Qualitative And Quantitative Approach To Research Questions

Qualitative And Quantitative Approach To Research Questions
Introduction This essay critically analyses the utilization of different research approaches when
answering a clinical question. The assigned clinical issue discussed in this essay is the mandated
nurse–to–patient ratios in Queensland hospitals will improve patient outcomes. Comparison
between quantitative and qualitative approaches to research Seeking evidence for interventions and
for a variety of activities are processes which health professionals go through on a regular basis.
Both quantitative and qualitative approaches to research play a vital role in evidence–based practice
(Hoffmann, Bennett, & Del Mar, 2017). Similarities between the quantitative and qualitative
approach to research according to Trafimow (2014) is that both are seeking an answer to a clinical
question, both analyse data, and findings from the research are reflected upon for their implication
towards science, technology, and society. Watson (2015) states that quantitative researches are
composed of a range of methods which focus on the systematic investigation of a clinical question
through the use of statistics or numerical data. Quantitative researches are comprised of objective
data, measurable results, and the findings from the research are generalised to similar groups
(Claydon, 2015). Cumming (2013) further elaborates that quantitative researches also require large
sample sizes as this eliminates errors and improves the precision of the research. On the contrary,
qualitative researches are
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The Qualitative Methodology Of Research Essay
The qualitative methodology of this research can be considered appropriate, as the researchers have
explained about the participants subjective experiences throughout the article in different sections
such as data collection and analysis, experience of healthcare and effects of the illness, experience of
spiritual needs and variation over the course of the illness, spiritual help/support, developing
spiritual support guidelines and services, conclusions and implications for the nurse managers.
The research design seemed appropriate to address the aims of the research as sampling, data
collection and analysis was carried out on the basis of qualitative research method.
Although the researcher fails to clearly state which type of sampling was used in the research,
however from observation it has been assumed that purposive sampling was used which was
considered appropriate for this type of study. Purposive sampling is the type of sampling where
participants are usually recruited to a study because of their exposure to or their experience of the
phenomenon in question, which tends to ensure richness in the data, gathered (Borbasi and Jackson
2012, p.135). The researcher has not been able to give reason behind some participants not taking
part as out of 26 patients accepting the information about the study 17 agreed to participate. One
died before the first interview leaving with a sample of 16 patients, which can be considered
appropriate sample size as qualitative samples are

Using Focus Groups In Qualitative Research
In today's society, at risk youths often face challenges when reaching out to adults regarding their
personal situations, especially when it comes to them wanting someone to understand their own
perspectives. Therefore, it is important as a researcher to understand the different procedures to
research, especially when selecting an appropriate method to investigate a problem a community
faces, such as with studying youths. As a result, a researcher must follow the rule of thumb when
designing their methods to avoid ethical issues in qualitative research as well as exploring different
options to allow youths to open up to an adult researcher. However, when considering this problem,
the main goal for a researcher is to investigate what youths ... Show more content on
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In order to understand how this method can be used in this study, then it first must be explained.
According to the text, Making Sense of the Social World, focus groups are considered as, "a
qualitative method that involves unstructured group interviews in which the focus group leader
actively encourages discussion among participants on the topics of interest" (Chambliss & Schutt,
2016, p. 220). Often times young adults are more open when around others of their own age, this is
the main reason I selected this method because an at–risk youth is going to be more comfortable
answering questions and sharing their opinions when around a group that shares similar
characteristics or life situations compared to just a one–on–one conversation between them and a
researcher or amongst strangers. However, with this method there are also strengths and weaknesses
when using this method. The major strengths to focus groups are: they can save time and money
compared to other methods, they provide participants the opportunity to explain their viewpoints, it
allows for participants to be more open and give clarification on their personal and group
perceptions, and they provide for a broad range of information and data to be collected from the
sample. The disadvantages to focus groups are: they are hard to manage among a large group, there
can be disagreements or unnecessary conversations among participants that might take away from
the main questions being asked, and not everyone might what to participate or feel intimidated. Not
only are their strengths and weaknesses, but also there is also ethical concerns because it is an open
group setting compared to other methods. Therefore, the main ethical concern with focus groups is
that a researcher has disclosed participants' identities to each other, which can be a concern
particularly if there are sensitive topics being discussed among one

Different Methods Of Qualitative Research
This essay will look at the qualitative approaches to research and look into more detail at the main
traditions and theoretical approaches to qualitative research, the main research methods associated
with qualitative research; and the main criticisms that are frequently levelled at qualitative research.
There are many different definitions of qualitative research; one definition that defines it well is; "a
means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or
human problem. The process of research involves emerging questions and procedures, data typically
collected in the participant's setting." (Creswell, J. 2009)
There are many different methods of qualitative research and the approaches used include narrative,
phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and case study. The narrative approach retells a
person's story across time; it explores what the story means and the lessons to be learnt from it. The
goal of phenomenological research is to describe participants' experiences in a specific context and
understand a phenomenon.
Grounded theory research looks at a process, an action or an interaction with the goal of developing
a theory. The researcher attempts to derive a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or
interaction grounded in the views of participants in a study. This process involves using multiple
stages of data collection and the refinement and interrelationship of categories of information
(Strauss & Corbin,

Selcting an Approach for a Qualitative Research Plan Essay
Selecting an Approach for a Qualitative Research Plan
Creswell (2013) contends that "we need to identify our approach to qualitative inquiry in order to
present it as a sophisticated study, to offer it as a specific type so that reviewers can properly assess
it, and...to offer some way of organizing ideas that can be grounded in the scholarly literature of
qualitative research" (p. 69). Although I believe all three arguments cited by the author are
important, this week's readings and discussion emphasized the third reason in particular. Indeed,
reviewing the five approaches provided me with ideas regarding how to investigate and explore the
topic. Although I am still struggling with some of the details and aspects, a rough framework is ...
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Through interviews and extensive data analysis the phenomenological study will aim to summarize
"what the individuals have experienced and how they have experienced it" to arrive at the essence of
the issue under investigation (Moustakas, 1994 as cited by Creswell, 2013, p. 79). Given the issue,
transcendental phenomenology appears to be a desirable approach to gain a better understanding of
the issue due to "bracketing" and its aim at perceiving a phenomenon new, fresh, and "for the first
time" (Creswell, 2013, p. 80).
Conducting a case study appears equally appropriate. Since case studies consist of "qualitative
approaches in which the investigator explores a real–life, contemporary bounded system or multiple
systems over time, through detailed, in–depth data collection involving multiple sources of
information, and reports a case description and case themes" one could emphasize the changes in
democratic participation as well as the motivators (Creswell, 2013, p. 97). Furthermore, case studies
provide a wide array of approaches, including both quantitative and qualitative elements as well as
explanatory, exploratory, and descriptive directions that could be used to investigate the proposed
question (Creswell, 2013). Case selection would be purposeful, probably focusing on one to five
NGOs engaging with the government to influence public policy and the people involved with the
same.

Qualitative Research Methods
COURSE | : | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS AND APPROACHES | COURSE CODE |
: | BIR6024 | CREDIT | : | 4 | SLT | : | 160 hours | PREREQUISITE | : | GRU6014 | SEMESTER | : |
First / Second | LEARNING OUTCOMES | : | 1. Use qualitative research methods and approaches
in collecting and analyzing data. 2. Conduct qualitative research methods in education. 3. Critical in
evaluating research reports. 4. Demonstrate ethical practices in collecting and analyzing data. |
SYNOPSISLECTURERS' DETAILS : | :: | The course exposes students to the techniques for
collecting, analyzing and interpreting qualitative data. The course will operate on two inter–related
dimensions, one focused on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
http://qix.sagepub.com/content/16/10/837.
Wood, L.A. & Kroger, R.O. (2000). Doing Discourse Analysis: Methods for Studying
Action in Talk and Text. Sage Publications: London.
Young, L. & Fitzgerald, B. (2006). The Power of Language: How Discourse Influences
Society. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd.
Assessments:
1. Assignment 1 (20%) 2. Assignment 2 (50%) 3. Final Examination (30%)
Assignment 1: INTERVIEW
Deadline: 10th June 2013
Assignment Description
In this assignment, you are required to develop an interview protocol (see sample). The interview
protocol needs to address the issue that you plan to research on.
Tasks: i. Identify a research problem related to your field. ii. Develop research questions in relation
to the identified research problem. iii. Prepare an interview protocol that will address the research
questions. iv. Pilot test your interview protocol (on at least 2 respondents). v. Based on the results of
the pilot test, identify the strengths and weaknesses of your interview protocol. vi. Improve your
interview protocol. You need to provide the original and improved versions of the interview
protocol.

Marking Scheme Element | Marks | * A statement of the Research Problem | 2 marks | * Research
QuestionsThere must be 3 main questions. Each main question must have at least 3 sub–questions. A
rationale must be given for each main question and sub–question. | Main

The Pros And Cons Of Qualitative Research
On behalf of the research, a qualitative study is an exploratory research that consist of reasons, ideas
and opinions to generate a potential research question. The common methods of the research are
group discussions, interviews, and observations to help conduct a reasonable hypothesis (Frost,
2011). In regard to the topic, a qualitative study will be examined based on the sampling strategies,
design of the research, and the findings within the data.
As teaching children with ADHD may cause several issues and concerns in the classroom,
developing different teaching methods and strategies to help that student learn is important. Ewing
et. al (2007) conducted a quantitative study on the learning for youth with severe emotional
disorders such as ADHD (Ewing et. al, 2007). Children with learning disabilities, conduct problems
within their learning that causes risks for the development of severe emotional disorders throughout
life. Therefore, positive effective interventions are introduced to the students to help their emotional
growth over time. Giving the student the opportunity to receive additional help and extra time
through the learning process would help with their disorder (Ewing et. al, 2007).
In the study, the youth participated in an equine–facilitated learning program name Horse Power.
Like an alternative school, the program consisted of students that cannot learn in traditional
classrooms or special education classes. The participants within the study suffer from

Qualitative Research : A Humanistic Or Idealistic Approach
Qualitative research focuses on understanding a research query as a humanistic or idealistic
approach. This type of research is used to understand people's beliefs, attitudes, behavior, and
interactions (Pathak, Jena, & Kalra, 2013). Qualitative research includes an "array of interpretive
techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to terms with the meaning,
not the frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the social world (Cooper
& Schindler, 2014)." This type of research is highly criticized as "unscientific" because it lacks
scientific rigor, but through appropriate research design, data collection, interpretation, and
communication the rigor of qualitative research is ensured (Mays & Pope, 1995; Whittemore,
Chase, & Mandle, 2001). Some types of qualitative research that are ordinarily undertaken are
individual or group interviews, focus groups, and case studies (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). NCR
Corporation has made the decision to move its corporate headquarters from Dayton, Ohio to Duluth
Georgia. Duluth is a suburb of Atlanta with a population of 26,600, with their average age being
35.5 and average income being $60,161 (United States Census Bureau , 2013). This combined with
tax incentives, a large educated workforce, and significant connections to global markets are the
reasons NCR has given for undertaking this transition. This move follows a trend of major American
companies relocating their headquarters and

Evaluation Of A Qualitative Research Methodology
In order for this research project to be conducted properly and successfully, a qualitative research
design has been followed. More specifically, it is suggested that a qualitative research methodology
is adopted when researchers want to examine more complicated issues and topics that cannot be
captured through another way or methodological process. In such circumstances and research area
topics, researchers use qualitative methodologies to delve into the deeper thoughts and lived
experiences of the participants, as well as to understand the ways that people make sense of the
world around them and of the specific issue addressed. In addition, this type of methodology usually
fosters the narration of participants' own stories, which would ... Show more content on
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Six semi–structured interviews were conducted, in which participants were firstly asked questions in
direct relation to their background, course of study, university experience etc and they then were
invited to share their personal accounts about experiences of academic life and learning, using
English as a second language. All interviews were recorded and each one lasted approximately thirty
five to forty five minutes. 2.2 Sampling The participants selected were identified through the
researcher's own academic network and environment, due to their suitability as candidates for the
aims of the specific research. More specifically, as the aim of this project was to identify, address
and understand the impact that non–native English speakers' differences have on postgraduate
students' perceived ability to learn, the sample was drawn from a population of postgraduate
students, who were using English as a second language and they were also studying in London–
based universities. Furthermore, it was essential for the participants not to work, as we also tried to
explore the potential impact that these linguistic differences may have on the students' future
experiences in the world of work. Importantly, it was attempted for the sample to be collected from
a wide range of different countries. Following that way, it would be easier to adopt a wider idea
regarding the similarities and differences in

Kraft Moms: Qualitative Research
 What are the key attributes of primary target market segment?
Largest demographic cohort: Almost all new moms are now millennial moms. As per Goldman
Sachs report, in 2016 the average age of first time mom and the average age of millennial mom will
match. Millennial moms are well educated. With an enormous amount of purchase power and
influence, these moms are a combination of progress and tradition–reflecting their being raised by
Boomer parents in digitally immersive world.
Family oriented moms: Millennial are maturing into parenthood during difficult economic times. As
adult, they appear reluctant or financially unable to own homes and cars. Millennial moms are savvy
when it comes to products that protect the financial well–being of their ... Show more content on
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This millennial population use their phones to keep current on the issues, following celebrities and
products that interest them. 55% millennial population is women, millennial moms represent 46% of
women in their age group. These millennial moms are known to have 3.4 social networks on
average and spend 17.4 hours on social sites. Research shows that 81% of millennials are on
Facebook, with average of 250 friends. They also check their devices 43 times a day. Hence, there
are so many touch points where millennial moms could be reached with a product advertised by
brand

Qualitative Research Article Critical Appraisal
Qualitative Research Article Critical Appraisal Overview A study by Chu, Wodchis, and McGilton
(2014) revealed a one year turnover rate as high as 85.5% for Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) and
55.4% for Registered Nurses (RNs) in long term care. In addition to this alarming statistic, in North
Dakota alone, long term care facilities reported 669 open nursing positions in November of 2016
(NDLTCA, 2016). McGilton, Boscart, Brown, and Bowers (2014) noted that this mounting concern
is associated with negative resident outcomes. Subsequently, McGilton et al. (2014) developed a
study to focus on retention and turnover and explore the factors that influence a nurse's intention to
remain employed at their current job in long term care. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(2014) would not necessarily be needed. However, McGilton et al. (2014) aimed to study the
retention of licensed nursing professionals specifically employed by long term care facilities, nurses'
personal circumstances that affect retention, and if the heavily regulated work environment in long
term care affects retention. A problem statement is not clearly defined in this article. However, it is
easy to glean that their objective was to understand the factors that influence nurses' intention to
remain at their current job in long term care. The study did have an ideologic framework as it aimed
to draw attention to the needs of this specific group of nurses in long term care and the additional
influences present in this group when deciding to stay or leave their current job in long term care.
Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is clear. McGilton et al. (2014) wish to recognize and
analyze the complex interplay between factors affecting intention to stay and intention to leave the
long term care setting and the tradeoffs that nurses make, identify the additional influence of
personal circumstances, and identify if the heavily regulated work environment in long term care
leads to role inflexibility and the inability to use professional nursing judgement. Research
Questions The research questions were clear in this study. What factors affect a nurse's

Qualitative Research
COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODS
The quantitative and qualitative research traditions can be thought of as distinct cultures marked by
different values, beliefs, and norms. Qualitative research methods are complex meaningful analyses
characterized by processes and meanings that are not measured in terms of mathematical
measurements. Quantitative research however, relies and builds on mathematical procedures and
methods, such as frequency, quality, amount and statistical procedure. There are unique
characteristics which distinguish one research process from the other.
In the simplest terms, it 's about the nature of the data you collect and analyze. Quantitative research
uses data that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is not too much of a problem if we remember that we are not trying to create objective
knowledge. Our knowledge is much softer. We cannot be certain that practical work will always
make learning easier. We cannot prove that a pupil will respond positively to using a word
processor. Yet we can have a pretty good idea that these maybe helpful to us in certain situations.
More importantly we endeavour to 'build ' theory from the ground of experience or practice. For
qualitative researchers the context in which practice takes place has an important bearing upon that
practice and research should be rooted accordingly.
Another major difference between qualitative and quantitative research is the underlying
assumptions about the role of the researcher. In quantitative research, the researcher is ideally an
objective observer that neither participates in nor influences what is being studied. In qualitative
research, however, it is thought that the researcher can learn the most about a situation by
participating and/or being immersed in it. These basic underlying assumptions of both
methodologies guide and sequence the types of data collection methods employed.
Hamersley [op. cit.] accepts that qualitative researchers seek to articulate the views of people
studied but adds that qualitative researchers often analyse the data in ways that are likely to be alien
to those studied. He also asserts that much quantitative research

Qualitative Research Study And Action Research
For this qualitative study the researchers chose a retailer of prescription eyewear, and prescription
sunglasses positioned in a busy area of Surprise. The main street was closed off due to heavy
construction, however, the parking lot was full. The business was positioned in a small strip mall
between a real estate office, fast food restaurant, and yogurt shop. There were many patrons of
various cultures and ages. They were entering and leaving the surrounding shops including the
business setting we chose for observation. There were a lot more businesses, shops, fast food
restaurant in walking distance allowing us opportunities to observe people interact with each other.
"Qualitative research focuses on gaining insight and understanding about an individual's perception
of events" (Nieswiadomy, 2012). There are six common qualitative designs: phenomenological,
ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, case study, and action research. Phenomenological studies
are based on human "lived" experiences and what the experience means to the person being studied.
The researcher has to put aside their own personal ideas or belief systems in order for them to be
able to concentrate on the person in the study. Ethnographic studies which was used in this study, the
researchers went in to the "field" to observe people of various cultures and ethnicities interacting
together in their own environment. "Ethnographers study how people live and how they
communicate with each other"

Methodology Qualitative And Qualitative Research
Methodology qualitative(300/5)(382/ )
In research the two main used approaches are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research
represents the study of perceptions, emotions and experiences in the direction of understanding the
human behaviour therefore from a subjective perspective ( R). On the other side the quantitative
research is expressed numerical, measurable, appropriate for statistics defined as being objective and
can be used for general public (R). Another difference, according to Moule (2015) is that qualitative
approach is usually using a smaller sampling size for the study than the quantitative approach. As
the qualitative research is inductive, the process is orientated and using a holistic view, allows the
researcher ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Validity suggests the ability and degree of the method to measure the concept. More specific for the
qualitative study, the criteria refers to credibility and trustworthiness. Credibility is a principle of
trustworthiness and indicates the ability to answer the study question due to the quality of the
research undertaken and reflecting the participants ' perceptions rather than the researcher own
opinion and that the findings are trustworthy (Lincoln & Guba 1985, cited in Corbin & Strauss
2015).
Research design/methods/data collection(100/1)(143/3)
Focus group was the chosen data collection design by the PBL group. Polit & Beck (2017) argued
that he benefits of this data collection include: cost–effective and time–effective; the participants
feel empowered which encourage them to express freely their emotions and opinions therefore is
enhanced the collection of rich data. The limitations associated with focus groups indicates to bias
potential; the level of confidence of some of the participants to express themselves in front of others
or the possibility to adopt the "group think" or the most powerful and vocal participant rather than
expressing own perception (Ellis 2016). Neuman (2014) believes that mixing the participants with
different status may impact on the study ' outcome as participants are more confident if they are
sharing a similar background. Therefore, it was decided that the participants will be split in two
focus groups: students

Qualitative Research : Quantitative Research
level, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means
that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or
interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005, p. 3)
Different from quantitative research that collects and analyzes numerical data, qualitative research
deals with non–numerical data such as interviews, participant observations, audio and visual images,
field notes, reflexive journals, and document. Additionally, different from quantitative research that
data are collected and interpreted based on large size of samples, qualitative research usually
generate data from small–sized individuals or cases who are selected purposefully to help answer
the specific research question(s). Therefore, information is gathered through in–depth study of the
particular informants and conclusions are drawn from the particular cases studied.
There are several qualitative research designs in education research. Ethnography is popularly used
in the study of certain culture or ethic group of a particular site usually for a long period of time (e.g.
Lewis, 2001). Grounded theory utilizes a variety of data collection procedures to generate theory
through the observation or investigation of participants (e.g. Glaser & Strauss, 1965, 1968). Case
study usually adopts interviews and participant observations to investigate the nature of individuals
or

Visual Qualitative Research Paper
According to Shannon, (2013) qualitative research is guided by philosophical and personal
assumptions as well as informational and theoretical frameworks that enlighten the research and
writing processes. The goal is to understand human experiences from the perspective of those who
experience them, methods are characterized by use of inductive logic, subjectivity, lack of reliance
on statistical analysis and dependence on personal interviews or other less structured methods of
data collection. For this reason, a visual qualitative method of inquiry known as photovoice will be
used to examine women's social service needs in relation to domestic violence.
Domestic violence denotes acts of violence that occur between people who have, or have had, ...
Such problems impede their recovery and ability to regain control over their lives (Phillips & Park,
2006). This results because domestic violence directly affects women's financial security in key
areas of life: debts, bills, accommodation, legal issues, health, transport, migration, employment,
social security and child support (Arney & Scott, 2010). In this regard women need financial
support to bridge the financial gap so that they become self–sufficient. In addition, Arney & Scott
(2010) state that domestic violence is traumatizing and counselling services should be availed for
social and emotional support.
It is against the mentioned background of domestic violence that the author chose to use photovoice
as a visual and innovative method so as to assess women's social service needs. Photovoice is a
research and action method that, according to Wang (1999), enables individuals to identify, represent
and develop their community through a specific photographic technique. The method allows
researchers to access voices of silenced populations, thus shedding light to what has been happening
behind closed doors, and kept silent for women who have experienced domestic violence (Wang &
Burris,

Qualitative Research Strategy
Research Strategy.
Case study was research strategy adopted for this study. It is one of the types of qualitative research
study (Creswell, 1998). According to Rubin and Babbie (2013) which view case study as a
particular examination of phenomenon. In this study case study explore the influence e–resources
has on the professional development and classroom practices of beginner teachers and providing a
detailed information through multiple source of data collection methods such as semi–structured
interview, observation, data analysis and research journal.However,Creswell,2007 highlighted that
case study is a qualitative approach that explore bounded system of phenomenon over time. More
so, Yin (2009) validates that case study is an empirical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of these 4 data collection methods in this study was for triangulation purpose and to create
an opportunity to fid the correlation of the data during the process of collection. In the school semi–
structured interview was conducted first followed by the observation as well as document analysis.
Documents were sourced from the internet after acquiring the particular source used by each
participant.
The sequence of data was used so that in=dept information are able to be retrieved from the
participants and also be able to confirm or disapprove some of the claim retrieved from the first
method used. Interview creates an opportunity to collect data on the view of beginner teachers on
their experiences on their practices in the classroom. Observation and document analysis was on the
actual classroom practices. Each school was visited 4 times where the first visit focused n the
introduction of the study to the school.
Semi structured

Qualitative Research Methods
MODERN ORGANIZATION THEORY TERM PROJECT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODS FROM AN ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE Ýhsan Ulaþ
Kocaoðlu JANUARY 2006 CONTENTS Definition of Qualitative Research in Social Sciences
Approaches to Management Research Positivism versus Phenomenology Deductive and Inductive
Schools of Thought in Management Research Major Qualitaitve Research Approaches Ethnographic
Approach Phenomenology Field Research Grounded Theory Case study Action Research Narrative
research Qualitative Data Collection Techniques Interviews Workshops / Focus Groups Literature
Review Participant Observation Nonparticipant Observation Data Analysis and Analytic Techniques
Analytic induction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
case studies, ethnography, observation and interviews (Denzin and Lincoln, 1994). Phenomenology
is often referred to in a variety of terms e.g. Constructivism, Interpretivism, Naturalistic Inquiry,
Qualitative Enquiry, Ethnographic, Post Positivism, Hermeneutics and Humanism (Young, 2005 in
Robson, 1983 and Easterby–Smith et. al., 1991). Table 1 summarises the key differences between
the two perspectives. Deductive and Inductive As presented in Table 1, the Positivist and
Phenomenological perspectives use, respectively, a Deductive research approach and an Inductive
research approach. The deductive research involves beginning a study with a theory or a hypothesis
that needs to be tested using gathered data, leading to acceptance or rejection of the theory. (Young,
2005) Robson (1993) describes this deductive (Positivist) approach as having five sequential steps:
1. Deducing a hypothesis from theory. 2. Expressing the hypothesis in operational terms that
propose a relationship between two specific variables. 3. Testing the operational hypothesis by
experiment or some other form of empirical inquiry. 4. Examining the outcome (to confirm or
indicate the need for modifying the theory). 5. If necessary, modifying the theory in the light of the
findings and repeating the cycle so as to verify the revised theory. In contrast the inductive research
approach

Qualitative Research Critique II 2
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE II 1
Qualitative Research Critique II
Vanda McCray
Liberty University
Qualitative Research Critique II 2 The authors of this article method of data collection was based on
a five–focus group and three individual interviews on the clients that participated in the MBSR
training. They analyzed and constantly compared methods to develop a grounded theory
(Schellenkens & Jansen, 2015, pg. 1813). They determined that their focus group involved
participants that were open for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the client participated in MBSR for breast cancer only, they were invited for a focus group
interview one week after completion of the training. If the participant participated with their partners
in MBSR, they were invited for an individual interview after completion of their training
(Schellenkens & Jansen, 2015, pg. 1814).
Qualitative Research Critique II 3 The data were analyzed with the constant comparative method to
develop a grounded theory. The two authors, M. Schellenkens & E. Jansen, coded their transcripts
individually. After they completed the three focus groups, they then compared their codes and
discussed them until a consensus was reached. They continued with several more focus groups
before coming to conclusion of grouping all codes together. This is where their hypotheses data was
formed. The results from this study formed three themes which included anticipatory fear for
suffering of others, feeling unconnected or connected, and learning from others. (Schellenkens &
Jansen, 2015, pg. 1815–1818). What was discovered was that the participants went through a stage
where they feared facing other clients dealing with the same disease before the study began.
Throughout the study, the participants felt more connected with and supported by other which
resulted in learning from each other

Qualitative Research Study And Action Research Essay
Introduction
Qualitative research plays an important role in evidenced–based practice. Qualitative research often
lay down the platform for added official quantitative studies or a follow up to a broad quantitative
study. Qualitative research is a subjective design that investigates exceptional life concepts in a
naturalistic setting using narrative descriptions as the findings (Polit & Beck, 2017). There are six
general types of qualitative research designs, namely phenomenological, ethnographic, historical,
grounded theory, case study and action research, each one of these research design studies distinct
human experiences phenomena (Polit & Beck, 2017). The phenomenological research design studies
the human understanding or knowledge base through descriptions that are afforded from lived
experiences while the ethnographic design comprises data collection and analysis related to cultural
groups (Polit & Beck, 2017). Qualitative research is opposite of quantitative research, quantitative
research counts on numerical and measurable with scales, tools, and intervention, it focuses on
tightly controlled variables in a structured setting to provide explanation of laws and qualitative
design is more flexible with variables and wants to understand the participants' behaviors (Polit &
Beck, 2017).
Validity in Qualitative Research Designs
Qualitative research validity relates to the dependability and trustworthiness of data, events, and
activities as indicated from research

Qualitative Research Worksheet Word 100
HolgateG 2010–10–06 20:23:53 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MigrationConfirmed set by HolgateG Qualitative Research THE READER'S COMPANION
WORKSHEET Article Title: Author(s): TITLE Topic of interestYes ❏ Method of interest Yes ❏
Population of interest Yes ❏ No ❏ No ❏ No ❏ Maybe ❏ Maybe ❏ Maybe ❏ ABSTRACT Results
usefulYes ❏No ❏Maybe ❏ INTRODUCTION Why is the study being done (i.e., the problem,
concern, issue)? What is the purpose of the study or the question(s) that the investigator is trying to
answer (e.g., literature review)? What are the central concepts (e.g., pain, grief, nursing work)? Are
most of the references recent (less than 5 years old)?Yes ❏No ❏ If no, is this a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Setting What was the setting in which the data were collected? Busy unit ❏Home setting ❏Private
room ❏Other ❏ Data Collection What strategy or strategies were used for the data collection?
Focus group ❏Structured interview ❏Unstructured interview ❏ Observation ❏Other ❏ Did the
researcher explain his or her role in the data collection process? Yes ❏No ❏Not stated ❏ How were
the data recorded (e.g., field notes, tape–recorded, videotaped)? Was data saturation reached? Yes
❏No ❏Not stated ❏Not applicable ❏ Data Analysis What methods of data analysis were used (i.e.,
how were the categories/ themes derived, constant comparison)? HolgateG 2010–10–06 20:23:53
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– MigrationConfirmed set by HolgateG Were
the data analyzed inductively? Yes ❏No ❏Not stated ❏ Were strategies used to ensure
rigour/trustworthiness? Yes ❏No ❏Not stated ❏ If yes, what were they (e.g., review by others,
exemplars provided, audit trail)? Did the researcher critically examine his or her own role,
assumptions, and preconceptions? Yes ❏No ❏Not sure ❏ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION What are
the main findings of the study (i.e., major categories/themes that emerged)? What information is
presented in figures or tables? Are they easy to understand or confusing? Do you agree with the
investigator's interpretation of the results? Yes ❏ No ❏ If not, why not? Are the results consistent

Qualitative Research : Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research Design:
Qualitative research is a formative method of research that is preferred by many researchers as
allows the researcher to use several techniques to gather information by seeking answers to research
questions. Merriam (2005) stated, "Qualitative research is interested in how meaning is constructed,
how people make sense of their lives and their worlds. The primary goal of a basic qualitative study
is to uncover and interpret these meanings" (p. 24).Qualitative research has been proven to be a very
effective way to address research. There are several methods used to gather information using a
qualitative research approach. Qualitative research does not focus on numbers and experiments as
compared to other research methods. According to William (2005, p.85) qualitative data collection
methods emerged after it has become known that traditional quantitative data collection methods
were unable to express human feelings and emotions. More as it allows a researcher to explore ones
perceptions, and feelings on a topic. Qualitative is a very effective way to conduct research to gather
rich in–depth data. Creswell (2007) claimed that qualitative research is an opportunity to develop an
understanding of the experiences from the perspective of the individuals or group being studied
through a particular theoretical lens. There are several methodologies associated with qualitative
research; including, case studies, phenomenology, and several others.

The Basics Behind Qualitative Research
Fundamentals of Qualitative Research
Jamye D. Jeter Cameron
Submitted to
Dr. Curtis Maybee
University of Phoenix
Fundamentals of Qualitative Research When a researcher sets out to begin a study, he or she must
begin by asking questions of him or herself. These questions lead to the determination of the type of
research study the researcher is going to conduct. The study may be based on qualitative research,
quantitative research, or both. But, in order to determine the study method and design choice, the
researcher needs to see what is fueling his or her research question. Research questions based on
quantitative research focuses on obtaining data that can be measured, usually in some form or
numerical/statistical manner (Leedy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Leedy & Ormrod, 2010, "there are three major sources of data for qualitative
studies – interviews, observations, and documents" (p. 23). If is up to the researcher to determine
what process of research is best for the study he or she is conducting. There are times when only one
method is used, but then there are times when more than one method is used. However, the
researcher may identify his or her primary method (Rubin, 2007). It is also possible to utilize the
internet and worldwide web to collect information for the study also. After the data is collected, the
researcher must be able to analyze the data. The truth is the data analysis is usually simultaneous
with the data collection stage (Rubin, 2007). From the time the first interview takes place or
observation begins, the researcher should already be analyzing what he or she has learned. By doing
so, the researcher can eliminate the possibility of being overwhelmed with information at the
conclusion of the data collection process. While analyzing, the information collected, the researcher
can break up what he or she learns into categories (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010). The use of these
categories will help identify any patterns of behavior or occurrence that may exist.
References
Jenkins, L. (2009). Fundamentals of quantitative research: Considerations in research methodology.
Retrieved from the website: www.academicwriting.suite101.com on July 18,

Research Critique : Qualitative Review
Research Critique: Qualitative Review On reading this article and identifying the study, there was a
clear insight on how death and dying, and even improved health, impacted those nurses (Conte,
2014). Nurses, who worked closely with their patients, through the perils and suffering, culminating
of death and losses, had grief not readily explored to enable that comfort zone (Conte, 2014). The
article depicted the human side of nurses; it tells how nurses formulate that that bond with their
patients and their families, nurturing them through life challenges to the end, while showing the
emotional impact that is produced from that formed relationship. Through the entire article, it was
very easy to see the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This statement is hereby identified as "Because of the intense and emotional relationship they form
with pediatric oncology patients and their families, pediatric oncology nurses are exposed to
multiple and compound work–related losses" (Conte, 2014). This statement encompasses the entire
nature of the article and intimately describes the title as set forth. This author chose a purposive
sampling method that enabled the research to be focused on a specialized group. Participants had to
have a common exposure to the population and was so specific and not random (Conte, 2014). Since
the study was directly related to pediatric oncology nurses, so as to exclude extraneous variables, all
participants were pediatric oncology nurses. Knowledge of the work these nurses does and
knowledge of the impact of emotional and personal, though proficient, responses were equally
important, to exclude input that would affect any of the researched data (Conte, 2014), In addition,
the study involved a Nurse Practitioner who came with experience of 15 years as an oncology nurse
and supervisor. Reflective Bracketing, a strategy to eliminate possible bias was utilized. Reflective
Bracketing is that strategy used by researchers to identify any areas of bias and blocks them so that
there is no influence to the study at hand. The type of questions that were answered is the
exploration of reactivity to painful loss; (Conte, 2014). Questions that involved feelings and

Phenomenology used in Qualitative Research
Phenomenology used in Qualitative Research Many phenomenological methodologies have been
developed and used by qualitative researchers to review individuals' experiences. Phenomenology
for organizational research, descriptive phenomenological method, hermeneutic phenomenology,
interpretive phenomenology, and interpretative phenomenological analysis are the five popular
phenomenological methodologies in qualitative inquiry. Phenomenology for organizational research.
Phenomenology for organizational research was presented by Patricia Sanders in 1982. It is one of
the most popular phenomenological approaches to organize quality research. Sanders (1982) pointed
out that phenomenology for organizational research was a research technique that sought to ''make
explicit the implicit structure and meaning of human experiences'' (p. 354). Kram and Isabella
(1985) used phenomenology for organizational research in their pioneering research: "Mentoring
Alternatives: The Role of Peer Relationships in Career Development" to inform their data analysis.
Descriptive phenomenological method. As a thoroughly developed phenomenology, the descriptive
phenomenological method was first presented by Amedeo Giorgi in 1985. On the basis of Husserl's
phenomenological philosophy, Giorgi (1997) created the descriptive phenomenological method,
which is a psychological phenomenology to provide rigorous guidelines for quality research. To
found a particular psychological phenomenon was the aim of

Purposes For Conducting Qualitative Research
Purposes for Conducting Qualitative Research
There are four major purposes for conducting qualitative research. They are exploratory,
explanatory, descriptive and emancipatory.
The purpose of exploratory qualitative research is to investigate little understood phenomenon, to
identify or discover important categories of meaning and to generate hypotheses for future research.
The purpose of explanatory qualitative research is to explain patterns related to the phenomenon
being studied and to identify plausible relationships shaping the phenomenon.
The purpose of descriptive qualitative research is to describe and document phenomena.
The purpose of emancipatory qualitative research is to create opportunities and the will to engage in
social action.
Step 1: Develop a theoretical and conceptual understanding of the phenomenon being studied;
which includes performing background research on the theoretical foundations of the phenomenon
and researching research conducted on the phenomenon's field. This step involves making sure one
fully understands the topic. One should have a clear understanding of the topic before moving
further into the next step. A significant amount of research of the topic should be done to develop a
clear understanding of the topic and how to approach finding background information in regards to
what is being discussed. For example, with the topic of social media and college students, one
should understand what social media is, how and why it is used, and

Quantitative And Qualitative Research Design
Researchers employ a number of research methodologies to carry out, test, analyze and describe
phenomena they are interested in studying. Among the most widely used methodologies are
quantitative, qualitative, and mixed–method (Cozby & Bates, 2012, Garza & Landrum, 2015; Leedy
& Ormrod, 2013; Creswell, 2013; Gergen, 2015). Qualitative and quantitative research designs, for
example, are types of research approaches that provide clear directions on how to carry out a
research plan (Creswell, 2013). The quantitative research design is profoundly deep–rooted in the
discipline of psychology where it has been used through the perspective of post–positivist thoughts
(Creswell, 2013). On the other hand, the qualitative research design is deeply– rooted in the field of
Anthropology, where researchers have developed several naturalistic observational techniques to
explain lived phenomena (Bates & Cosby, 2012; Creswell, 2013; Garza & Landrum, 2015).
Quantitative and qualitative research designs share several similarities as well as differences in how
they can be employed in conducting research procedures (Yilmaz, 2013).
Approaches To Research: Qualitative The qualitative design is an inductive, interpretive and
naturalistic approach use in studying people, cases, phenomena, social situations and processes in
their natural settings to describe in descriptive terms the meanings that people attach to their lived
experiences (Yilmaz, 2013; Cozby & Bates, 2012). According to Yilmaz (2013)

Qualitative Research Essay
Qualitative Research in Nursing
Date of last revision : January 28, 2011 "Not everything that counts can be counted, and not
everything that can be counted counts" –Albert Einstein
INTRODUCTION
Qualitative research methods have become increasingly important as ways of developing nursing
knowledge for evidence–based nursing practice. Qualitative research answers a wide variety of
questions related to nursing's concern with human responses to actual or potential health problems.
(Ploeg J, 1999)
Qualitative research is a type of scientific research which has its roots in philosophy and human
sciences.
Qualitative research plays an important part in providing evidence for practice in nursing, and is
gaining greater ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The key difference between quantitative and qualitative methods is their flexibility.
In qualitative methods, the relationship between the researcher and the participant is often less
formal than in quantitative research Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
General framework Seek to confirm hypotheses
Postivist paradigm Seek to explore phenomena
Naturalistic paradigm
Objectives To predict & control To understand (what, how, & why)
Tools Highly structured methods: questionnaires, surveys, and structured observation Use semi–
structured methods: in–depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation
Design Rigid design
Controlled & experimental Emergent design
Focus Prediction
Outcomes
Generalisability Rich "thick" description
Similarities & contrasts
Process & context
Nature of data analysis Statistical Non–statistical
Sampling Relatively large samples using often random sampling Small samples using purposive,
convenient or snaw ball sampling technique.
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA
Obtrusive
Semi structured interviews

In–depth interviews
Focus Group Discussions
Ethnography
Participatory Action Research
Narrative and Life History
Participant observation
Unobtrusive methods
Simple observation
Document analysis (written records)
Audio–visual
Text analysis / Discourse analysis

Advantages Of Qualitative Research
5 Qualitative Research
5.1 Methodology
As the aim of the research is to identify the relationship between the CSR and the brand trust, focus
group would be the most appropriate approach to collect a diverse range of individuals' opinions in a
short time (Rabiee, 2007). Moreover, Focus group would encourage participants to communicate
with each other, which would generate more data which cannot be collected by one–to–one depth
interview, this could be termed as "the group effect" (Carey & Smith 1994). Morgan & Krueger
(1993) also point out that focus group would observe the participants' attitude about the social
problems.
The objective of qualitative research is to collect the individuals' views and support the quantitative
research design. The focus group is considered as a technique, which implements the depth group
interview to collect the data and evaluate the identified variables are relevant for the study (Rabiee,
2007). Richardson & Rabiee (2001) argue that participants should be selected according to the
following criteria: First, they have the relevant life experiences and have something to state on the
topic. Second, it would be better that they are not fearful of expressing the opinions among the
participants. Third, they could feel comfortable communicating with each other.
To collect more valuable data, the focus group was divided into two groups, each group has 5
participants. They were conducted in one of the group members' flat on 1st November and 2nd

Qualitative Research for Instructional Technology Essay
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research Defined:
The simplest way to define qualitative research is to say that it is a type of research which involves
interpreting nonnumerical data. The underlying belief of qualitative research is that "meaning is
situated in a particular perspective or context, and, since different people and groups have different
perspectives and contexts, there are many different meanings in the world, none of which is
necessarily more valid or true than another" (Gay & Airasian, 1996). A qualitative researcher,
therefore, believes that the world cannot be pinned down by objective meanings, but that all
variables must be taken into account when conducting research, including the past experiences and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following chart found on page ten of Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and
Application by Gay and Airasian (1996) makes this point very clear:
Characteristic Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Approach deductive inductive Purpose
theory testing, prediction, establishing facts, hypothesis testing describing multiple realities,
developing deep understanding, capturing everyday life
Research Focus isolates variables, uses large samples, is often anonymous to participants, uses tests
and formal instruments examines full context, interacts with participants, collects data face–to–face
from participants
Research Plan developed before study is initiated, structured, formal proposal Begins with an initial
idea that evolves as researcher learns more about participants and setting, flexible, tentative proposal
Data Analysis mainly statistical, quantitative mainly interpretive, descriptive
Some Types of Qualitative Research:
Qualitative research is often called focus–group research due to the fact that its research samples are
often very small (Palmerino, 1999). Focus–group research can be used to determine the nuances or
characteristics of a particular group of individuals such as the drama club at a

Qualitative Research Critique Essay
Article Citation
Gilmartin, J. (2003). Day surgery: Patients' perceptions of a nurse–led preadmission clinic. Journal
of Clinical Nursing 13, 243–250.
Initial Reaction This research article is from the UK and the writer questions if the findings from
this study will have heuristic relevance and applicability to nursing and healthcare in the United
States (U.S.). Primary healthcare in the UK is provided through the National Health Service (NHS);
this writer has little knowledge as to how it works and its impact on patient care and nursing. This
limited knowledge may introduce bias in this critique.
Descriptive Vividness The significance of this study is to determine if a preadmission clinic process
can be developed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
246). Twenty–two participants spoke of the provision of information giving as comprehensive and
helpful in surgical preparation, in contrast eight participants felt the information giving was deficient
in its content. One individual went on to say "I personally felt that I was not given any information
once the preassessemnt nurse discovered I worked as a staff nurse on a day surgery unit in another
hospital" (Gilmartin, 2003, p. 247). Negative case studies do not weaken research findings but make
the study more credible as the researcher has considered alternative views in the analysis of data
(Tappen, 2011).
As this research consisted of 30 participants, a table format listing the four themes with clustered
excerpts would have provided this writer with easier interpretation of the data collected. It would
have been useful to quantitatively designate the percentage of participants in support of a theme
versus those with alternative perceptions. Narrative display of data collection findings made this
research less vivid for this writer.
Methodological Congruence Documentation, procedural, and ethical rigor was established in this
research study with some suggestions for improvement to follow. This research was stated to be a
hermeneutic phenomenological research using a mixed methodological approach, Colaizzi and van
Manen. This researcher made in–depth clarifying statements to support the van Manen

Qualitative Research Report
Qualitative Research Report Article Connelly, L.M., Miner–Williams, D., & Yoder, L.H., 2003. A
qualitative study of charge nurse competencies. Medsurg Nursing, 12(5), 298–306. Problem The
study was conducted to determine the competencies necessary to be a successful charge nurse
(Connelly, Miner–Williams, & Yoder, 2003). There has been limited research conducted to provide
information concerning the clinical role of the charge nurse. This study identifies the competencies
necessary to be an effective charge nurse. The charge nurse serves as a valuable resource and leader
for staff nurses in the absence of the unit manager. Effective charge nurses are needed to ensure
optimal patient care in a time when patients are more critically ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
497). This study required that nurses be knowledgeable about the subject and nurses were chosen
from select units. The units chosen were from the medical unit and critical care units. The size of the
sample consisted of 42 nurses. The nurses were chosen from various management levels. Interviews
were conducted on 11 staff nurses, 12 charge nurses, 10 head nurses, and 9 supervisors. There were
33 females and 9 males in the study. Most participates had a BSN and had an average of five years
charge nurse experience. The size of the study was adequate because is had a wide range of
participants. The setting took place in a military medical center in the Southwest United States. The
study addresses the fact that there are differences in military versus civilian nursing. The major
difference is that military nursing must deal with issues such as deployment. The study also states
that the information would be applicable to and benefit both areas of nursing. Data Collection
Methods After the participants were chosen, then interviews were conducted using format open–
ended questions. " A qualitative interview approach was thought to be the best means of exploring
expectations people had for the role" (Connelly et al., 2003, p. 299). Open–ended questions allow
the participants to raise important issues that may not be addressed if there is a fixed sequence of
questions. This is appropriate for a qualitative study. The

Importance Of Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is used in many different aspects of research. In this instance qualitative
research will be used in nursing practice comparing hand washing and hand sanitizing. There are
many designs in qualitative research such as Ethnography, Narrative, Phenomenological, Grounded
theory, and Case study. Each contributes something differently and depending upon the study
depends with design is chosen. The author will be analyzing and investigating a qualitative study
that has been conducted on comparing handwashing and hand sanitizers in community areas. The
purpose of this study is to focus on comparing hand washing to hand sanitizers in reducing
elementary school students' absenteeism and reducing illness. The problem is the efficacy of alcohol
based hand sanitizer to hand washing and how it reduces illness. There is a significant amount of
evidence on the importance of hand washing and sanitizing and that makes this a probable cause.
Children need their education and if a child is missing school because they are constantly getting
sick there needs to be a solution. A solution that could solve that is hand washing. Hands washing
techniques and importance are known across the but do elementary school children understand. The
overall study is to compare the efficiency of handwashing to hand sanitizing and if they have a
direct correlation with reducing illness. The study has great strength throughout their article. They
bring up solid points that directly

Qualitative Research In Health Care
1. Introduce importance of qualitative interviews
Altarum will conduct a set of qualitative research interviews with a panel of 15 payer or resource
optimization experts that are representative of all sectors in healthcare. In terms of health services
delivery, it has been highlighted that one set standard of rules for reducing low value care overuse
depends greatly the how providers define the term and assess their options. In efforts to effectively
influence guidelines in cost sharing, policy and value based payments, it is necessary to grasp the
crux of low value care measures from a grouping of expert providers. With an emphasis placed on
the designation of low care value practice attribution and evidence based practice, a wide array of ...
This process begins with each individual expert prepared to engage half of the interviewees by
providing a supplemental overview and seeking permission to record the interview. With a
foundation rooted in qualitative research best practices, semi structured interviews will take place
that meets our identified topical trajectory with the ability to diverge. Deviation may momentously
occur when the interviewee reveals new approaches and/or recommendations that challenge
disparities in the delivery of care. These incidents are gravely invaluable to data collection and
additionally supports the significance of capturing each interview by recording. Researchers that do
not record or have a secondary route to capturing their interviews have to focus on taking their own
notes during the process which often produces unreliable summaries and diminishes the affinity
between the interviewee–researcher. Both aspects in qualitative research are necessary when it
comes to fostering an environment that allows interviewees to extend our knowledge while
preserving the integrity of the data being collected. Semi structured interviews are less controlled
but still warrants uniformity in information obtained. Moreover, this method sustains replication for
enhancing the matrix while significantly reducing limitations on what is captured. This is often a
challenge

Qualitative Research Study And Action Research Essay
Qualitative research plays an important role in evidenced base practice. Qualitative research often
lay down the platform for added official quantitative studies or a follow up to a broad quantitative
study. Qualitative research is a subjective design that investigate exceptional life concepts in a
naturalistic setting using narrative descriptions as the findings (Polit & Beck, 2017). There are six
general types of qualitative research designs namely phenomenological, ethnographic, historical,
grounded theory, case study and action research, each one of these research design studies distinct
human experiences phenomena (Polit & Beck, 2017). The phenomenological research design studies
the human understanding or knowledge base through descriptions that are afforded from lived
experiences while the ethnographic design comprise data collection and analysis related to cultural
groups (Polit & Beck, 2017). Qualitative research is opposite of quantitative research, quantitative
research counts on numerical and measure with scales, tools and intervention, it focuses on tightly
controlled variables in a structured setting to provide explanation of laws and qualitative design is
more flexible with variables and wants to understand the participants behaviors (Polit & Beck,
2017).
Validity in Qualitative Research Designs
Qualitative research validity relates to the dependability and trustworthiness of data, events, and
activities as indicated from research results analyzed.

Using Qualitative And Qualitative Research
The authors argue that mixed methods sampling with well–established qualitative and quantitative
techniques can answer the research question in health sciences posted by mixed methods research
designs in a new way. And data collection procedures for the mixed methods designs should based
on concurrent and sequential forms of data collection, in order to make sure that the qualitative
results can explain and interpret the findings of a quantitative study, and meanwhile, mixed methods
are used to overcome a weakness in using one method with the strengths of another.
I Main Points: There are three main points from chapter seven, which are 1) sampling approaches
used in quantitative and qualitative research; 2) types of sampling in mixed ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Probability sampling techniques are most likely to attain from record participants' attitude and
behavior which can record as statistics, and investigators analyze the data to get the result.
2) types of sampling in mixed methods study Sampling plan for mixed methods study can be
classified into three types, which are 1) interdependent; 2) independent and 3) combined.
Interdependent mixed methods sampling frames usually use to for a particular project through the
joint use of probability and purposeful techniques. Independent mixed methods sampling frames are
proposing at least two distinct samples, therefore, a primary purposeful sampling technique is
chosen for the qualitative component, and a primary probability sampling technique is chosen for
the quantitative component. And the advantage of using an independent sampling plan is to protect
against generalizability critiques. Combined mixed methods sampling frames are usually used
among published mixed methods studies, researchers will use an independent probability approach
to determine the sample for the quantitative component and an interdependent approach to
determine a subsample of the participants from the quantitative component for a subsequent
qualitative

Qualitative Research Essay
BASIC CONCEPTS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
(An Essay)
By Deborah Sitorus
One of the ways to gain knowledge is by carrying out some research. As what Zacharia (2012)
stated that in daily life most people conduct research to gain knowledge. A research can be carried
out qualitatively or quantitatively depends on the research purposes and needs and the type of
information the researcher is seeking.
My concern in this essay is to briefly share my understandings about basic concepts of qualitative
research that I gained from my readings on some books on qualitative research methods as well as
from the class discussion with lecturer and colleagues on qualitative research course at the
university. The basic concepts of qualitative research that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Though there are various definitions of interpretivism, for brevity I like Walsham's (1993)
description, which posits that
Interpretive methods of research start from the position that our knowledge of reality, including the
domain of human action, is a social construction by human actors and that this applies equally to
researchers. Thus there is no objective reality which can be discovered by researchers and replicated
by others, in contrast to the assumptions of positivist science. (p. 5)
In line with this, Geertz (1973) also states
To look at the symbolic dimensions of social action–art, religion, ideology, science, law, morality,
common sense–is not to turn away from the existential dilemmas of life for some empyrean realm of
deemotionalized forms; it is to plunge into the midst of them. The essential vocation of interpretive
anthropology is not to answer our deepest questions, but to make available to us answers that others,
guarding other sheep in other valleys, have given, and thus to include them in the consultable record
of what man has said. (p. 29)
As such, an interpretive perspective is based on the idea that qualitative research efforts should be
concerned with revealing multiple realities as opposed to searching for one objective reality. In
Denzin's words, "Objective reality will never be captured. In

The Role Of Effective Qualitative Research Methods And...
The following report was requested as part of the Business Degree at UWS, the report request
comes from the module of business research skills.
The first part of this report will focus on the role of effective qualitative research methods and
approaches. This will include the features of data, design and analysis, it will also discuss the
strengths and limitations of qualitative research.
The report will then look at how to apply a qualitative analysis technique in relation to the provided
transcript of an interview, the interview is between an interviewer and an academic who is based at
UWS. The research question was to explore the current thinking and future trends within the area of
business and operations management.
This final part ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most qualitative research involves a number of characteristics Gray (2014): It is conducted
through intense contact with a 'field' or real life. The researcher's role is to gain a 'holistic' or
integrated overview of the study, including the perceptions of participants. Themes that emerge from
the data are often reviewed with the informants for verification. The main focus of the research is to
understand the ways in which people act and account for their actions.
An Effective research design is the methodology and procedure that a researcher follows,
remembering that in qualitative research the methods must be flexible. Each method that a
qualitative researcher follows has a way of data collection, has a research design and has a way to
analyse the data. Research design defines the study type, research question, hypothesis, variables
and data collection methods. the key features of each method are dependent upon the approaches
used, by the researcher. The most common sources of qualitative data

Qualitative Research For Dunkin Donuts
In this part of the research, I will discuss the role of qualitative research in helping Dunkin' Donuts
expand further in the World.
Qualitative research refers to the process whereby researchers try to find out simply 'what exists',
rather than 'how much'. Qualitative research aims to develop initial ideas or insights to provide
direction for any further research needed. It deals with the range of customer attitudes towards a
product, rather than measuring what percentage of people hold a particular attitude (Lindridge et
al.2010).
Qualitative research uses the form of an interview with open–ended questions for researching and
understanding attitudes, opinions, feelings and behaviors of an individual or groups. Qualitative
research is concerned ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, qualitative research will help Dunkin' Donuts know the factors that customers use in
making the decision of choosing Dunkin' Donuts brand or other brands. Dunkin' Donuts can also
gain an overview of consumer behavior and the underlying causes that govern such behavior..
Qualitative research and its rich insights on the behavioral process and individual consumer insights
can eliminate any possible objections to making Dunkin' Donuts the default breakfast choice for
many as well as create lures or encouragements to bring specifically targeted behaviorally aware
consumers into its stores when otherwise they might pass them

Qualitative And Quantitative Approach To Research Questions

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