Climate Change

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Did somewhere, something wentterribly
WRONG..?
7 February 2017 Dept. Genetics And Plant Breeding

Seminar Speaker:
Manoj C A
I Ph D
PHD16AGR6022

7 February 2017 3Dept. Genetics And Plant Breeding

Diospyros celebica
(Makassar ebony)7 February 2017 6Dept. Genetics And Plant Breeding

Chlorophytumtuberosum
(Safed Musli)

Climatic Change
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A change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of
weather around longer-term average conditions.

7 February 2017 Dept. Genetics And Plant Breeding 9
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Natural Causes
• Earth naturally has a cycle of climate change
thatoccurseventually.
• Sun’s solar energy output is changing and
naturally increases Earth’s average
temperature byabout1ºCevery century.
Human Causes
• Increasing Green housegas emission
• Pollution,smogfrom factories
• Deforestation
• Increasing world population

Responses to changing climate
• Extinction
• Range shifts
• Habitat fragmentation
• Genetic differentiation
• Migration
• Phenotypic plasticity

Extinction Range shifts
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Plant distributions leaning upslope

Habitat fragmentation
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Extinction
The process by which
habitat loss results in the division
of large, continuous habitats into
smaller, more isolated remnants.
The interaction of rapid climate change
and habitat fragmentation within populations
leading to a range-wide increase in extinction risk.
This can occur in the absence of habitat
fragmentation if climate change occurs at a rate
faster than the maximum rate of gene ﬂow between
populations.

“Unchecked climate change will result in 20% increase in
malnourished children by 2050,”

PREDICTED CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE
Direct effect on
cropgrowth
•Physiology
•Morphology
Indirect effects
•Soil Fertility
•Irrigation availability
•Pest
•Flood & droughts
Socio economic
•Policy
•Trade
•Farmer’s
response
Human interventions
Adaptation strategies
Mitigation strategies
Agricultural Production &
vulnerability
CLIMATE CHANGE
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What about plants? How they respond to
change
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While animal species can move to
new environments, vegetation apparently
prefers to adapt its genetic code to face
challenges.
All organisms are expected to have
some intrinsic capacity to adapt to
changing conditions; this may be via
ecological (i.e. physiological and/or
behavioral plasticity) or evolutionary
adaptation (i.e. through natural selection
acting on quantitative traits).

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Capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a disturbance
by resisting damage and recovering quickly.
Holling 1973
Propensity of a system to retain its organizational structure and productivity
following a perturbation
Resilience……?

Resources for running
(Genetic diversity)
Global Safety Backup
Svalbard Global Seed Vault
O.minutaO.
alta
O.ridleyiO.officinalis
O.brachyanta O.longistaminataO.rufipogon
Crop wild relatives
 Gene banks (static source)
 Need ongoing support
 Crop wild relatives (dynamic source)
 Need to be collected, evaluated, used in
breeding programmes
 Information
 Needs to be shared
 Diversification
 Needs to be promoted at genetic, species and
landscape level

Strategies…!
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1. Crop Diversification
Rational and cost-effective method.
Provide link between stress and resilience.
Improve resilience in a variety in 2 ways:
1. Greater ability to suppress pest outbreaks
2. Buffering capacity of crop to greater climate variability
and extreme events.
Enhances ecosystem function because different genotypes
perform slightly different roles

Contd..,
This concept is linked to the Insurance hypothesis (Yachi and
Loreau 1999).
levels of diversification:
A) Within-crop scale - Using a mixture of crop varieties
that have different plant heights.
B) landscape scale- Integrating multiple production
systems, like mixing agro forestry management with
cropping (Altieri 1999, Gurr et al. 2003).

Glutinous or `sticky' rice varieties:
Huangkenuo
Zinuo
Non-Glutinous or Hybrids: 98% area sown before 1998
Shanyuo22
Shanyuo63
Experimental system
Magnaporthe grisea
Site -Yunnan Province, China.

In 1998 - four different mixtures of varieties
812 ha
only one foliar fungicide spray
In 1999 - 3,342 ha
no foliar fungicide applications
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Methodology

Planting arrangements

Results
Panicle blast severity on
the glutinous varieties 20%
in monocultures, reduced
to 1% in mixed
populations.
89% greater yield of
susceptible varieties
planted in mixture than
monoculture.
Land equivalent ratio :
1.18 : 1

Crop heterogeneity is a possible solution to the vulnerability
of monoculture crops to disease.
Observation indicated that genetic heterogeneity provides
greater disease suppression when used over large areas.
Results support the view that intraspecific crop
diversification provides an ecological approach to disease
control that can be highly effective and contribute to the
sustainability of crop production.
Conclusion

 Donald in 1968.
 aims to modify plant
architecture to increase the yield
potential.
 A valuable approach for breeding
under climatic change with model
characteristics .
2. Ideotype Breeding

Why..?
An optimized crop ideotype will make a minimum demand on
resources per unit of dry matter produced.
Ideotypes should be developed to include protection against
adverse conditions such as heat, cold, salinity, and drought.
Helps plant breeders as a blueprint of the characteristics of high
yielding cultivars in specified environments.

Proposed Ideotype model for Aerobic Rice
The ideal aerobic rice cultivar must combine with the better yield
performance of low land condition and better drought
performance in upland condition and desirable traits
Physiological traits
• Chlorophyll content
• Relative water content of leaves
• Osmotic adjustment
• Seedling vigor
• Scavenging enzymes
Root traits
• Maximum root length
• Root volume
• Root thickness

Rice varieties require some adjustment of membrane and
enzymatic properties for cool and drought environments as
it is sensitive to low temperature and water supply.
Japonica varieties grow well in cool environments, are
characterized by low stomata frequency and produce dense,
thick leaves (Yoshida and Ono, 1978).
Incorporation of these characteristics in new varieties would
provide: - drought resistance (fewer stomata, increased
cuticular resistance)
(Parthasarathi et al., 2012).
Contd…,

Reduced tillers (9–10 for transplanted conditions)
200–250 grains per panicle
Dark green and erect leaves
Vigorous and deep root system
Multiple disease and insect resistance
Higher harvest index
NPT by IRRI with following characteristics
(Sharma et al., 2013).

Green Super Rice
(Zhang et al., 2007)

An ideotype for climate change is the combination of
traits (genes) that confers the crop a satisfying
adaptation to climate variability and extreme events
in specific environments and under specific cropping
systems
Conclusion

3. Mutation breeding
Purpose : To enhance mutation rate in a short duration
By in vitro selection, desirable mutants with useful traits, e.g.
abiotic and biotic stress tolerant can be isolated in a short period
of time.
Useful as a reliable tool for feeding the ever-growing human
population
Induced by physical (e.g. gamma radiation) and chemical
(e.g. ethylmethane sulfonate) mutagen

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Desirable to increase the genetic variability by combining
mutagenesis and tissue culture.
Benefits:
a) Mutagen treatment can be given to large No. of cells or
protoplast.
b) Fast multiplication of mutant plant material
c) In vitro selection of mutant
d) Less space required for shoot multiplication under the controlled
conditions.
In vitro Mutagenesis

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• Black Sigatoka disease in
banana caused by
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
• Shoot tips of susceptible
‘Grande Naine’ of banana are
irradiated with gamma rays
with LD50 value 40 Gy

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Results
• From a population of 4000 M1V4 plants derived from gamma
irradiated 15 plants were selected for their tolerance to Juglone
(5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone)
Tolerant Grande Naine Susceptible Grande Naine

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Induced mutations are necessary to enhance rate of genetic
variability .
A combination of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis
would be a realistic approach for mutation induction and
multiplication of mutant plants in large numbers.
In vitro selection shortens the time for the selection of a
desirable trait under the selection pressure and should
complement the field conditions.
Conclusion

4. MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION
 Selection of a genotype carrying a desirable gene or gene
combination via linked markers is called MAS.
Different MAS strategies are used depending on the specific types
of traits and breeding programs (Xu et al., 2012).

Marker-assisted backcrossing
(MABC)
Marker Assisted Back Cross transfer favorable traits from donor
into elite (recurrent) while selecting against donor
introgressions across the rest of the genome
Incorporating genes/QTLs into ‘mega varieties’
Utilize DNA markers for backcrossing gives greater efficiency.

P1 x F1
P1 x P2
CONVENTIONAL BACKCROSSING
BC1
VISUAL SELECTION OF BC1 PLANTS THAT MOST CLOSELY
RESEMBLE RECURRENT PARENT
BC2
MARKER-ASSISTED BACKCROSSING
P1 x F1
P1 x P2
BC1
USE ‘BACKGROUND’ MARKERS TO SELECT PLANTS THAT HAVE
MOST RP MARKERS AND SMALLEST % OF DONOR GENOME
BC2

 Submergence stress regularly affects 15 mha of lowland rice
areas in South and Southeast Asia.
 A major QTL on chromosome 9, Sub1, has provided the
opportunity to apply marker assisted backcrossing (MAB)
to develop submergence tolerant versions of rice
cultivars that are widely grown in the region.
 IRRI initiated a program to introduce the Sub1A gene into five
mega varieties (Swarna, Samba Mahsuri, BR11, IR64 and
CR1009) of South Asia.

Backcrosses between a submergence tolerant donor and the
widely grown recurrent parent Swarna.
By the BC2F2 generation a submergence tolerant plant was
identified that possessed Swarna type simple sequence
repeat (SSR) alleles on all fragments analyzed except the tip
segment of rice chromosome 9 that possessed the Sub1 locus.
A BC3F2 plant was identified that was homozygous for all Swarna
type alleles except for an approximately 2.3–3.4 Mb region
surrounding the Sub1 locus.
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Methodology

Methodology
Swarna
Popular variety
X
IR49830
Sub1 donor
F1

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Test were conducted at IRRI under complete submergence for ≥17
days.
In these experiments, the Sub1 introgression lines showed excellent
survival and yield performance.
Testing

Performance of Swarna and Swarna-Sub1 in farmers’ field after 5 days of complete
submergence in Bihar.
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Contd..,

Table 1 : Submergence tolerance of Swarna-Sub1 (BC2 progeny) compared
to that of the donors FR13A and IR49830-7, recipient variety Swarna, susceptible
check IR42, and several widely grown cultivars

Yield of Samba Mahsuri and Samba Mahsuri Sub1 under different durations of submergence
in farmers’ fields in Uttar Pradesh, India, during kharif 2010.
Singh et al. (2013)
Success...
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Conclusion
The results showed that the mega variety Swarna could be
efficiently converted to a submergence tolerant variety in three
backcross generations, involving a time of two to three years.
This approach demonstrates the effective use of marker assisted
selection for breeding under rapid climatic change situation
for specific regions

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5. Participatory Plant Breeding
“Participatory plant breeding (PPB) is when farmers are
involved in a plant breeding programmes with opportunities
to make decisions at different stages during the process.”
The main aim of the PPB initiative is to
establish cooperative and complementary
relations between the formal seed system
and farmers’ seed systems.

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Participatory plant breeding, has the capability of increasing
agricultural production at farm level by exploiting specific
adaptation.
Participatory plant breeding, integrated with evolutionary plant
breeding, should be the model of plant breeding programs
Through mother trails and baby trails.
(Yiching Song and Jingsong Li , 2011)
Contd..,

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 PPB action research has been carried out for the past 10 years in the
3 SW provinces of China by local farmer groups and breeding
institutions.
 Information sources: Surveys
Interviews
Group discussions
Analyzed the impacts of climate change
Contd..,

Research action
 Trails in six villages and at GMRI (Guangxi maize research
station)
 Trials at the research station and in villages include
a. landraces,
b. open-pollinated varieties,
c. waxy maize varieties, and
d. varieties introduced by CIMMYT.
 Team seeks knowledge and expertise from formally trained
plant breeders.
Crossing techniques
Selection process
De- tasselling

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Results
Features Project Villages Non Project
Villages
Income 30% more than non
project villages
Natural resources
enhancement
more less
Average labour
age
44 50
Group activities
and external link
More confident less
Women
participation
As models Less involvement

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Success stories

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