This document discusses disc harrows, which are farming implements used for secondary tillage operations like breaking up soil clods and destroying weeds. It describes the different types of disc harrows including single action, double action, and offset harrows. The parts of a disc harrow like the frame, discs, arbor bolt, and scrapers are defined. Forces acting on disc harrows and factors to consider when selecting a disc harrow are also summarized.
This is the powerpoint presentation related in the course of Farm Power and Machinery on B.Sc. Agriculture. It helps all to know easily about harvesting and threshing equipments related under that course. It also helps for the students of Agricultural Enginnering.
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
This is the powerpoint presentation related in the course of Farm Power and Machinery on B.Sc. Agriculture. It helps all to know easily about harvesting and threshing equipments related under that course. It also helps for the students of Agricultural Enginnering.
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
Tillage is a piece of farm equipment used for the preparation of the soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, mixing, and overturning.
Examples of human-powered tilling techniques using hand tools include shoveling, gathering, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. The meaning of “Tillage” is the land that can be tilled.
There are various types of tillage implement like rotary tiller or rotavator, plough, harrow, cultivator, subsoiler and many more used in agriculture activity
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
These slides explains more about equipment used on sowing and planting various seeds and germinated plants with different sowing methods. Consists of drawings and real pictures for more understanding.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
The main purpose of this presentation is give knowledge and mechanism and also parts of combine harvester. When we are Agricultural engineers and then combine harvester is very important for us.
Tillage is a piece of farm equipment used for the preparation of the soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, mixing, and overturning.
Examples of human-powered tilling techniques using hand tools include shoveling, gathering, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. The meaning of “Tillage” is the land that can be tilled.
There are various types of tillage implement like rotary tiller or rotavator, plough, harrow, cultivator, subsoiler and many more used in agriculture activity
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
These slides explains more about equipment used on sowing and planting various seeds and germinated plants with different sowing methods. Consists of drawings and real pictures for more understanding.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
The main purpose of this presentation is give knowledge and mechanism and also parts of combine harvester. When we are Agricultural engineers and then combine harvester is very important for us.
Operation and management of primary and secondary tillageagriyouthnepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Choose The Right Rotavator
It is important to select the correct size rotavator for your field or garden. There is little point arranged a large rotavator for a small garden. Also, consider if you will have sufficient space to access the area. if necessary consult with an expert to ensure you choose the correct rotavator for your needs.
When To Rotavate
It is generally advised to rotavate in spring or autumn. These seasons offer softer soil and will result in more aeration than in the summer months.
Check Soil Moisture
Your soil moisture can play a large part in how successful your rotavating is. Sandy soil will rotavate in a very similar way whether dry or wet and so the moisture level is not as important.
In comparison, clay soil must be done when the moisture is favourable. if the soil is too dry it will be very hard and difficult to break apart. In contrast, when the soil is too moist the clay can stick to your rotavator cause unnecessary mess and potential damage to your requirement.
Weed Control
Weed removal is very important when rotavating. If left you will find the weed will quickly grow out of control and the seeds have been mixed throughout the soil of your entire field or garden.
Control The Rotavator Properly
When you are using your rotavator you must ensure you maintain full control of the equipment. A rotavator is a powerful piece of equipment and it can easily course damage or harm if not used properly.
Rotavate The Land In Strips
When Rotavating your land plan head, it is advised to rotavate in strips to ensure the best result. Make a few passes over each strip, and repeat the process at right angles to the original rotavated strips. Don’t dig much deeper than two or three inches deep on the first pass. You can then set the rotavator to dig deeper on each pass after that. You should rotavate offer the course of several hours.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
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The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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2. Course objectives:
To explore various agro machinery related operations such as
ploughing, harrowing, threshing etc.
To learn the working mechanisms of different agro machines.
To make the student to know about design aspects of different
agro machines.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
3. Course outcomes:
After completion of this course, a student will be able to
Distinguish between various agro operations such as ploughing,
harrowing, threshing etc.
Select and design mechanism for various agro machines
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
4. Chapter No. 3
Secondary Tillage Equipments
Tillage: Mechanical manipulation of soil which is performed in order to
obtain a seedbed of desired tilth favorable for the seed emergence and crop
growth .
Tillage operations are generally carried out before sowing or planting.
The tillage can be classified in to two main categories,
Primary tillage
Secondary tillage
Secondary tillage: To improve the seedbed by increased soil pulverization,
and to cut up crop residues, is accomplished by use of various types of
harrows.
While plowing/ploughing cuts, granulates, and inverts the soil, creating
furrows and ridges, disking breaks up clods and surface crusts.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
5. Continued..
Additionally, disking improves soil granulation and surface uniformity.
As one of the most important soil preparation practices, disking is
beneficial for provoking the weed growth and destroys already
emerged weeds.
It also assists in the important task of incorporating crop residues into
the soil.
Secondary tillage is any working completed after primary
tillage and is undertaken for
reducing clod size,
weed control,
incorporation of fertilizers and
leveling soil surface
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
6. Harrows: Harrows are used for shallow cultivation in operations such as
preparation of seedbed, covering seeds and destroying weed seedlings.
Harrows are of two types:
Disc harrow and
Blade harrow.
Disc Harrow
The disc harrow consists of a number of concave discs of 45 to 55 cm in
diameter. These discs are smaller in size than disc plough, but more
number of discs are arranged on a frame. These discs are fitted 15cm
apart on axles.
Two sets of discs are mounted on two axles. All the discs revolve
with axles. The discs cut through the soil and effectively pulverise the
clods.
A disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to till the soil where
are to be planted. It is also used to chop up unwanted weeds or crop
remainders.
harrow - दंताळे फिरवणे/
शेतातील ढेकळे िोडण्यासाठी वापरतात ते दंताळे
Cultivation - मशागत
Shallow – jaast Kaola nasaNaaro
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
7. Disc harrows are farming implements used to prepare the soil
for planting or sowing by breaking up the clods and surface crusts, thus
improving soil granulation and destroying the weeds. They consist
of concave cutting blades (disks), mounted on a common shaft, that
form a gang.
Continued..
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
8. Blade harrow: The blade harrow does not go deep in the soil
therefore, can be used for killing weeds where only shallow ploughing
desired. The width of such type of harrow varies between 38-108cm.
Continued..
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
9. Parts of disc harrow:
1. Frame; holds and supports the disc harrow
2. Disc; circular concave cutting blade made of steel. There are the two types
of discs:
Smooth edge disc; also called plain edge disc; consists of plain discs used for
normal soil conditions
Notched edge disc, also called cut-away discs or scalloped edge discs with
serrated edges; used for cutting crop residues and weeds
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
10. 3. Arbor bolt; also called gang bolt, is a long heavy steel shaft on
which discs are mounted
4. Spool or spacer; component mounted on arbor bolet between
every two discs to retain their fixed position and prevent any
movement of the disc
5. Bearings; essential for providing rotation of the gang and
regulating the thurst.
6. Scraper; removes the soil from the disks, keeping the concave
side of the disk clean, thus preventing the clogging of the discs
7. Disc gang; each group of disks mounted on a common arbor
bolt with disc spacer, bearing, and bumper; may consist of 3 to 13
discs
8. Weight box; included on the frame to provide additional weight
for increasing the penetration of the disc into the soil
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
12. Types of Disc Harrows:
There are various types of disc harrows. Regarding of the operation
mode, there are three different types of disc harrows:
Single action disc harrow: It consists of two disc gangs arranged in
opposite directions, it throws the soil in opposite directions creating
ridges and furrows.
Double action disc harrow; also called tandem disc harrow: It consists of
two or more gangs, discs from the front gangs throw the soil in one
direction, while discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite
direction.
tandem - एकापाठी एक असे दोन घोडे जोडलेली
घोडागाडी/ जोड दुचाकी (दोन सीटस दोन पेड्लस
असलेली)
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
13. Offset disc harrow: It consists of two gangs in tendem ,capable of being off
-set to either side of the centre line of pull. The soil is thrown in in both
directions, because discs of both gangs face in opposite directions. There
Harrow are usually designed for right hand off-set operation.
tandem - एकापाठी एक असे दोन घोडे जोडलेली घोडागाडी/
जोड दुचाकी (दोन सीटस दोन पेड्लस असलेली)
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
14. In regards to the disc diameter, there are three different disc harrows:
Light disc harrows; with a disc diameter of 20-30 cm
Middle disc harrows, with a disc diameter of 30-50 cm
Heavy disc harrows, with a disc diameter more than 60cm
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
15. Force acting on Disc harrow & its analysis:
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
17. Selection of Disc harrow:
Quality of Work:- After harrowing the field should have an even and level
surface with minimum number of ridges. The corner should not be left
undisced.
Implement Adjustment:-
Disc gang angle or cutting angle- An adjustment increasing gang angle improve
penetration.
Disc harrow leveling- It is used for to eliminate uneven penetration and side draft.
Depth Control- The depth at which the implement is required to work is controlled
hydraulically by raising or lowering the control lever on the tractor.
Material of Disc harrow:- Cost of (cheap) cast iron harrow is less as compared
to other material used for harrow.
Weight:- Weight of disc harrow is low so that load on tractor will reduced.
Availability:- Spares are easily available and easily interchangeable.
Maintenance Cost:- Less vibration during operation. Hence no damage to
harrow parts. Therefore maintenance cost will be less.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh