Cloud ready reference

1. Briefly Explain Types of Computing.
Cloud Computing –
Cloud computing is a computing paradigm shift where computing is moved away from personal
computers or an individual application server to a “cloud” of computers. Users of the cloud only
need to be concerned with the computing service being asked for, as the underlying details of
how it is achieved are hidden. This method of distributed computing is done through pooling all
computer resources together and being managed by software rather than a human.
The services being requested of a cloud are not limited to using web applications, but can also
be IT management tasks such as requesting of systems, a software stack or a specific web
appliance.
Grid Computing –
Grid computing involves connecting geographically remote computers into a single network to
create a virtual supercomputer by combining the computational power of all computers on grid.
"the Grid"links together computing resources (PCs, workstations, servers, storage elements)
and provides the mechanism needed to access them.
By implementing our proposed Intranet Grid it is very easy to download multiple files very fast
No need to worry about the security as we are authenticating each and every step taking place
in our Grid
In particular user to access the database. Further implementations could be carried out in the
nearest future
Multiple independent computing clusters which act like a “grid” because they are composed of
resource nodes not located within a single administrative domain. (formal)
Offering online computation or storage as a metered commercial service, known as utility
computing, computing on demand, or cloud computing.

The creation of a “virtual supercomputer” by using spare computing resources within an
organization.
Utility Computing –
Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes computing
resources and infrastructure management available to the customer as needed, and charges
them for specific usage rather than a flat rate.
Like other types of on-demand computing (such as grid computing), the utility model seeks to
maximize the efficient use of resources and/or minimize associated costs.
Conventional Internet hosting services have the capability to quickly arrange for the rental of
individual servers, for example to provision a bank of web servers to accommodate a sudden
surge in traffic to a web site.
“Utility computing” usually envisions some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or
computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer.
Multiple servers are used on the “back end” to make this possible.
These might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented
out, or even an under-utilized supercomputer.
The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed
computing.
Distributed Computing –
It’s the solution to the problem where your RAM is too small and your data are too big and/or too
CPU-intensive to be processed on a single machine.
It split a big task into smaller tasks and execute them on multiple machines

Advantages:
• Inherently Distributed applications:
several applications are inherently distributed in nature and require distributed
computing system for their realization
• Information Sharing among Distributed Users:
In a distributed computing system, information generated by one of the users can be
easily and efficiently shared by the users working at othernodes of the system .The use
of distributed computing systems by a group of users to work cooperatively is known as
computer-supported cooperative working (CSCW), or groupware .
• Resource Sharing:
Information is not the only thing that can be shared in a distributed computing system.
Sharing of software resources such as software libraries and databases as well as
hardware resources such as printers, hard disks, and plotters can also be done in a very
effective way among all the computers and the users of a single distributed computing
system.
A method of computer processing in which different parts of a program are run simultaneously
on two or more computers that are communicating with each other over a network.
Distributed computing is a type of segmented or parallel computing, but the latter term is most
commonly used to refer to processing in which different parts of a program run simultaneously
on two or more processors that are part of the same computer.
While both types of processing require that a program be segmented—divided into sections
that can run simultaneously, distributed computing also requires that the division of the program
take into account the different environments on which the different sections of the program will
be running. For example, two computers are likely to have different file systems and different
hardware components.
Cluster Computing –
A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely so that in many
respects they form a single computer.
OR
Cluster computing is a form of computing in which a group of computers are linked together so
they can act like a single entity.
It is the technique of linking two or more computers into a network(Usually through a local area
network)in order to take advantage of the parallel processing power of those computers.

The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to each other through
fast local area networks.
Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability over that provided by a
single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of
comparable speed or availability.
Evaluation of Cloud Computing:Business driver for adopting cloud computing

1.Business growth
• Business growth is one of the top benefits organisations realise as a result of cloud
adoption, with 52% of enterprises reporting increased growth since going cloud (2015
Cloud Enterprise Report).
2. Efficiency
• Efficiency is an extremely common cloud driver, with 71% of organisations worldwide
ranking it a top area they hope to approve through cloud technology (2015 Cloud
Enterprise Report).
3. Experience
• Next among the business drivers is improving the quality of the customer experience,
which 45% of enterprises worldwide rank as a top cloud driver (although that number
jumps to 61% looking at only organisations in the UK and Australia).
4. Assurance
• Finally, there is assurance, which is the idea that data will be more secure in the cloud
and the user will attain better uptime because its solutions are maintained by providers
that have built their businesses around these competencies.
2. Explain with diagram NIST Model in detail.
The United States government is a major consumer of computer services and, therefore, one of
the major users of cloud computing networks. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) has a set of working definitions that separate cloud computing into service
models and deployment models.
The NIST model originally did not require a cloud to use virtualization to pool resources, nor did
it
absolutely require that a cloud support multi-tenancy in the earliest definitions of cloud
computing.
Multi-tenancy is the sharing of resources among two or more clients. The latest version of the
NIST
definition does require that cloud computing networks use virtualization and support multi-
tenancy.

Because cloud computing is moving toward a set of modular interacting components based on
standards
such as the Service Oriented Architecture (described in Chapter 13), you might expect that
future
versions of the NIST model may add those features as well.
The NIST cloud model doesn't address a number of intermediary services such as transaction
or service brokers, provisioning, integration, and interoperability services that form the basis for
many cloud computing discussions. Given the emerging roles of service buses, brokers, and
cloud APIs at various levels, undoubtedly these elements need to be added to capture the
whole story.
Deployment Models:
Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the
organization or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise.
Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific
community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance
considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off
premise.
Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group
and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.
Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or
public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology
that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).
Service Models:
Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client
devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer
does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating

systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-
specific application configuration settings.
Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and
tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the
deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.
Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to provision
processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able
to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The
consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over
operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking
components (e.g., host firewalls).
Services attributes:
On-demand self-service: A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server
time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each
service’s provider.
Broad network access:Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones,
laptops, and PDAs).
Resource pooling.:The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a
multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer
generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able
to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples of
resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines.
Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to
quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for
provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.
Measured Service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and
reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
3. Difference between cloud computing vs. Cluster computing vs. Grid
computing.

4. Write a note on cloud computing with characteristic and properties.
Cloud computing means that instead of all the computer hardware and software you're
using sitting on your desktop, or somewhere inside your company's network, it's
provided for you as a serviceby another company and accessed over the Internet,
usually in a completely seamless way.
Exactly where the hardware and software is located and how it all works doesn't matter
to you, the user—it's just somewhere up in the nebulous "cloud" that the Internet
represents.
Cloud computing refers to applications and services that run on a distributed network
using virtualized resources and accessed by common Internet protocols and networking
standards.
Cloud computing takes the technology, services, and applications that are similar to
those on the Internet and turns them into a self-service utility. The use of the word
“cloud” makes reference to the two essential concepts:

• Abstraction: Cloud computing abstracts the details of system implementation
from users and developers. Applications run on physical systems that aren't
specified, data is stored in locations that are unknown, administration of systems
is outsourced to others, and access by users is ubiquitous.
• Virtualization: Cloud computing virtualizes systems by pooling and sharing
resources. Systems and storage can be provisioned as needed from a
centralized infrastructure, costs are assessed on a metered basis, multi-tenancy
is enabled, and resources are scalable with agility.
Characteristic:
• Have access to low cost power
• Leverage renewable power source
• Be near abundant water
• Be sited where high-speed network backbone connections can be made
• Keep land costs modest and occupation unobtrusive Obtain tax breaks
• Optimize the overall system latency
Properties:
5.Explain cloud deployment model
A cloud deployment model represents a specific type of cloud environment, primarily
distinguished by ownership, size, and access.
There are four common cloud deployment models:
 Public Clouds
 Community Clouds
 Private Clouds
 Hybrid Clouds
 Other Deployment Models
Public Clouds
A public cloud is a publicly accessible cloud environment owned by a third-party cloud
provider. The IT resources on public clouds are usually provisioned via the previously

described cloud delivery models and are generally offered to cloud consumers at a cost
or are commercialized via other avenues (such as advertisement).
The cloud provider is responsible for the creation and on-going maintenance of the
public cloud and its IT resources. Many of the scenarios and architectures explored in
upcoming chapters involve public clouds and the relationship between the providers and
consumers of IT resources via public clouds.
Community Clouds
A community cloud is similar to a public cloud except that its access is limited to a
specific community of cloud consumers. The community cloud may be jointly owned by
the community members or by a third-party cloud provider that provisions a public cloud
with limited access. The member cloud consumers of the community typically share the
responsibility for defining and evolving the community cloud (Figure 1).
Membership in the community does not necessarily guarantee access to or control of all
the cloud's IT resources. Parties outside the community are generally not granted
access unless allowed by the community.
Private Clouds
A private cloud is owned by a single organization. Private clouds enable an organization
to use cloud computing technology as a means of centralizing access to IT resources by
different parts, locations, or departments of the organization. When a private cloud
exists as a controlled environment, the problems described in the Risks and Challenges
section do not tend to apply.
The use of a private cloud can change how organizational and trust boundaries are
defined and applied. The actual administration of a private cloud environment may be
carried out by internal or outsourced staff.

Figure 1 - A cloud service consumer in the organization's on-premise environment
accesses a cloud service hosted on the same organization's private cloud via a virtual
private network.
With a private cloud, the same organization is technically both the cloud consumer and
cloud provider (Figure 1). In order to differentiate these roles:
 a separate organizational department typically assumes the responsibility for
provisioning the cloud (and therefore assumes the cloud provider role)
 departments requiring access to the private cloud assume the cloud consumer
role
It is important to use the terms "on-premise" and "cloud-based" correctly within the
context of a private cloud. Even though the private cloud may physically reside on the
organization's premises, IT resources it hosts are still considered "cloud-based" as long
as they are made remotely accessible to cloud consumers. IT resources hosted outside
of the private cloud by the departments acting as cloud consumers are therefore
considered "on-premise" in relation to the private cloud-based IT resources.
Hybrid Clouds
A hybrid cloud is a cloud environment comprised of two or more different cloud
deployment models. For example, a cloud consumer may choose to deploy cloud
services processing sensitive data to a private cloud and other, less sensitive cloud
services to a public cloud. The result of this combination is a hybrid deployment model
(Figure 1).

Figure 1 - An organization using a hybrid cloud architecture that utilizes both a private and public cloud.
Hybrid deployment architectures can be complex and challenging to create and
maintain due to the potential disparity in cloud environments and the fact that
management responsibilities are typically split between the private cloud provider
organization and the public cloud provider.
6. Explain Cloud service mode
There are three types of cloud service mode
Software as a Service | SaaS:-

SaaS is a complete operating environment with applications, management, and the user
interface.
In the SaaS model, the application is provided to the client through a thin client interface
(a browser, usually), and the customer's responsibility begins and ends with entering
and managing its data and user interaction. Everything from the application down to the
infrastructure is the vendor's responsibility.
SaaS is a software distribution model in which applications are hosted by a cloud service
provider and made available to customers over internet. SaaS is also known as "On-Demand
Software".
In SaaS, software and associated data are centrally hosted on the cloud server. SaaS is
accessed by users using a thin client via a web browser.
Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer
1) SaaS is easy to buy
SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee, SaaS allows organizations to
access business functionality at a low cost which is less than licensed applications.
Unlike traditional software which is sold as a licensed based with an up-front cost (and
often an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers generally pricing the
applications using a subscription fee, most commonly a monthly or annually fee.
2) Less hardware required for SaaS
The software is hosted remotely, so organizations don't need to invest in additional
hardware.
3) Low Maintenance required for SaaS
Software as a service removes the necessity of installation, set-up, and often daily
unkeep and maintenance for organizations. Initial set-up cost for SaaS is typically less
than the enterprise software. SaaS vendors actually pricing their applications based on
some usage parameters, such as number of users using the application. So SaaS does
easy to monitor and automatic updates.
4) No special software or hardware versions required
All users will have the same version of software and typically access it through the web
browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing hardware and software
maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.

Disadvantages of SaaS cloud computing layer
1) Security
Actually data is stored in cloud, so security may be an issue for some users. However,
cloud computing is not more secure than in-house deployment. Learn more cloud
security.
2) Latency issue
Because the data and application are stored in cloud at a variable distance from the end
user, so there is a possibility that there may be more latency while interacting with the
application than a local deployment. So, SaaS model is not suitable for applications
whose demand response times are in milliseconds.
3) Total Dependency on Internet
Without internet connection, most SaaS applications are not usable.
4) Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult
Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow task of transferring the very large
data files over the Internet and then converting and importing them into another SaaS
also.
S is one of the layers of cloud computing platform wherein the customer organization
outsources its IT infrastructure such as servers, networking, processing, storage, virtual
machines and other resources. Customers access these resources over internet i.e.
cloud computing platform, on a pay-per-use model.
Infrastructure As a Service|Iaas:-
Iaas, earlier called Hardware as a Service (HaaS), is a cloud computing platform based
model.
In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out for a specific periods of
time, with pre-determined hardware configuration. The client paid for the configuration
and time, regardless of the actual use. With the help of IaaS cloud computing platform
layer, clients can dynamically scale the configuration to meet changing requires, and
are billed only for the services actually used.
IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every organization to
maintain the IT infrastructure.
IaaS is offered in three models: public, private, and hybrid cloud. Private cloud implies
that the infrastructure resides at the customer-premise. In case of public cloud, it is

located at the cloud computing platform vendor's data center; and hybrid cloud is a
combination of two with customer choosing the best of both worlds.
Advantages of IaaS cloud computing layer
1) You can dynamically choose a CPU, memory and storage configuration as per your
needs.
2) You easily access the vast computing power available on IaaS cloud platform.
3) You can eliminate the need of investment in rarely used IT hardware.
4) IT infra will be handled by the IaaS cloud computing platform vendors.
Disadvantages of IaaS cloud computing layer
There is a risk of IaaS cloud computing platform vendor by gaining the access to the
organization?s data. But it can be avoided by opting for private cloud.
2) IaaS cloud computing platform model is dependent on internet availability.
3) It is also dependent on the availability of virtualization services.
4) IaaS cloud computing platform can limit the user privacy and customization options.
Platform as a Service | PaaS
PaaS cloud computing platform is a developer programming platform which is created
for the programmer to develop, test, run and manage the applications.
A developer is able to write the application as well as deploy it directly into this layer
easily.
PaaS extend and abstract the IaaS layer by removing the hassle of managing the
individual virtual machine.
In PaaS cloud computing platform, back end scalability is handled by the cloud service
provider and the end user does not have to worry about to manage the infrastructure.
All the infrastructure to run the applications will be over the internet.
Advantages of PaaS cloud computing layer
1) Simplified Development
Developers can focus on development and innovation without worrying about the
infrastructure.

2) Lower risk
No requirements of up-front investment in hardware and software. Developers only
need a PC and an internet connection to start building applications.
3) Prebuilt business functionality
Some PaaS vendors also provide already defined business functionality so that users
can avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can directly start the projects
only.
4) Instant community
PaaS vendors frequently provides online communities where developer can get the
ideas, share experiences and seek advice from others.
5) Scalability
Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of users without any changes to
the applications.
Disadvantages of PaaS cloud computing layer
1) Vendor lock-in
One have to write the applications according to the platform provided by PaaS vendor
so migration of an application to another PaaS vendor would be a problem.
2) Data Privacy
Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not, will be private so if it is not located
within the walls of the company there can be a risk in terms of privacy of data.
3) Integration with the rest of the systems applications
It may happen that some applications are local and some are in cloud. So there will be
chances of increased complexity when we want to use data which in the cloud with the
local data.
7. Briefly explain cloud computing stack

8. Write a note on Virtualization
Virtualization is a technology to run multiple same or different operating systems which
is completely isolated from each other.
Ex: Run both Windows and Linux on the same machine
Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share single physical instance of an
application or resource among multiple organizations or tenants (customers). It does so
by assigning a logical name to a physical resource and providing a pointer to that
physical resource on demand.
Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as a
server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network resources".
 What is the concept behind the Virtualization?
Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is known as
Hardware Virtualization. A Virtual machine provides an environment that is logically
separated from the underlying hardware.
The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create is known as Host
Machine and that virtual machine is referred as a Guest Machine
 Types of Virtualization:
1. Server Virtualization
2. Desktop Virtualization
3. Application Virtualization
4. Memory
5. Storage
6. Data
7. Network.
9. Define hypervisor, virtual machine in detail
Virtual Machine:
A virtual machine (VM) is an operating system (OS) or application environment that is
installed on software, which imitates dedicated hardware. The end user has the same
experience on a virtual machine as they would have on dedicated hardware.

Specialized software, called a hypervisor, emulates the PC client or server's CPU,
memory, hard disk, network and other hardware resources completely, enabling virtual
machines to share the resources
In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a computer system. Virtual
machines are based on computer architectures and provide functionality of a physical
computer. Their implementations may involve specialized hardware, software, or a
combination.
There are different kinds of virtual machines, each with different functions:
 System virtual machines (also termed full virtualization VMs) provide a substitute for
a real machine. They provide functionality needed to execute entire operating
systems. A hypervisor uses native execution to share and manage hardware, allowing
for multiple environments which are isolated from one another, yet exist on the same
physical machine. Modern hypervisors use hardware-assisted virtualization,
virtualization-specific hardware, primarily from the host CPUs.
 Process virtual machines are designed to execute computer programs in a platform-
independent environment.
Hypervisor:
Hypervisor is a software layer sits between Hardware and OSes which will interact with
hardware and resources and provide an interface to share the available resources to
Virtual containers
A hypervisor or virtual machine monitor (VMM) is computer software, firmware, or
hardware, that creates and runs virtual machines.
A computer on which a hypervisor runs one or more virtual machines is called a host
machine, and each virtual machine is called a guest machine.
The hypervisor presents the guest operating systems with a virtual operating
platform and manages the execution of the guest operating systems.
Multiple instances of a variety of operating systems may share the virtualized hardware
resources: for example, Linux, Windows, and OS X instances can all run on a single
physical x86 machine. This contrasts with operating-system-level virtualization, where all
instances (usually called containers) must share a single kernel, though the guest
operating systems can differ in user space, such as different Linux distributions with the
same kernel.
10. Explain storage as service with example
Short for Storage as a Service, SaaS is a term used to describe a storage model where a
business or organization (the client) rents or leases storage space from a third-party
provider.

Data is transferred from the client to the service provider via the Internet and the client
would then access their stored data using softwareprovided by the storage provider. The
software is used to perform common tasks related to storage, such as databackups and
data transfers.
Storage as a Service is popular with SMBs because there are usually no start-up costs
(e.g., servers, hard disks, IT staff and so. Businesses on) involved pay for the service
based only on the amount of storage space used. Storage as a Service may also be
called hosted storage.
Online file storage centers or cloud storage providers allow you to safely upload your
files to the Internet.
iCloud is a service provided by Apple
• 5GB storage space is free of cost
• Once the iCloud is used you can share your stored data on any of your different
Apple devices
• Aceess to all files, music, calendar, email
• Only iOS 5 has iCloud installed
11.Explain infrastructure as service and platform as service
Infrastructure as a Service | IaaS
IaaS is one of the layers of cloud computing platform wherein the customer organization
machines and other resources.
Customers access these resources over internet i.e. cloud computing platform, on a
pay-per-use model.
Iaas, earlier called Hardware as a Service (HaaS), is a cloud computing platform based
model.
In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out for a specific periods of
time, with pre-determined hardware configuration.
The client paid for the configuration and time, regardless of the actual use. With the help
of IaaS cloud computing platform layer, clients can dynamically scale the configuration
to meet changing requires, and are billed only for the services actually used.
IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every organization to
maintain the IT infrastructure.

IaaS is offered in three models: public, private, and hybrid cloud. Private cloud implies
that the infrastructure resides at the customer-premise. In case of public cloud, it is
located at the cloud computing platform vendor's data center; and hybrid cloud is a
combination of two with customer choosing the best of both worlds.
Advantages of IaaS cloud computing layer
1) You can dynamically choose a CPU, memory and storage configuration as per your
needs.
2) You easily access the vast computing power available on IaaS cloud platform.
3) You can eliminate the need of investment in rarely used IT hardware.
4) IT infra will be handled by the IaaS cloud computing platform vendors.
Disadvantages of IaaS cloud computing layer
There is a risk of IaaS cloud computing platform vendor by gaining the access to the
organization? data. But it can be avoided by opting for private cloud.
2) IaaS cloud computing platform model is dependent on internet availability.
3) It is also dependent on the availability of virtualization services.
4) IaaS cloud computing platform can limit the user privacy and customization options.
Some pinpoint about IaaS cloud computing layer
IaaS cloud computing platform cannot replace traditional hosting method but it provides
more than that and each resources which are used are predictable as per the usage.
IaaS cloud computing platform may not eliminate the need for an in-house IT
department. It will be needed to monitor or control the IaaS setup. IT salary expenditure
might not reduce significantly, but other IT expenses can be reduced.
Breakdowns at the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's end can bring your business
to at the halt stage. Assess the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's stability and
finances. Make sure that SLAs (i.e. Service Level Agreement) provide backups for data,
hardware, network and application failures. Image portability and third-party support is a
plus point.

The IaaS cloud computing platform vendor can get access to your sensitive data. So,
engage with the credible companies or organizations. Study their security policies and
precautions.
easily.
infrastructure.
2) Lower risk
only.

5) Scalability
the applications.
1) Vendor lock-in
2) Data Privacy
local data.
12. Explain Software as service as example
Online file storage centers or cloud storage providers allow you to safely upload
your files to the Internet.
iCloud is a service provided by Apple
• 5GB storage space is free of cost
• Once the iCloud is used you can share your stored data on any of your
different Apple devices
• Aceess to all files, music, calendar, email
• Only iOS 5 has iCloud installed

13.Explain three infrastructure security level e.z Network level security, host
level security, application level security
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a way of delivering Cloud Computing
infrastructure – servers, storage, network and operating systems – as an on-demand
service. Rather than purchasing servers, software, datacenter space or network
equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service on
demand Iaas provides the following
● Servers- compute, machines
● Storage
● Network
● Operating system
Three Infrastructure security level:
1)Network level:-
There are four significant risk factors in this use case:
1.Ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of organization's data-in-transit to
and from a public cloud provider;
2. Ensuring proper access control (authentication, authorization, and auditing)
to whatever resources are used at the public cloud provider;

3. Ensuring the availability of the Internet-facing resources in a public cloud
that are being used by an organization, or have been assigned to an
organization by public cloud providers;
4.Replacing the established model of network zones and tiers with domains
2)Host level:-
The host security responsibilities in SaaS and PaaS services are transferred to
the provider of cloud services. IaaS customers are primarily responsible for
securing the hosts provisioned in the cloud (virtualization software security,
customer guest OS or virtual server security).
3)Application Level:-
The level is responsible for managing
• Application-level security threats;
• End user security;
• SaaS application security;
• PaaS application security;
• Customer-deployed application security
• IaaS application security
• Public cloud security limitations
14. Briefly explain data privacy and security issue
Securing data sent to, received from, and stored in the cloud is the single largest
security concern that most organizations should have with cloud computing.
As with any WAN traffic, you must assume that any data can be intercepted and
modified. That's why, as a matter of course, traffic to a cloud service provider and stored
off-premises is encrypted.
These are the key mechanisms for protecting data mechanisms:
Access control
Auditing
Authentication

Authorization
15.Differentiate IASS,PASS,SAAS
Basic difference between IaaS, PaaS & SaaS
Features Iaas PaaS SaaS
What you get
You get the
infrastructure & pay
accordingly
.Freedom to use or
install any OS,
software or
composition
Here you get what
you demand.
Software, hardware,
OS, web
environment. You
get the platform to
use & pay
accordingly
Here you don’t have
to worry about
anything. A pre-
installed, pre-
configured package
as per your
requirement is given
and you only need to
pay accordingly.
Importance
The basic layer of
Computing
Top of IaaS
It is like a Complete
package of services
Technical
Difficulties
Technical knowledge
required
You get the Basic
setup but still the
knowledge of subject
is required.
No need to worry
about technicalities.
The SaaS provider
company handles
everything.
Deals with
Virtual Machines,
Storage (Hard
Disks), Servers,
Network, Load
Balancers etc
Runtimes (like java
runtimes), Databases
(like mySql, Oracle),
Web Servers (tomcat
etc)
Applications like
email (Gmail, Yahoo
mail etc), Social
Networking sites
(Facebook etc)
Popularity Graph
Popular among
highly skilled
developers,
researchers who
require custom
configuration as per
their requirement or
field of research.
Most popular among
developers as they
can focus on the
development of their
apps or scripts. They
don’t have to worry
about traffic load or
server management
etc.
Most popular among
normal consumers or
companies which
reply on softwares
such as email, file
sharing, social
networking as they
don’t have to worry
about the
technicalities.
16. Write a note on Virtualization with diagram explanation
Virtualization is a technology to run multiple same or different operating systems which
is completely isolated from each other.

Ex: Run both Windows and Linux on the same machine
Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share single physical instance of an
application or resource among multiple organizations or tenants (customers). It does so
by assigning a logical name to a physical resource and providing a pointer to that
physical resource on demand.
Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as a
server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network resources".
 What is the concept behind the Virtualization?
Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is known as
Hardware Virtualization. A Virtual machine provides an environment that is logically
separated from the underlying hardware.
The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create is known as Host
Machine and that virtual machine is referred as a Guest Machine
 Types of Virtualization:
8. Server Virtualization
9. Desktop Virtualization
10. Application Virtualization
11. Memory
12. Storage
13. Data
14. Network.
17.Compare hybrid and community cloud with example/Diagram
Example:
18.Write a note on Community cloud with advantage and disadvantage
Community Clouds
A community cloud is one where the cloud has been organized to serve a common
function or purpose.
It may be for one organization or for several organizations, but they share common
concerns such as their mission, policies, security, regulatory compliance needs, and so

on. A community cloud may be managed by the constituent organization(s) or by a third
party.
The Community Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by group of
organizations. It shares the infrastructure between several organizations from a
specific community. It may be managed internally by organizations or by the
third-party.
A community cloud is similar to a public cloud except that its access is limited to a
specific community of cloud consumers. The community cloud may be jointly owned by
the community members or by a third-party cloud provider that provisions a public cloud
with limited access. The member cloud consumers of the community typically share the
responsibility for defining and evolving the community cloud
Membership in the community does not necessarily guarantee access to or control of all
the cloud's IT resources. Parties outside the community are generally not granted
access unless allowed by the community.
Advantage:
Cost Effective:-
Community cloud offers same advantages as that of private cloud at low
cost.
Sharing Among Organizations
Community cloud provides an infrastructure to share cloud resources and
capabilities among several organizations.
Security
The community cloud is comparatively more secure than the public cloud
but less secured than the private cloud.

Disadvantage:
Costs higher than public cloud.
Fixed amount of bandwidth and data storage is shared among all community members.
19.Explain software as service and platform as service in detail with diagram
Software as a Service | SaaS:-
SaaS is a software distribution model in which applications are hosted by a cloud service
provider and made available to customers over internet. SaaS is also known as "On-Demand
Software".
In SaaS, software and associated data are centrally hosted on the cloud server. SaaS is
accessed by users using a thin client via a web browser.
Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer
1) SaaS is easy to buy
SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee, SaaS allows organizations to
access business functionality at a low cost which is less than licensed applications.
Unlike traditional software which is sold as a licensed based with an up-front cost (and
often an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers generally pricing the
applications using a subscription fee, most commonly a monthly or annually fee.
2) Less hardware required for SaaS
The software is hosted remotely, so organizations don't need to invest in additional
hardware.
3) Low Maintenance required for SaaS
Software as a service removes the necessity of installation, set-up, and often daily
unkeep and maintenance for organizations. Initial set-up cost for SaaS is typically less
than the enterprise software. SaaS vendors actually pricing their applications based on
some usage parameters, such as number of users using the application. So SaaS does
easy to monitor and automatic updates.
4) No special software or hardware versions required
All users will have the same version of software and typically access it through the web
browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing hardware and software
maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.

Disadvantages of SaaS cloud computing layer
1) Security
Actually data is stored in cloud, so security may be an issue for some users. However,
cloud computing is not more secure than in-house deployment. Learn more cloud
security.
2) Latency issue
Because the data and application are stored in cloud at a variable distance from the end
user, so there is a possibility that there may be more latency while interacting with the
application than a local deployment. So, SaaS model is not suitable for applications
whose demand response times are in milliseconds.
3) Total Dependency on Internet
Without internet connection, most SaaS applications are not usable.
4) Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult
Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow task of transferring the very large
data files over the Internet and then converting and importing them into another SaaS
also.
S is one of the layers of cloud computing platform wherein the customer organization
machines and other resources. Customers access these resources over internet i.e.
cloud computing platform, on a pay-per-use model.
easily.

infrastructure.
2) Lower risk
only.
5) Scalability
the applications.
1) Vendor lock-in
2) Data Privacy
local data.

20.Explain basic cloud computing architecture with diagram
Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the
hardware and software resources remotely. It offers online data storage,
infrastructure, and application.
Cloud computing offers platform independency, as the software is not
required to be installed locally on the PC. Hence, the Cloud Computing is
making our business applications mobile and collaborative.
21.Write a note on Web service open standard
22. List out the advantages of Cloud Computing

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