Tone is a normal characteristic of muscle physiology and defined as “ normal degree of vigour and tension: in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch”. Increase in tone known as hypertonocity. The problem like C.P and stroke are basically suffer hypertonicity. The orthoses help to reduce the tone is known as tone reducing orthoses. These orthosis are follows the principles of NDT mechanism and neurophysiology, so its also known as neurophysiological AFO.
presentation is about Orthosis and prosthesis. It gives Classification of Orthosis. It describes structure, function, Indication and uses of Orthosis. Also describes different types of Prostheses, their parts and function.
Tone is a normal characteristic of muscle physiology and defined as “ normal degree of vigour and tension: in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch”. Increase in tone known as hypertonocity. The problem like C.P and stroke are basically suffer hypertonicity. The orthoses help to reduce the tone is known as tone reducing orthoses. These orthosis are follows the principles of NDT mechanism and neurophysiology, so its also known as neurophysiological AFO.
presentation is about Orthosis and prosthesis. It gives Classification of Orthosis. It describes structure, function, Indication and uses of Orthosis. Also describes different types of Prostheses, their parts and function.
Prosthetic management of different levels of amputationAamirSiddiqui56
In this presentation, i have covered all the basics about levels of amputation. I have mentioned the different levels of amputation and their prosthetic management. Beneficial for those who are in the field of P & O.
Shoulder subluxation and Wilmer carrying OrthosisSmita Nayak
The patients having the problem of shoulder subluxation due to brachial plexus injury, hemiplegia or muscle weakness need a biomechanically efficient orthosis to treat the problem as well as maintain the functional position of the limb, in that case, the Wilmer carrying orthosis plays the major role by shifting the center of gravity nearer to the elbow joint that able to place the femoral head inside the acetabulum without displacing the head laterally. This orthosis is better in comparison to the conventional orthosis used for the subluxation like bobathcuff, shoulder cuff, slings, and hemislings.the design of the elbow Wilmer orthosis also varies as per the age of the patients. The design for the child case also available without a locking elbow joint but with a spring that helps the child to do different activities of daily living which enhances the growth of the child. The major problem in Erb's palsy in addition to shoulder subluxation is the associated fail elbow and wrist drop, these problems can be solved by this orthosis by modifying the design on the standard version. The lightweight feature for children which starts from 35 grams to 80 gram makes this design more comfortable and cosmetically appealing.
Prosthetic management of different levels of amputationAamirSiddiqui56
In this presentation, i have covered all the basics about levels of amputation. I have mentioned the different levels of amputation and their prosthetic management. Beneficial for those who are in the field of P & O.
Shoulder subluxation and Wilmer carrying OrthosisSmita Nayak
The patients having the problem of shoulder subluxation due to brachial plexus injury, hemiplegia or muscle weakness need a biomechanically efficient orthosis to treat the problem as well as maintain the functional position of the limb, in that case, the Wilmer carrying orthosis plays the major role by shifting the center of gravity nearer to the elbow joint that able to place the femoral head inside the acetabulum without displacing the head laterally. This orthosis is better in comparison to the conventional orthosis used for the subluxation like bobathcuff, shoulder cuff, slings, and hemislings.the design of the elbow Wilmer orthosis also varies as per the age of the patients. The design for the child case also available without a locking elbow joint but with a spring that helps the child to do different activities of daily living which enhances the growth of the child. The major problem in Erb's palsy in addition to shoulder subluxation is the associated fail elbow and wrist drop, these problems can be solved by this orthosis by modifying the design on the standard version. The lightweight feature for children which starts from 35 grams to 80 gram makes this design more comfortable and cosmetically appealing.
The investigator’s brochure (IB) is a compilation of the clinical and non clinical data on the investigational products(s) that are relevant to the study of the products in human subjects .
Its purpose is to provide the investigators and others involved in the trial with the information to facilitate their understanding of the rationale for, and many key features of the protocol, such as the dose , dose frequency/interval , methods of administration : and safety monitoring procedures .
Definition. A clinical research protocol is a document that describes the background, rationale, objectives, design, enrollment criteria, methodology, data recording requirements, statistical considerations, and organization of a clinical research study.
Here's a list of steps on how to write a research protocol:
Write a project summary. ...
Create a section for basic information. ...
Offer the rationale for your research study. ...
State the study's goals and objectives. ...
Detail the study design. ...
Define the methodology. ...
List safety considerations. ...
Create steps for the follow-up process.
Role of protocol in clinical research.
The protocol should outline the rationale for the study, its objective, the methodology used and how the data will be managed and analyzed. It should highlight how ethical issues have been considered, and, where appropriate, how gender issues are being addressed.
6677 ANMAT Regulation dated November 2010 has recently replaced previous regulations covering studies in clinical pharmacology: Clinical Trial Application Process, ANMAT Inspection Process and ANMAT`s explicit incorporation of GCP guidelines into the regulation.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Colonic and anorectal physiology with surgical implications
Clinical case presentation_BPO_Fourth year.pptx
1. Presenting Prosthetic/Orthotic case during
Clinical case presentation by BPO fourth year
students
Abhishek Tripathi, Lect. Prosth., NILD Kolkata.
Email: abhishekpo2013@gmail.com
Ref:
• AAOS atlas of orthoses and assistive devices, fourth edition
• https://cvirendovasc.springeropen.com/submission-guidelines/preparing-your-manuscript/case-report
2. Main objective and specific objective
• The main objective is to learn the art of presenting Prosthetic and Orthotic cases
• Specific objectives:
A. General Case-report format
B. Content of the clinical presentations (as per latest Syllabus, BPO)
3. A. General case report format
• Introduction/Background
• A summary on the existing literature related to the condition/disease of the
case being presented to showcase uniqueness/importance/relevance
• Case presentation/description
• Section should include a description of the patient’s relevant demographic
details, medical history, symptoms and signs, examination, treatment or
intervention, outcomes and any other significant details.
• Discussion & Conclusions
• This should state clearly the rationale for the decision made regarding
treatment plan
4. B. Content/steps of clinical case presentation
I. Introduction to the case/condition/disease/possible
interventions
I. Stating patient assessment and evaluation
II. Stating treatment goals and objectives
III. Stating Prescription for Orthoses or Prosthesis (standard
acronyms)
IV. Describing function of the device (how the device will
work?)
V. Stating justification for the design, selected material and
components (why this device is appropriate?)
VI. Treatment Recommendation (How to use)
VII. Follow-up
5. I. Patient assessment and
evaluation
International Classification of functioning
and Disability (ICF) provides a holistic
model to assesses and set goal for
individual health conditions.
A clear understanding of the patient’s
disease process is the foundation for
generating the appropriate prescription.
6. Assessment of the patient may be based on
International Classification of functioning and Disability
(ICF)
7. II. Stating treatment goal/objective
• The goal could be short/medium or long term based on type of
treatment/intervention
• ICF can again be utilized for set the goals:
• Participation related goals
• Activity related goals
• Structure and function related goals
• Prosthesis or orthosis related goals
8. III. Writing prescription
• The main body of the prescription should include details of the orthosis, starting
with the basic ISO acronyms using universal terminology.
• Each segment or component of the orthosis ideally should be described in a
preprinted menu format to avoid any concerns about illegible handwriting
• These descriptors should include generic materials specification, such as
thermoplastics, metals, or carbon fiber, and specific descriptions of joint controls
to be used.
• The range of motion or limitation at each joint should be indicated clearly on the
prescription.
• Any corrective straps, flanges, or wedges should be included for complete
specification of the desired configuration.
• Special features, such as tone-reducing contours or inversion control extensions,
should be included
• Refer to the Chapter 1; AAOS atlas of orthoses and assistive devices, fourth edition
9. IV. Describing function of the device
• The function of the device is affected by individual components, so
that individual component must be described such as:
i. Interface components :
ii. Articulating components
iii. Structural components
iv. Cosmetic components
• Refer to the Chapter 1; AAOS atlas of orthoses and assistive devices,
fourth edition
10. V. Justification/rationale for the design, selected
material and components
• Justification includes why of design, components/parts, materials
being prescribed
• It is based on
• Clinical judgement (experience),
• Knowledge of existing literature (evidence based)
• Focused on patient/parents values
11. VI. Treatment Recommendation (How to use?)
• The purpose of the device, including advantage and disadvantage
• When and how long the device should be worn
• How to put on and remove the device
• What exercises to be done in conjunction with the device
• How to determine if the device is positioned properly
• How to care and clean the device
• How to check the skin for pressure areas.
12. VII. Follow-up
• The follow-up period will depend upon many factors
• Critical cases should be closely followed (should be with in month)
• Child cases should be closely followed
• Orthotic cases should be more followed more frequently depending upon its
purpose
• Definitive prosthesis cases should be followed once a year, but a new
prosthesis should be followed with in three months for the first time, so that
to check the device condition.