CME: Chronic Renal failure
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The document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD), defining it as kidney damage or decreased kidney function for more than 3 months. It stages CKD based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and describes risk factors, complications, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches based on CKD stage. The primary goals of treatment are slowing progression and managing complications through modifying risk factors, medical therapy, and preparing for renal replacement therapy if needed.
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A 40-year-old male presented with right-sided chest pain and breathlessness for one week. His medical history included treated pulmonary tuberculosis one year prior. A chest X-ray showed opacities in the right upper lobe and pleural thickening, as well as a hypodensity in the left upper and middle zones. CT findings revealed a thick-walled fibrocavity in the right upper lobe, pleural effusion on the right side, and emphysematous bullae and bronchiectatic changes in the left lower lobe. The conclusion was that the patient had emphysematous bullae and bronchiectasis in the left lung as well as destroyed lung tissue, consistent with
Imaging modalities in Cerebral Glioma
This document summarizes an MRI and MRS scan results for a 44-year-old female patient presenting with right-sided weakness and facial droop. The MRI shows an intense solid lesion in the left thalamus extending to the midbrain and cerebral peduncle. MRS shows an elevated choline peak suggestive of a high-grade glioma. MRS can be used to characterize brain lesions and distinguish between tumor types, infections, dementias and other conditions by analyzing metabolite peaks that provide information on neuronal, glial and membrane status. It is a useful tool that should be utilized judiciously at their hospital to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning.
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This document provides instructions for taking plain radiographs of the abdomen in various positions and for different purposes. It describes the standard anterior-posterior (AP) view of the abdomen with the patient supine and cassette under the back. Upright and decubitus views are also outlined to demonstrate the movement of gas or fluid in the abdomen. Radiographic techniques like expiration, tube positioning, and film size are specified for each view. An acute abdominal series including chest, flat abdomen, and upright views is also defined. The purpose is to clearly image the abdomen, pelvis, and bowel for identifying abnormalities.
CXR: Complete collapse of lung & Total re-expansion
A 50-year-old male smoker presented with three episodes of hemoptysis over one day, expelling 100-150 mL of blood-stained sputum each time. On examination, his left lung fields were dull to percussion and breath sounds were diminished. A chest x-ray showed a homogeneous opacity in the left upper, middle, and lower lung zones, with the left diaphragm and heart border not visible. Differential diagnoses included left lung collapse or fibrosis. A chest physician suspected central bronchogenic carcinoma as the cause of the collapse.
M 1 spine overlays-web-ss & unknowns
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
CXR: Fibrosis with Cystic Changes
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MRI: Cord Compression
A 60-year-old female presented with numbness in both lower limbs for 6 weeks and weakness in both lower limbs for 4 weeks. Neurological examination found loss of sensation below the T6 level and impaired vibration and joint position sense. MRI of the dorsal spine showed a lesion in the D4 and D5 vertebral bodies with extradural and intradural components causing spinal cord compression. Differential diagnoses included aggressive hemangioma, plasmacytoma, and aneurysmal bone cyst. Imaging findings were most consistent with aggressive hemangioma.
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The document provides an overview of human body structure and terminology used to describe anatomical positions and directions. It covers the organization of the body from cells to organ systems. Key terms are defined, such as combining forms used in medical terminology. Directional terms like anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior are explained as well as anatomical planes and body cavities.
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Renal failure occurs when the kidneys cannot remove waste or regulate fluids and electrolytes. There are two main types: acute renal failure, which develops rapidly over hours to days; and chronic renal failure, which is progressive and irreversible. Acute renal failure causes a sudden loss of kidney function and can result from prerenal issues, direct kidney damage, or urinary tract obstruction. Chronic renal failure is treated through diet, medication, and often dialysis to remove waste when kidney function declines. Nursing focuses on managing complications, nutrition, fluid balance, and educating patients.
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Acute kidney injury
Objective Acute kidney injury
Know about definition of Acute kidney injury
Function of kidney
Sign and symptoms of AKI
Know about Risk factor of AKI
Understand about complication of AKI
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Introduction Of Acute kidney injury
Physiology Of Acute kidney injury
Pathophysiology Of Acute kidney injury
Clinical feature Of Acute kidney injury
Risk Factor Of Acute kidney injury
Diagnosis Of Acute kidney injury
Differential diagnosis Of Acute kidney injury
Complication Of Acute kidney injury
Management Of Acute kidney injury
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This document describes a case of a 40-year-old woman presenting with symptoms of decreased urine output, abdominal pain, fever, and leg swelling. Her lab work showed signs of anemia and hypothyroidism. Her history revealed amenorrhea for 18 years and issues with lactation after her third delivery. She was diagnosed with Sheehan's syndrome, also known as postpartum pituitary necrosis, likely due to postpartum hemorrhage 18 years prior which caused necrosis of her pituitary gland. She required hormone replacement therapy for her cortisol, thyroid, and other deficiencies.
Imaging: Cortical Vein Thrombosis
A 35-year-old male chronic alcoholic presented with a week-long headache and blurry vision. On examination, he had right lateral rectus palsy. CT brain showed hyperdensity in the right frontal region, right transverse sinus, and hypodensity in the superior sagittal sinus, suggestive of parenchymal hemorrhage with cortical vein thrombosis or calcified granuloma. MRI brain found a hemorrhagic lesion in the right high parietal lobe, absence of flow voids in sinuses, and T1 hyperintensity in sinuses confirming sinus thrombosis, which was shown on MR venography. The patient was diagnosed with cerebral vein thrombosis based on imaging findings.
ECG: Findings in CNS disorders
A 73-year-old male presented with left upper and lower limb weakness. He has a history of diabetes and hypertension. On examination, his pulse was 64 beats/min, blood pressure was 160/100 mmHg, and he had left-sided hemiplegia. An ECG showed normal sinus rhythm, prolonged QT interval of 500ms, and deep anterolateral T wave inversions, which could be due to central nervous system involvement or myocardial ischemia. ECG findings associated with acute central nervous system disorders include prolonged QT interval and deeply inverted T waves in precordial leads.
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ECG: Atrial Dissociation
This ECG shows atrial dissociation in a 70-year-old male with a history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cardiac transplantation 6 months prior. Atrial dissociation is seen as two independent sets of P waves with varying PP and PR intervals. Atrial dissociation occurs when each atrium beats separately due to blockage of the Bachmann's bundle interatrial pathway. It can occur in orthotopic and heterotopic heart transplant patients as the posterior atrial wall is retained but denervated after orthotopic transplant.
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4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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