The document explains key concepts of climate and weather, highlighting the distinctions between them, and outlines India's monsoon climate characterized by significant regional variations in temperature and precipitation. It discusses climatic controls such as latitude, altitude, and relief features that affect weather patterns and emphasizes the role of ocean currents and wind systems. Additionally, it addresses factors influencing building designs in different climatic regions of India.

1. CLIMATE
PART 1

2. LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Define weather and Climate
Define
Identify the heat zones of the Earth
Identify
Explain the regional variations in climatic condition in
India.
Explain
Examine the climatic controls of the world and the
factors affecting climate in India.
Examine
Explain the pressure and wind system in India with
the help of map and videos.
Explain

3. CLIMATE & WEATHER
• Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long
period of time (more than thirty years).
• Weather refers to the state of the atmosphereover an area at any point of time. The elements
of weather and climate are the same, i.e. temperature, atmosphericpressure, wind, humidity
and precipitation.

4. Heat zones
of the Earth

5. CLIMATIC ZONES
OF THE WORLD

6. WHAT TYPE OF
CLIMATE IN INDIA?
The climate of India is
described as the
‘monsoon’ type. In Asia,
this type of climate is
found mainly in the south
and the southeast.

7. Regional variations in climatic
conditions within the country.
PRECIPITATION TEMPERATURE

8. TEMPERATURE
• In summer, the mercury occasionally touches 50°C in
some parts of the Rajasthan desert, whereas it may be
around 20°C in Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir.
• On a winter night, temperature at Drass in Jammu and
Kashmir may be as low as minus 45°C.
Thiruvananthapuram, on the other hand, may have a
temperature of 22°C.
• In general, coastal areas experience less contrasts in
temperature conditions. Seasonal contrasts are more
in the interior of the country.

9. PRECIPITATION
• Precipitation is mostly in the form of snowfall in the
upper parts of Himalayas, it rains over the rest of the
country.
• The annual precipitation varies from over 400 cm in
Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh and western
Rajasthan.
• Most parts of the country receive rainfall from June to
September.
• But some parts like the Tamil Nadu coast gets a large
portion of its rain during October and November.

10. PRECIPITATION

11. INDIA –
CLIMATIC
REGIONS

12. • Why the houses in
Rajasthan have thick
walls and flat roofs?
• Why is it that the
houses in the Tarai
region and in Goa and
Mangalore have sloping
roofs?
• Why houses in Assam
are built on stilts?

13. CLIMATIC
CONTROLS
Latitude
Altitude
Distance from the sea (continentality)
Relief features
Ocean currents and
Pressure and wind system

14. LATITUDE

15. LATITUDE
• Due to the curvature of the
earth, the amountof solar
energy received varies
according to latitude.
• As a result, air temperature
generallydecreases from the
equator towards the poles.
• India’s climate has
characteristics of tropical as
well as subtropical climates.

16. ALTITUDE
• As one goes from the surface of the earth to
higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes
less dense and temperature decreases.
• The hills are therefore cooler during
summers.

17. DISTANCE FROM
THE SEA
• As the distancefrom the
sea increases, its
moderating influence
decreases and the people
experience extreme
weather conditions.
• This condition is known as
continentality (i.e. very
hot during summers and
very cold during winters).

19. RELIEF
FEATURES
• High mountains act as barriers for cold or hot
winds; they may also cause precipitation if they
are high enough and lie in the path of rain-bearing
winds.
• The leeward side of mountains remains relatively
dry.

20. RELIEF FEATURES

21. OCEAN CURRENTS
https://youtu.be/EvT
ZT2ixQKk
• Ocean currents along with
onshorewinds affect the
climate of the coastal
areas, For example,any
coastal area with warm or
cold currents flowing past
it, will be warmed or
cooled if the winds are
onshore.

22. TO REMEMBER
• Hot air rises up
• Cold air sinks
• Equator (hot)– High
temperature & Low pressure
– receives more rainfall
• SUMMER – High temp/Low
Pressure
• WINTER – Low temp/High
Pressure
• Wind always move from high
pressure to low pressure
region.

23. CORIOLIS FORCE
https://youtu.be/bFp
3Q7LivJA
• Coriolis force: An apparent force
caused by the earth’s rotation.
• The Coriolis force is responsible
for deflecting winds towards the
right in the northern
hemisphereand towards the left
in the southernhemisphere.
This is also known as ‘Ferrel’s
Law’.
https://youtu.be/OvAIozhNZnE

24. WHAT
CAUSES
SEASONS?

25. Check your
progress 1
1. Define climate.
2. Define weather.
3. What is the climate of India?
4. Define the term 'Monsoon'.
5. Why are hills cooler even during summer
season?
6. __________________________ is
responsiblefor deflecting winds towards Right
in the Northern hemisphereand towards
the left in the Southernhemisphere.
7. Why HimalayanMountain Range is said to be
a relief feature?