grammer

1. Grammer and syntax
PRESENTED BY:
MINAHIL ALI
MALAIKA JAFFERI
SUNAINA MANZAR
KOMAL SHEHZADI
PRESENTED TO:
MAM SHAZIA

2. Clause
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, and it can express a
complete thought or idea. There are two main types of clauses: independent clauses
and dependent clauses.

3. Independent Clause:
 An independent clause, also known as a
main clause, can stand alone as a
complete sentence because it expresses a
complete thought.
 Example: "She went to the store."
Dependent Clause:
 A dependent clause, also known as a
subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a
complete sentence because it does not express a
complete thought. It relies on an independent
clause to make sense.
 Example: "Because she was out of milk," (This
clause doesn't express a complete thought and
depends on the rest of the sentence.)

4. Dependent clauses
Noun Clauses:
These clauses function as nouns within a sentence.
Example:
"What she said was important.
"Adjective Clauses(Relative Clauses):
These clauses modify nouns in a sentence.
Example:
"The book that I bought is interesting.
"Adverb Clauses:
These clauses modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs and provide information about how, when, where, why, or
to what extent an action occurred.
Example:
"He ran because he was late.“

5. Clause and sentence
A sentence is a complete grammatical unit that typically contains a subject, a verb, and conveys a
complete thought. For example, "She is reading a book. A clause sentence is a sentence that contains
at least one clause. A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb. It can express a
complete thought or be part of a larger sentence. Clauses can be independent (can stand alone as a
sentence) or dependent (cannot stand alone as a sentence). Understanding how to use and combine
clauses is important for constructing clear and effective sentences.

6. example of a clause sentence. "I went to the park" is a clause sentence
because it contains an independent clause ("I went to the park") that
expresses a complete thought. Another example is "Although it was
raining, she still went for a run." This sentence contains a dependent
clause ("Although it was raining") and an independent clause ("she still
went for a run"). Clauses can be combined to create various types of
sentence structures.

7. Main Clause (Independent
Clause)
A main clause is a group of words that can stand alone as a complete sentence. It
contains a subject (who or what the sentence is about) and a predicate (what the
subject is doing or what's happening to it).Example: "She went to the store." In this
sentence, "She went to the store" is a main clause because it can stand alone as a
complete thought

8. Subordinate Clause (Dependent
Clause)
A subordinate clause, on the other hand, cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
It relies on the main clause to give it meaning .It also contains a subject and a
predicate, but it's not a complete thought and needs the main clause to make sense.
Example: "Because she was out of milk, she went to the store." In this sentence,
"Because she was out of milk" is a subordinate clause. It can't stand alone as a
complete thought and relies on the main clause, "she went to the store," to make
sense.

9. Clause constructions
Clause constructions are shortened versions of clauses where
two words are combined into one by dropping some letters and
replacing them with an apostrophe. These constructions are
commonly used in spoken and informal written English. Here
are some examples of clause constructions in different
grammatical functions

10. 1.Verb construction: - "I am" becomes "I'm": I'm going to the store.
- "It is" becomes "It's": It's raining outside. - "He has" becomes "He's": He's finished his
homework.
2. Auxiliary Verb construction: - "I have" becomes "I've": I've seen that movie before. -
"She is" becomes "She's": She's working late tonight. - "They will" becomes "They'll":
They'll be here soon.
3. Pronoun construction: - "You are" becomes "You're": You're doing a great job. - "We
will" becomes "We'll": We'll see you tomorrow. - "They are" becomes "They're": They're
going on vacation.

11. 4. Negative construction: - "Cannot" becomes "Can't": I can't go to the party
tonight. - "Do not" becomes "Don't": Don't forget to turn off the lights. - "Does
not" becomes "Doesn't": He doesn't like chocolate.
5. Noun constructions: - "That is" becomes "That's": That's my car over
there. - "There is" becomes "There's": There's a problem with the computer. -
"Who will" becomes "Who'll": Who'll be attending the meeting?

12. THANK YOU