it is useful for those who are learning English language. it is specially helpful for high school students.

2. There are two ways to convey a message of a
person, or the words spoken by a person to
other person.
speech
Direct speech Indirect speech

4. In direct speech the original
words of person are narrated.
No change is made.
It is original quotation of a
talk.
It is always placed between
two quotation marks
It is always preceded by capital
letter
He said: “I am
handsome.”

5. In reported speech some
changes are made in original
words of the person because
these words have been uttered
in past so the tense will change
accordingly and pronoun may
also change accordingly.
Tense may change
Pronoun may also change
He said that he
was handsome

7. Is/Am Was
Are Were
Have/Has Had
Was/Were Had been
Will/Shall Would
May Might
This That
These Those
Now Then
Here There

8. Before Ago
So Thus
Hence Thence
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The last day
Next day The following day
Last day The previous day

9. I She / He
You She/He/They
We They
Me Her/ His
You Her/His/Them
Us Them
My His / Her
Your Her/His/Then
Our Their

10. Simple present Simple past
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect
continuous
Past perfect
continuous
Simple past Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect
continuous
Past perfect Past perfect
continuous
Past perfect
continuous
Past perfect
continuous

11. Statement That
Imperative To, not to
Begin the imperative
sentence with
“please”
Requested + to
Yes/no question If/Whether
W/H question What, when,
How etc.
Order Told + to

12. Simple present
He said:”I am happy”
Simple past
He said that he was
happy
Present continuous
He said:”I am playing
with my brother
Past continuous
He said that he was
playing with his
brother
Present perfect
She said:”I have waited
here for a long time”
Past perfect
She said that she had
waited there for a long
time
Present perfect
continuous
Arun said:”I have been
working here for two
years”
Past perfect
continuous
Arun said that he had
been working there for
two years

13. Simple past
Aysha said:”I
completed my work”
Past perfect
Aysha said that she had
completed her work
Past continuous
They said:”They were
playing cricket when
the accident occured”
Past perfect continuous
They said that they had
been playing cricket
when the accident had
occured
Past perfect
John said:”She had
slept when i reached
home”
Past perfect continuous
John said that she had
been sleeping when he
had reached home
Past perfect continuous
He said:”He had been
playing chess when his
friend called him”
Past perfect continuous
He said that he had been
playing chess when his
friend had called him

14. Simple future
(will+verb)
She said:”I will
pass the exam”
Conditional
(would+verb)
She said that she
would pass the exam
“I can do it” He said that he could
do it
“may i go out” She wanted to know
if she might go out
“She must
apply for the
job”
He said that she
must/had to apply
for the job

15. W/H question “why don’t you
come
yesterday”
He asked me
why I didn’t
come yesterday
Yes/No
Question
“Do you write
poems”
She asked me
whether/if I
wrote poems

16. “Please help me” She requested me to
help her
“Please don’t
smoke”
He requested me not
to smoke
“could you bring
my book tonight”
She asked me to
bring her book that
night
“Could you pass
the milk, please?
He requested me to
pass the milk
“Would you mind
coming early
tomorrow?”
She asked me to
come early the next
day

17. “Go to bed!” He told the child to
go to bed
“Don’t worry!” She told him not to
worry
“Be on time!” She told me to be
on time
“Don’t smoke!” He told us not to
smoke