Cloud computing provides on-demand access to shared computing resources like networks, servers, storage, applications and services over the internet. It addresses challenges with conventional computing like high costs of software licensing, limited scalability and physical security issues. Cloud computing delivers resources as a service on a pay-per-use basis and provides advantages like lower costs, better service levels, rapid scalability and low maintenance requirements.

1. 1
CLOUD COMPUTING

2. Why cloud computing?

3. Challenges with conventional
Computing
There are many challenges associated with a
conventional infrastructure:
1. Software licensing and support
2. Scalability
3. Accountability
4. Modifiability
5. Physical security
6. Cost-effective management

4. How Cloud computing helps?

5. What is cloud computing?
The term ‘Cloud computing’ is defined by National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as follows:
 “Cloud computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction.
 This cloud model is composed of five essential
characteristics, three service models, and four
deployment models.”

6. What is cloud computing?
 Cloud computing is the scenario of distributed
computing, that provides large amounts of computing
and data storage capacity to its users with a promise
of increased scalability, high availability, and reduced
cost of maintenance and administration.
 Cloud computing is an on demand service in which
shared resources, information, software and other
devices are provided according to the clients
requirement at specific time over the Internet.
 It is both a combination of software and hardware
based computing resources delivered as a network
service.
 The whole Internet can be viewed as a cloud.

7. More about cloud
 It is simply plug and play mechanism of computing.
 The word “cloud computing” is not associated with any
specific technology, protocol or vendor.
 The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud
symbol that’s often used to represent the Internet in
flowchart and Diagrams.
 Previous computing trends were limited to specific user but
Cloud computing aims to be global, it provides services
ubiquitously and provides IT infrastructure to external
datacenter.
 Computing capabilities are provided in virtual environment.

8. Basic Structure of Cloud Computing

9. Structure of Cloud Computing

10. Forces Driving Cloud Computing

11. Cloud resource management

12. Cloud Services VS. Traditional Hosting
 Sold on demand, typically by minute or hour.
 Elastic, a user can have as much or as little
of a service as they want at any given time.
 Service is fully managed by the provider
 A consumer needs only a PC and Internet access.

13. Terminology used in cloud computing

14. It has three components,
1) Client computers
2) Distributed Servers
3) Datacenters
Cloud Components
14

15. Clients are the device that the end user interact with cloud.
Three types of clients:
1) Mobile
2) Thick
3) Thin (Most Popular)
A thin client is software that is primarily designed to communicate with a
server. Its features are produced by servers such as a cloud platform.
A thick client is software that implements its own features. It may
connect to servers but it remains mostly functional when disconnected.
Clients
15

16. It is collection of servers
where application is
placed and is accessed
via internet.
Datacenter
16

17. Often servers are in geographically different places, but server
acts as if they are working next to each other.
Distributed servers
17

18. The NIST cloud computing model
• Cloud resources are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms/devices (e.g., mobile phones, laptops
and personal digital assistants [PDAs]).
• Cloud computing makes sharing data between different devices
easier with data saved as one copy or multiple copies and
synchronized automatically in the "cloud” shared by all electronic
devices connected to the Internet.
18

19. Key Characteristics
 On demand service
 Shared resources
 Measured services
 Flexibility
 Pay as you go
 Simple to use
 virtualization

20. On-demand self-service
 On-demand self service enables users to use cloud
computing resources as needed without human
interaction between the user and the provider.
 A consumer can schedule the use of cloud services
such as computation and storage as needed in
addition to managing and deploying these services. So
this ease of use and elimination of human interaction
provides efficiencies and cost savings to both users
and cloud service providers.

21. Multi tenancy (shared resources)
 Cloud computing is based on a business model in
which resources are shared (i.e., multiple users use
the same resource) at the network level, host level,
and application level.
 Unlike previous computing models, which assumed
dedicated resources (i.e., computing facilities
dedicated to a single user or owner).

22. Measured service
 The amount of cloud resources used by a consumer
can be Monitored and billed automatically for usage of
that particular session.
 Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and
reported by providing transparency for both the
provider and consumer of the utilized service

23. Massive scalability
 Cloud facilitate its users massively scale bandwidth
and storage space.
 Although organizations might have hundreds or
thousands of systems, cloud computing provides the
ability to scale to tens of thousands of systems, as well
as the ability to massively scale bandwidth and
storage space.

24. Flexibility
 Use of services can be ramped up and down based on
demand.
 Users can rapidly increase and decrease their
computing resources as needed, as well as release
resources for other uses when they are no longer
required

25. Pay as you go
 Users pay for only the resources they actually use and
for only the time they require them.

26. Simple to use
 To avail the cloud services ,its users to have only the
internet connection with simple web browser
containing Desktops or PCs.

27. Reducing business risks and maintenance
expenses
 Outsource the service infrastructure to the cloud
 Service providers shift business risks (such as
hardware failures) to infrastructure providers
 Infrastructure providers have better expertise and
are better equipped for managing these risks.
 A service provider can cut down the hardware
maintenance and the staff training costs.

28. Virtualization
 The ability to run multiple operating systems
on a single physical system and share the
underlying hardware resources. This features
reduce the hardware and human resource
cost .
 Applications are decoupled from the
underlying hardware. Multiple applications
can run on one computer (virtualization a la
VMWare) or multiple computers can be used
to run one application (grid computing).

29. Self-service
• Consumers can purchase and use cloud services with
minimum interactions with the providers.
• To the consumer, the capabilities available for
provisioning and releasing cloud computing resources
often appear to be unlimited
• Cloud Services can be purchased in any quantity at
any time without any interactions with the cloud
providers.
• Similar to our purchasing books from Amazon.com.
29

30. Service models of Cloud
The service models are as follows:
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

31. Software as a Service (SaaS)
 The capability provided to the consumer is to use the
provider’s application running on a cloud
infrastructure.
 The applications are accessible from variant client
devices through a client interface such as a web
browser.
 The consumer does not manage or control the
underlying cloud infrastructure.
Examples: Salesforce.com, Google Apps.

32. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 In a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) model, the vendor
offers a development environment to application
developers, who develop applications and offer those
services through the provider’s platform. The provider
typically develops toolkits and standards for
development, and channels for distribution and
payment
Examples: force.com, Microsoft Azure, web and e-mail
hosting

33. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
 The capability provided to the consumer is to provision
processing, storage, networks and other fundamental
computing resources where the consumer is able to
deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include
operating system and application.
Examples: Amazon EC2, Rackspace

35. The deployment models
 Private cloud
 Public cloud
 Hybrid cloud
 Community Cloud

36. Private cloud
 Generally private clouds are hosted by third parties
rather than being hosted on dedicated servers.
 Private cloud is infrastructure operated solely for a
single organization, whether managed internally or by
a third-party and hosted internally or externally.
On-premises private cloud Off-premises private cloud

37. Public cloud
 A public cloud is hosted, operated, and managed by a
third-party vendor from one or more datacenters.
 The service is offered to multiple customers (the cloud
is offered to multiple tenants) over a common
infrastructure

38. Hybrid cloud
 The term “Hybrid Cloud” has been used to mean either two separate clouds
joined together (public, private, internal or external), or a combination of
virtualized cloud server instances used together with real physical
hardware.
 The most correct definition of the term “Hybrid Cloud” is probably the use of
physical hardware and virtualized cloud server instances together to provide
a single common service.

39. Community cloud
 Community cloud can be established where several
organizations have similar requirements and seek to
share infrastructure to realize some of the benefits of
cloud computing.
 With the costs spread over fewer users than a public
cloud (but more than a single tenant) this option is
more expensive but may offer a higher level of privacy,
security and/or policy compliance. Examples of
community cloud include Google’s “Gov Cloud”.

41. Benefits of Cloud Computing
 Lower costs: The cost per unit of delivering service can
be much lower for a larger provider. In addition, such
providers can take advantage of lower real estate costs,
lower power costs, etc.
 Better Service Levels: More reliable infrastructure,
availability of skilled resources 24x7, etc., can allow
cloud providers to deliver better services than a resource
constrained internal IT shop
 Rapid Start Up: On demand services allow customers to
gain nearly instant access to services, increasing speed
to value
 Lower Start Up Costs: Customers don’t need to
purchase, install, and test hardware and software.

42. Benefits.............
 Increased Utilization: Pay only for what is used.
 Shifting Cost Model: Costs are shifted from capital
expenses to operational expenses
 Scalability: Use of services can be ramped up and
down based on demand. IT doesn’t need to be built to
handle peaks.
 Transparency of Costs: Usage can easily be
metered and assigned back to users.
 Low Maintenance: Traditional, resource intensive
maintenance activities are shifted to the provider.

43. Cloud Architecture

44. Cloud Architecture
 The cloud is completely dependent on the Internet for its
functioning.
 The cloud architecture can be divided into four layers
based on the access of the cloud by the user.
 Layer 1 (User/Client Layer)
 This layer is the lowest layer in the cloud architecture.
 All the users or client belong to this layer.
 This is the place where the client/user initiates the connection to the cloud.
Thus, this layer mainly consists of client devices.
 The client can be any device such as a thin client, thick client, or mobile or
any handheld device that would support basic functionalities to access a
web application.

45. Cloud Architecture
 Layer 2 (Network Layer)
 This layer allows the users to connect to the cloud. The whole cloud
infrastructure is dependent on this connection where the services
are offered to the customers.
 This is primarily the Internet in the case of a public cloud.
 In the case of a private cloud, the connectivity may be provided by a
local area network (LAN).
 Usually, when accessing the public or private cloud, the users
require minimum bandwidth, which is sometimes defined by the
cloud providers.
 This layer does not come under the purview of service-level
agreements (SLAs), SLAs do not take into account the Internet
connection between the user and cloud for quality of service (QoS).

46. Cloud Architecture
 Layer 3 (Cloud Management Layer)
 This layer consists of softwares that are used in managing the cloud.
 The softwares can be a cloud operating system (OS), a software that acts
as an interface between the data center (actual resources) and the user, or
a management software that allows managing resources.
 These softwares usually allow resource management (scheduling,
provisioning, etc.), optimization (server consolidation, storage workload
consolidation), and internal cloud governance.
 This layer comes under the purview of SLAs, that is, the operations taking
place in this layer would affect the SLAs that are being decided upon
between the users and the service providers.
 Any delay in processing or any discrepancy in service provisioning may lead
to an SLA violation.
 As per rules, any SLA violation would result in a penalty to be given by the
service provider.
 These SLAs are for both private and public clouds Popular service providers
are Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure for public cloud.

47. Cloud Architecture
 Layer 4 (Hardware Resource Layer)
 Layer 4 consists of provisions for actual hardware resources.
 Usually, in the case of a public cloud, a data center is used in the back end.
 Similarly, in a private cloud, it can be a data center, or a high configuration
system.
 This is the most important layer that governs the SLAs. This layer affects
the SLAs most in the case of data centers.
 Whenever a user accesses the cloud, it should be available to the users as
quickly as possible and should be within the time that is defined by the
SLAs.
 If there is any discrepancy in provisioning the resources or application, the
service provider has to pay the penalty.
 Hence, the data center consists of a high-speed network connection and a
highly efficient algorithm to transfer the data from the data center to the
manager.
 There can be a number of data centers for a cloud, and similarly, a number
of clouds can share a data center.

48. Anatomy of the Cloud
Cloud structure

49. Anatomy of the Cloud
Cloud structure

50. Advantages of SaaS over Traditional
Software

51. Disadvantages of SaaS over
Traditional Software
Software

52. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING
 Mobile cloud computing (MCC) refers to the computing facility
introduced by combining three fascinating technologies together:
mobile computing, cloud computing and wireless communication.
 The emergence of MCC is followed by the explosive growth in uses
of mobile devices, especially smart phones where cloud computing
acts as a potential technology enabler for mobile services.
 The actual objective of MCC is to provide rich experience to users
by offering cutting edge applications over a variety of mobile
devices.
 The popularity of mobile devices which facilitates trouble-free
communication and instant availability of information has made them
an integral part of modern age human civilization.
 As a consequence, mobile cloud computing has emerged as an
advanced step in the process of enriching mobile computing.

53. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING
 Mobile Cloud Computing, refers to an infrastructure where both the data
storage and the data processing happen outside of the mobile device.
 Mobile cloud applications move the computing power and data storage
away from mobile phones and into the cloud, bringing applications and
mobile computing to not just smartphone users but a much broader range of
mobile subscribers.
 The emergence of ultrafast mobile networks makes it necessary to bring the
cloud domain to the mobile networking domain.
 MCC basically enables the building and hosting of mobile applications over
the cloud.
 Mobile devices usually have limited computing power and resources. The
limitations of mobile computing can be overcome by MCC.
 It will allow users to access platforms and applications provided by the
cloud through their mobile devices.
 Here, the users will no longer be restricted by the limited resources they
own. Thus, more computing-intensive mobile applications can be supported
by a larger number of devices.

54. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING

55. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING
• In mobile applications that involve image processing, natural language
processing, multimedia search, and so on, the lack of resources on the
mobile device can be handled by renting services offered by the cloud.
• Mobile devices can themselves become part of a cloud and offer their
resources for rent to other mobile devices.
• Thus, collective resources can be made available, provided that they fall
within the vicinity.
Remote cloud server offering service

56. Issues in MCC
 One major issue in MCC is the process of
handing over the jobs to the cloud.
 This greatly depends on the distance that
physically separates the cloud and the mobile
device.
 This process might incur additional costs.
 These costs also have to be taken into
consideration.
 There are many works in the literature dedicated
to the cost–benefit analysis of MCC.

57. Issues in MCC
 Another major issue that does not exist in traditional
cloud computing is the support of user mobility.
 There should be mechanisms to identify the current
location of the mobile client.
 The mobility of the users should not affect the
connectivity to the cloud.
 Energy efficiency is another aspect that requires intense
research in the context of MCC.
 Certain architectures have been proposed for MCC.
 They must take into consideration the privacy, security,
and trust issues, among other issues.

58. Advantages of MCC
Extending battery lifetime:
 As far as smartphone users are concerned, battery life is one of the
major problems.
 Though smartphones have a wide range of functionalities, the
duration of battery lifetime drastically decreases when more
workload is submitted to the smartphone.
 By offloading the execution of applications that require intensive
computation to the cloud, the battery lifetime can be improved.
Improving data storage capacity and processing power:
 Having dealt with battery lifetime, the next common issue
encountered by smartphone users is the storage capacity.
 Cloud provides a simple solution for this problem where the data can
be accessed via wireless networks.

59. Advantages of MCC
Improving reliability:
 While using cloud, the data get backed up on a number
of other devices.
 In the case of accidental loss of data, the backed up data
can be accessed.
Improving scalability:
 By using cloud, the scalability of mobile applications can
also be easily improved.

60. Service level agreements (SLAs)
 Consumers typically enter into contract with cloud providers which
describes the expected requirements of computing resource
capacity being required for their applications.
 This contract is known as service level agreements (SLAs).
 A cloud provider, after combining all such SLAs, can plan for the
total amount of physical resources they have to keep as prepared to
support all of its consumers so that those can be allocated to users
when their applications would run.
 This allocation is done dynamically by some provisioning algorithms
that map virtual machines (VMs) running end-user applications into
physical cloud infrastructure (compute nodes).
 Cloud providers estimate the resource requirements of consumers
through the SLA contract that consumers make with their providers.

61. Role of Service level agreements (SLAs)
 Both parties must understand the constraints and agree upon the limits of
resource availability.
 SLAs are used in different industries to establish a trust relationship
between service providers and consumers.
 The SLA details the service-level capabilities promised by the providers to
be delivered and requirements/expectations stated by consumers.
 These details are very important as the document establishes a legal
binding for both the parties and works as reference in any dispute.
 Organizations should engage legal experts to review the SLA document
during contract negotiation and before making the final agreement.
 Many security challenges associated with cloud computing can be
addressed through management initiatives. Thus, SLA document should
include the security issues in adequate detail.
 Strong security maintenance activities need to define the responsibilities of
both service providers and consumers in documented form.

62. SLA Managment
 There are generally multiple service level agreements a provider needs to
maintain to deliver services to consumers.
 Consider a scenario where the service provider is involved in two service
level agreements as one with the consumer and the other with the cloud
carrier.
 Since cloud carrier plays the vital roles in delivery of services, the service
provider may arrange separate SLA with the carrier to fulfill the SLA
requirements of a particular consumer.
 For instance, to fulfill the requirements of SLA with consumer (SLA1), a
provider may make an agreement (SLA2) with a cloud carrier to provide
dedicated and encrypted connection to that consumer.

63. Types of SLA
 SLA can be divided in two parts where one part assures
infrastructural service quality and the other does the
application.
 Infrastructure SLA: Infrastructure SLA deals with
infrastructure-related issues like network connectivity, server
availability, packet loss issues etc.
 For example, one Infrastructure SLA statement may state that
packet loss will not exceed 1 percent in one calendar month
or data center network availability will be at least 99.99
percent of the entire duration in one calendar month.
 Application SLA: Application SLA deals with different
performance metrics of applications to maintain the desired
quality of services.
 It may address issues like latency of web server, latency of
database server, application response time and others.

64. SLA Lifecycle
 Each SLA passes through a lifecycle consisting of a sequence of 5 phases.
1. Contract definition
2. Publishing and discovery
3. Negotiation
4. Operationalization
5. De-commissioning

65. SLA Numerical Questions

66. SLA Numerical Questions

67. SLA Numerical Questions

68. SLA Numerical Questions

69. SLA Numerical Questions

70. Cloud Economics
 Cloud economics is the study of cloud computing’s costs
and benefits and the economic principles that underpin
them.
 As a discipline, it explores key questions for businesses:
What is the return on investment (ROI) of migrating to
the cloud or switching current cloud providers?
 And what is the total cost of ownership (TCO) of a cloud
solution versus a traditional on-premises solution?
 When individual businesses understand the economics
of cloud computing, they can optimize their investments
and obtain the greatest value for their organization.

71. Economic benefits of cloud
 Cloud economics involves two primary principles: economies of
scale and global reach.
 Through economies of scale, cloud providers save organizations
money because they purchase computing resources in massive
quantities at lower costs.
 When companies utilize these shared resources, they avoid the
substantial up-front costs of purchasing their own expensive
infrastructure.
 And with a pay-as-you-go pricing model, companies pay only for the
resources they actively use, scaling up or down as needed.
 The global reach of cloud computing also brings substantial savings.

72. Economic benefits of cloud
 When servers no longer need to be housed on premises—they can be
located and accessed from anywhere in the world—companies can
dramatically reduce labor costs.
 Their IT teams no longer need to devote time to deploying and maintaining
complex hardware on site.
 By deploying consistent infrastructure and operations across IT
environments, IT teams can unlock additional operational savings, as well
as reduce complexity and IT silos.
 Beyond the tremendous efficiencies and cost savings of cloud computing,
there is another economic benefit: business agility.
 Companies that utilize cloud computing resources can deploy applications
faster and ramp up storage and computing power on demand.
 This IT agility allows businesses to respond to market changes and
customer demands more quickly, leading to faster revenue growth.

73. Making the business case for cloud
economics
 Before making the leap to cloud, businesses should analyze
the economic pros and cons in depth to get a detailed picture
of specific costs and savings.
 Will it lead to long-term savings and efficiencies?
 The answers will vary depending on the organizational needs
and circumstances and on the cloud solution being
considered.
 The goal is to avoid a cloud adoption strategy that drives up
cost, complexity and staffing resources.
 When exploring cloud economics for their company, IT and
finance managers can follow a basic process to determine
cloud computing ROI and TCO, and use those estimates to
help make their case to executives.
 The process should include these three elements:

74. Making the business case for cloud
economics
• Benchmarking: Calculate the cost of operating your current data
center, including capital costs over the equipment lifespan, labor costs
and any other maintenance and operational costs, from licenses and
software to spare parts.
• Cloud costs: Estimate the costs of the cloud infrastructure you’re
considering (public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, etc.). You’ll need
a quote from your vendor, consider ongoing fees, labor and training
costs, ongoing integration and testing of apps, as well as security and
compliance.
• Migration costs: Determine the cost to migrate IT operations to the
cloud or to switch cloud providers. These costs should include labor
and expenses to integrate and test apps.
 With hard numbers in hand, IT managers can compare the TCO of
different cloud architectures and scenarios.
 This way they can make a stronger case for the business value of cloud
adoption to the decision-makers in their organization.

75. Cloud economist
 A cloud economist is an expert in cloud economics: principles, costs,
and benefits.
 Cloud economists help businesses forecast their costs and savings
for a new cloud solution.
 A TCO business case analysis from a cloud economist can serve as
an invaluable decision-making resource.
 Engaging with a cloud economist typically begins with a customer
discovery process, in which they learn about your business
objectives and IT pain points and challenges.
 They perform financial modeling based on your real data and
industry benchmarks.
 In a final TCO and ROI presentation, they can compare cloud
solutions for you, highlighting pricing structures, costs and savings
(including capital costs versus operating costs), line-of-business
impacts, recommendations, and next steps.

76. Containerisation
 Containerization is defined as a form of operating system
virtualization, through which applications are run in isolated
user spaces called containers, all using the same shared
operating system (OS).
 Containerization is a type of virtualization at the
application level, which allows for multiple isolated user
space instances on a single kernel. These instances are
called containers.
 Containerization involves encapsulating or packaging up
software code and all its dependencies so that it can run
uniformly and consistently on any infrastructure.
 Containers provide a standard method of packaging an
application's code, runtime, system tools, system libraries,
and configurations into one instance.
 Containers share one kernel (operating system), which is
installed on the hardware.

77. Containerisation
 Containers virtualize the operating system (OS)
and can run multiple workloads on a single OS
instance, and a single server can host multiple
containers because each one is small — often
around tens of MBs in size.
 The resulting savings in hardware and
maintenance costs are just one of the key
benefits.
 Containerization allows developers to create and
deploy applications faster and more securely.
 With traditional methods, code is developed in a
specific computing environment which, when
transferred to a new location, often results in
bugs and errors.

78. Containerisation
 For example, when a developer transfers code
from a desktop computer to a virtual
machine (VM) or from a Linux to a Windows
operating system.
 Containerization eliminates this problem by
bundling the application code together with the
related configuration files, libraries, and
dependencies required for it to run.
 This single package of software or “container” is
abstracted away from the host operating system,
and hence, it stands alone and becomes
portable—able to run across any platform or
cloud, free of issues.

79. Containerisation
 Containers are often referred to as “lightweight,”
meaning they share the machine’s OS kernel and
do not require the overhead of associating an OS
within each application.
 Containers are inherently smaller in capacity than a
VM and require less start-up time, allowing far more
containers to run on the same compute capacity as
a single VM. This drives higher server efficiencies
and, in turn, reduces server and licensing costs.
 Put simply, containerization allows applications to be
“written once and run anywhere.”
 This portability is important in terms of the
development process and vendor compatibility. It
also offers other notable benefits, like fault isolation,
ease of management and security, to name a few.

80. Before Containerization: Virtual Machines
 The VM was the first way to deploy multiple applications
on a single platform and it was achieved by running
software on top of physical servers to emulate a certain
hardware system.
 A hypervisor is required to run VMs, as each VM comes
with its own operating system and hardware support
requirements.
 A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine
monitor or VMM, is software that creates and runs
virtual machines (VMs). A hypervisor allows one host
computer to support multiple guest VMs by virtually
sharing its resources, such as memory and processing.
 Additional layers required in a VM setup that tend to slow
down development time and incur more costs than
containers.

81. Virtual Machines Vs. Containers
 Containers are often compared to virtual machines (VMs) because both technologies
enable significant compute efficiencies by allowing multiple types of software (Linux-
or Windows-based) to be run in a single environment.
 However, container technology is proving to deliver significant benefits over and
above those of virtualization and is quickly becoming the technology favored by IT
professionals.

82. Virtual Machines Vs. Containers
 A virtual machine (VM) virtualizes hardware.
 A container virtualizes the operating system (OS).
 Both perform essentially the same function, but containers require much less
space and effort.
 In the world of virtualization:
• A hypervisor is required to virtualize the hardware being used. The operating
system consuming the resources needs to be duplicated, no matter if it was
disk, CPU, or memory.
 Compare that to container requirements:
• Nothing is virtualized, there is just a very thin layer around the engine on top
of the OS
• Containers are stacked up directly on the same OS.
• This eliminates the costs associated with the hypervisor and the guest
operating system.
• You can pack many more containers than you can virtual machines on the
same host, saving on hardware costs.

83. Benefits of Containerization
• Portability: A container creates an executable package of software that is
abstracted away from (not tied to or dependent upon) the host operating
system, and hence, is portable and able to run uniformly and consistently
across any platform or cloud.
• Agility: The container ecosystem has shifted to engines managed by the
Open Container Initiative (OCI). Software developers can continue using agile
or DevOps tools and processes for rapid application development and
enhancement.
• Speed: Containers are often referred to as “lightweight,” meaning they share
the machine’s operating system (OS) kernel and are not bogged down with
this extra overhead. Not only does this drive higher server efficiencies, it also
reduces server and licensing costs while speeding up start-times as there is
no operating system to boot.
• Fault isolation: Each containerized application is isolated and operates
independently of others. The failure of one container does not affect the
continued operation of any other containers. Development teams can identify
and correct any technical issues within one container without any downtime in
other containers.

84. Benefits of Containerization
• Efficiency: Software running in containerized environments shares
the machine’s OS kernel, and application layers within a container
can be shared across containers. Thus, containers are inherently
smaller in capacity than a VM and require less start-up time, allowing
far more containers to run on the same compute capacity as a single
VM. This drives higher server efficiencies, reducing server and
licensing costs.
• Ease of management: A container orchestration platform automates
the installation, scaling, and management of containerized workloads
and services. Container orchestration platforms can ease
management tasks such as scaling containerized apps, rolling out
new versions of apps, and providing monitoring, logging and
debugging, among other functions.
• Security: The isolation of applications as containers inherently
prevents the invasion of malicious code from affecting other
containers or the host system. Additionally, security permissions can
be defined to automatically block unwanted components from entering
containers or limit communications with unnecessary resources.