The document explains the structure of clauses, including independent and dependent clauses, and how they function within sentences. It provides definitions and examples of simple, compound, and complex sentences, detailing how clauses can be joined by conjunctions. Additionally, it covers the role of subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns in forming complex sentence structures.

1. A clause is a group of words that:
 Contains a subject and a verb.
 Functions as one part of speech.
Ali has a golden chain.
 Ali has a chain which is made of gold.
 James gained weight when he stopped
running.
Independent/ Main/ Principal clause: Can stand alone as a
complete sentence.
Dependent/ Subordinate clause: It depends upon main clause
for its meaning or it doesn’t convey complete thought.

2.  We will set out when the sun rises.
 James ran inside when the rain started.
 I brush my teeth before I go to bed.
 You may sit wherever you like.
 Sarah lives where I was born.
 Tahir walks like he is late.
 Ali qualified the test because he worked hard.
 She will wait here until the rain stops.
 He ran so fast that I failed to catch him.
( Subordinating conjunctions join subordinate clause
to main clause e.g., after, although, if, since,
unless, that, when, because, as, where, while etc.

3.  A boy who went to my college got the prize.
 Tahir gave me the pen which he bought in
Karachi.
 Aasif has a friend whose daughter lives in
Lahore.
 Here is the phone that you lent me.
 The house that I live in belongs to my uncle.
 This is the place where he was buried.
 Sarah remembered the moments when she
was with her friend.
(relative pronouns and adverbs)

4. (To find NP just replace it with pronoun)
 I don’t understand what you're telling about.
 How the boy behaved was not very polite.
 Do you know what time it is?
 Thief knows where the treasure is.
 I saw how the accident happened.
 She hopes that she will buy a phone.
 I believe that he is innocent.
(that-clause is the object of the verbs hope and
believe)

5. A simple sentence consists of one independent
clause.
 I want to eat an apple.
 He likes sweet things but prefer spicy dishes.
 Alina works at library.
(s) (v)

6. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent
clauses joined together by a conjunction, coma or semicolon.
 I like tea and Sarah adores coffee.
 Karen doesn’t eat oranges, but she likes mangoes.
 Only two things are infinite, the universe and human
stupidity, and I’m not sure about the former.
 I agree to your proposals, for I think them reasonable.
 Your arguments are weighty; still they do not convince me.
 Govern your passions or they will govern you.
 He cannot speak, nor can he write.
 Tahir is rich, yet he is not happy.
 He is diligent, therefore he will succeed.
 He is unwell, so he cannot attend the meeting.
( a coordinating conjunction joins two main clauses)

7. A complex sentence consists of one Main Clause and one or
more Subordinate Clauses. (They are joined together by
subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns)
 Students missed their class because they were late.
 Ali and Aasif failed although they studied.
 Alina met Sarah when she was at school.
 No country can really develop unless its citizens are
educated.
 If I got the award, I would buy a new car.
 He came oftener than we expected.
 As the police reached the bank, the robbers fled that place.
 Whatever you do, do well.
 The college in which I studied is very large.
 Ali is the boy who scored highest marks in the class.
 Eco-friendly cars that run on electricity help the environment.

8. It consists of at least two independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses. ( Coordinating conjunctions join two main
clauses)
 James didn’t come to college because he was ill, so Jack
wasn’t happy.
 My mother left in a hurry after she got a phone call, but she
came back five minutes later.
 Tahir is twelve years old, but he cannot write because he
doesn’t practice.
 Life is a tragedy and we are puppets which few people
understand.