Facade. Figure 5.3.9 Staircase at entrance foyer.
The entrance is dominated by concrete. The staircase, columns, walls are all made from concrete.
The entrance facade is embellished by triangular glass windows.

32. 5.4 COMPARISON WITH MODERN BUILDING
1. MERCEDEZ -BENZ SUPERDOME
Figure 5.4.1 Mercedez-Benz Superdome
Table 5.4.1 Differences between Mercedez-Benz Superdome and Stadium Negara
Loca�on: New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
Construc�on Date: August 1971
Use: American football stadium
Similari�es:
1. Both stadiums have dome shaped roofs.
2. The roof is opaque and doesn't allow any light inside.
3.3. The sea�ng arrangement slopes down and the arena is in the middle on a
lower level.
30

33. 5.4 COMPARISON WITH MODERN BUILDING
2. ASTRODOME
Figure 5.4.2 Astrodome.
Table 5.4.2 Differences between Astrodome and Stadium Negara
Loca�on: Houston, Texas, United States of America
Construc�on Date: January 1962
Use: American football stadium
Similari�es:
1. Both stadiums have saucer roofs made from lighter materials
2. The support system beneath is geometrical is both cases.
3.3. The sea�ng arrangement slopes down and the arena is in the middle on a
lower level.
31

35. 06aRCHITECTURAL elements/ components ANALYSIS
(Clara Lee pei lin)

36. 6.2 ENTRANCE
Figure 6.2.1 Main Entrance of Stadium Negara
Figure 6.2.4 Left side entrance ticket booth Figure 6.2.5 Right side entrance ticket booth
Figure 6.2.6
Entrance Hallway
Figure 6.2.2 Reflective sliding glass door Figure 6.2.3 View to outside can be seen clearly
The entrance door is a full- length sliding glass door with overhead windows above it. The glass used is reflec�ve and has a mirror-like nature to allow for one-way visi-
bility. The reflec�ve coa�ng helps to keep the stadium cool by reflec�ng the heat off the glass. As glass is used, it allows greater penetra�on of sunlight to transmit into
the entrance hall. Visitors will feel a sense of welcoming and harmonize when entering a brighter place.
There are �cket booths placed on both sides of the glass entrance. These �cket booths will
only be opened during the events to facilitate �cket collec�on. When no event is happening,
it will be closed as seen in theFigure 6.2.4 and 6.2.5.
To transi�on from the entrance hall to the arena, the visitor must go
through a hallway. This hallway was dark, had a low ceiling and invoke
a feeling of a small enclosed space. I guess this was to highlight to the
visitor the big size of the arena and create a ‘wow’ moment as they
enter the arena.
33

37. 34
6.3 DOORS
Diagram 6.3.2 Location of type of door on in Stadium Negara
Figure 6.3.1
Metal collapsible door at entrance.
Glimpses of the interior can be seen
when standing in front of this door._
Figure 6.3.2
Metal foldable door at
entrance hallway. Have square
patterned openings that allow
air to pass through when it is
opened up.
There is two types of doors in Stadium Negara, doors
that have openings to allow airflow and doors that are
a big solid piece which blocks airflow.
The doors in Figure 6.3.1. is a metal
collapsible door while Figure 6.3.2
is a foldable metal door. These
doors are mostly placed on the
outer part of the stadium as it has
access to the air outside and pro-
motes air ven�la�on. The func�on
of these dooof these doors was to ins�ll curiosi-
ty into visitors as they can see
glimpses of the interior when pass-
ing by the doors.
DOORS WITH OPENINGS
Diagram 6.3.1 Movement of air through the two types
of doors found in Stadium Negara.
Doors with no openings
Door with openings
1
2
3
4
LEGEND
1. Metal collapsible door
2. Metal foldable door
3. Folding glass door
4. Solid wooden door

38. 6.3 DOORS
Figure 6.3.5 Entrance hallway with the two solid doors.
Room 1 is the organizer’s room and room 2 is the VIP’S
room
Figure 6.3.3 Solid Wooden Doors
Figure 6.3.4 Glass Folding Doors
Hrsrrrrs rrr srsrs srrsrs srrr (Frssrr
6r3r3) rss srssrss ssrss srrr (Frssrr 6r3r4)
rrrr sr rrrsrsss rss rrrrrsrrr rrrrr rrrs
sssssrs srs srr rrr rrsssrsrssssr ssssy
srrrrrsss srrsrs srrr rsr rsrrrrrr
PsrsrsPsrsrs rr rrr srrr srrrrsrrs rrrs rrrr srs
rrr rrsrsrzrr’s rrrr ssrrss rrrsrs rss
ssrs r solid wooden doorrrrrrrrrrrrrr
rrrrrrrrrrrrrr
DOORS WITHOUT OPENINGS
35
As srr glass folding doorssssssssssssssss
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
sssssrss srsrrrrsr 1 2

39. 36
6.4 WINDOWS
D111111 61411 1111 11 1111111 11111 11 5111111 N11111
(1) (1) (1) (1)
2111 111 111112 11 111111111 111111112
Figure 6.4.1111111111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
11111111111
Figure 6.4.2222222222222222222222222222222222
22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
2222111 11111111111 11111 11 11111 111111111
Figure 6.4.33333333333333333333333333333333
33333333333333333333333333333333333333
Figure 6.4.4
Figure 6.4.55555555555555555555555555555555555555
555551111 11 11111 111 2111111111
Figure 6.4.666666666666666666666666666666666666
66666666666666666666666666666666666
As one walks alongside Stadium Negara,
one can see that many types and shapes of
windows that adorn the façade of the exte-
rior wall. The aim of having many types of
windows is to make the façade aesthe�c,
while at the same �me to allow air ven�la-
�on and light penetra�on into the stadium.
The types of windThe types of windows that can be found is
fixed windows (a), sliding windows (b),
casement windows (c), louvered windows
(d) as seen in Diagram 6.4.1..
FROM EXTERIOR

40. 6.4 WINDOWS
Diagram 6.4.222222222222222222222222222222222222
22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
22222222222222222222222222222
F22m 22ft, Figure 6.4.7, Figure 6.4.888888888888888888888
8888888888888888888888
At the entrance, above the sliding glass
doors, are some overhead windows which
consist of four pieces of louvered clear
glass arranged at an angle which allows air
ven�la�on and prevent rainwater from en-
tering at the same �me.
ENTRANCE
45
222 222
ARENA Figure 6.4.99999999999999999999999999999
999999
Figure 6.4.10
In the arena, there is a ring of external ver�cal
louvers which provide a clear storey of reflected
light into the arena without its heated compo-
nents. These ver�cal louvers, made from gold
and bronze anodized aluminium, are electrically
operated by remote control. (Lai, 2007) . The
ver�cal louvres will only be opened during the
dday to allow light to enter. As for evening use,
the stadium will lit up with high power flood-
lights, spotlights and color change lights which
are mounted around the arena.

41. 38
6.5 COLUMNS
F111 111 11ft, 11 1111k1111 21111111,
Figure 6.5.111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111
Figure 6.5.222222222222222222
Figure 6.5.3333333333333333333333333
Figure 6.5.4
111111
Diagram 6.5.1111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111
Diagram 6.5.222222222222222222222222222
22222222222222222222222222
The column support system in Stadium
Negara were shaped so that they were in
juxtaposi�on to the shape of their sur-
roundings.
In the rectangular-shaped entrance
hall, the columns were all circular,
even the fi�ng at the top of the
column was designed to bring the cir-
cular essence of the roof into this
space. It emulated the shape of the
old flat roof. Upon closer inspec�on
of theof the column, I no�ced that the origi-
nal column was not painted yellow, it
was covered with dark grey mosaic
�les which suited the surrounding
color scheme be�er.
Solid �mber columns installed around the
arena supports the ceiling and beams.
These columns act as both structural
column and decora�ve column. The place-
ment of columns was accurately measured
so they do not look closely packed which
might obstruct the penetra�on of natural
liglight into the arena. Instead of using cylin-
der column which suits the circular building
massing, rectangular prism column was
chosen to give the visitors a sense of stabili-
ty and secure.
Figure 6.5.5

42. 5.6 SEATING
In the stadium, there are different types of sea�ng being provided.
Based on my observa�on, the seats are not placed in random and
is built according to its loca�on from the main entrance and the
main ac�vity space of the arena. The price of �ckets will be based
on the type of seat purchased.
In figure 5.6.2, the seats are made from red cushion and have
back and arm rest so it is the most comfortable compared to the
others. As the stadium was used for important events, these seats
are made for the important VIPs who were invited to the event.
These seats are placed there as they are near the entrance and is
easily accessible. In figure 5.6.3, the seats also have backrest and
armrest looks like it is made from leather. However, they are not
asas comfortable nor as striking in color as the red seats.
Figure 5.6.2 Figure 5.6.333333333333333333333333
39
main entrance
2. red cushion sea�ng
3. blue leather sea�ng
4. concrete sea�ng
5. wooden sea�ng
LEGEND
Figure 5.6.111111111111111111111111111111
Diagram 5.6.1111111111111111111

43. Figure 5.6.44444444444444444 Figure 5.6.55555555555555 Figure 5.6.6
Around the rest of the arena are seats for the spectators. Sea�ng is divided into upper and lower areas. Seats located on the upper �er are made
from concrete as seen in figure 5.6.4. There are small openings on the ver�cal surfaces of the seats which allow sufficient air ven�la�on. Seats are
inspired by the form of staircase, allow back res�ng when user sit on one of the surfaces.
TTowards the stage, seats consist of layered concrete overlapped with wooden planks as the finishing as seen in figure 5.6.5. These seats able to
get be�er views of the center core rather than from the upper �er as it costs more and allow comfort sea�ng. Layering of seats able to provide
users to experience different scenes from different perspec�ves. These lower �er seats were also removeable to allow for a larger arena area if
this was required.
40
As for air ven�la�on, Sir Stanley said that air ven�la�on was crucial to be near the spectators as so to remove heat and humidity from their
bodies, and devised an addi�onal system for this. Fresh air was introduced into the tunnel surrounding the amphitheater under the middle ter-
races, and from this tunnel, air is blown through narrow seats in the concrete terrace sec�ons as seen in Figure 5.6.6. Air is also streamed in sec-
�ons through controllable channels in the arms and backs of the upholstered seats. According to PWD, this principle was also applied in aircra�s
and shiand ships and Stadium Negara was the first building to be employed with this principle. So through a high speed jet of air, comfort was brought to
the spectators without inducing bulk air movement for that might upset the flights of airborne shu�lecocks during the tournaments. (Lai, 2007)

44. 07conclusion

45. 7.0 conclusion
In this project, my group and I got an op-
portunity to research on one of the mon-
umental structures in our country, Stadi-
um Negara. We had to conduct a site visit
to the historical building to experience
and see the building for ourselves to
complete this report. Throughout this
project, we get to learn some architectur-
al features and document it in the form
of wri�ngs, diagramming and pictures.
We also realized that only through a site
visite, by being at the place in bady and
in person can one feel the spirit of the
place. The architecture style of Stadium
Negara is dominated by the fusion of sev-
eral sources, including Western style ar-
chitecture and Islamic style architecture
which are adapted to suit the climate of
Malaysia and also represents a unifica�on
of culture and race in our country
41

46. 08references

47. FRONT COVER
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N N N N N N R N N R N N N N N R N N + N R N N N
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%NN)NNNNKDf5RN%NNNNNNNNNN)NU%NNKNNjURjNNNN)N9NENNN_DNNRURZNRNN
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INTRODUCTION
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SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS (Goh Jyia Whey)
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DRNNNNNN NNNNN NRRRRR NNNNNRN NNNNN NNNNNRNNNRNNNRNNNRRNNNRNNNN
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE (Goh Tze June)
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IMAGE REFERENCES
43

48. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIALS (Habeebah Zainab)
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ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ( Clara Lee Pei Lin)
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IMAGE REFERENCES

49. REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS (GOH JYIA WHEY)
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE (GOH TZE JUNE)
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NNNN NNNNNNN )NNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNN)NN NNNNNNNNN NNNNN)NNN )NNN )NNN
)NNNNN NN NNNNNNNNN )NNNNN NN NNN )NNN NNN NNN NNNNN NNNNN NNN )NNNNNNN NNN NNNNNN
NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNN )NNNNNNNNNNN NN KNNNN )NNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN )NNN KNNN )NN
BUILDING CONSTRCUTION, STRUCTURE AND MATERIALS ( HABEEBAH ZAINAB)
)))NNNNNN NN NNNN)NN NNNNN NNNN)N NNNNfiNN N NNN )NNNNNNNNN NN NNNN)NN [NN)NN)] )NNNNNNNN NNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN)NNNNNNNNNN)NNNNNNNNNNNNN
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45

50. REFERENCES
ARCHITECTUEAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENETS (CLARA LEE PEI LIN)
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