This document describes the preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites with the addition of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 complexes. The composites were prepared by casting technique with different thicknesses and concentrations of the complex. Optical properties including absorption, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and dielectric constant were measured using UV-visible spectroscopy. The results showed that all optical properties increased with higher concentrations of the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 complex in the PVA composites.

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Preparation of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Complexes and Characterization
of (PVA- [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2]) Composites
Bahaa H. Rabee, Ahmed Hashim , Saba R. Salman , Abdulsattar K. Abbas , Farhan Lafta Rashid and
Hind Ahmed
Babylon University, College of Education, Department of Physics, Iraq
E-Mail: ahmed_taay@yahoo.com
Abstract
In this paper , preparation of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 complexes and study the effect of addition [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
complexes on optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol. The samples have been prepared by casting technique and
different thickness. . The absorption and transmission spectra has been recorded in the wavelength range ( 200 –
800 ) nm. The experimental results show that the absorption coefficient, energy gap of the indirect allowed and
forbidden transition, extinction coefficient, read and imaginary dielectric constant and refractive index are
changing with increase the of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 concentration.
Key words: polymer, optical properties, complexes.
Introduction
Conducting polymers can exhibit significant levels of electrical conductivity suitable for use in electronic
devices, batteries, functional electrodes, electrochromic devices, optical switching devices, sensors, and so on
[1]. Conjugated polymers have been the subject of intensive research during the last two decades mainly because
of their semiconductor-like optical and electronic properties. These organic materials can be used in
optoelectronic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), light-emitting electrochemical cells,
photovoltaics, image sensors, waveguides, and lasers [2].
Per last years composite materials attract the rapt attention both in industry applications and in science. In these
materials there is the possibility to combine mechanical, electric and optical properties of constituent
components in one sample. From optical point of view, several fascinating properties of these composites can be
obtained [3].
Experimental Part
• Preparation of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
In the fume hood, completely dissolve 6 g of NH4Cl in ~40 mls of concentrated ammonia in a 400 ml beaker.
With continuous stirring, add 12 g of cobalt(II) chloride-hexahydrate in small portions. With continued stirring
of the resulting brown slurry, slowly add 10 mls of 30% H2O2. After the effervescence has stopped, slowly add
~30 mls of concentrated HCl. With continued stirring, heat on a hot plate and maintain 85 o C for 20 minutes.
Cool mixture to room temperature in an ice bath and filter (using a Buchner funnel) the crystals of
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 .
• Materials and Methods
PVA as a matrix and [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 as a filler. The electronic balanced of accuracy 10-4
have been
used to obtained a weight amount of polymer and complex. The samples were prepared using casting
technique thickness ranged between (205-655)µm. The transmission and absorption spectra of composites
have been recording in the wave length range (200-800) nm by using double – beam spectrophotometer
(UV- 210Ashimedza )
The absorption coefficient(α) is calculated by using the following equation [4]:
α = 2.303A/t ………………… (1)
where A is absorption and t is the thickness of film .
The refractive index is calculated by using the following formula :
n= [4R/(R-1)2
- (R+1/R-1)]1/2
………….(2)
The extinction coefficient is obtained by the relation :
K= αλ/4π …………….(3)
Real and imaginary dielectric constant is calculated from the equations :
ε1= n2
- k2
…………….(4)
ε2= 2nk ……………(5)

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Results and discussions
The absorbance :
Figure (1) shows the relationship between the absorption and the wavelength. The value of absorption is
exponentially decreased ,by comparing the four curves in the high absorption region i.e.(in the UV region the
absorbance is increased by increasing the ratio of nickel nitrate, while in the visible region the absorbance
decreased to the minimum value and be stable at the longest wavelengths. The absorbance is higher in the case
of high concentration because high absorbance of nickel nitrate[5].
The absorption coefficient
The absorbance depends on the type and the nature of the chemical and crystalline of the composite and the
type of the impurities which is found in the structure . variation of the absorption coefficient with the variation of
the concentration of the added material and will be with constant values as shown in figure(2).
when the material is pure , a few concentration and the absorption coefficient will increase by increasing the
photon energy (more than 5 ev ).The high values refer to probability of occurring the indirect electronic transition.
Direct and indirect transitions :
To be sure that the composite has a direct allowed transition we use different values of the power. from the
figures (3and 4) there is a variation in the energy gap values due to the mechanism of preparation, where the
energy gap and its type depends on the crystal structure of the material and atoms distribution in the crystal
lattice and the concentration of the energy levels, this means the variation of the structural properties and other
parameters[6].
Extinction coefficient:
It refers to the amount of the attenuation which occurs in the electromagnetic wave when it passes the any
medium in the figure (5) the extinction value is high in the region of high energies as a result to high absorption
and this is affected by the structural formation of the composite the deviation increased at the increasing point of
the chemical equilibrium the minor increasing occur in the lowest energies .
the extinction coefficient represent the imaginary part of the refractive index it is the loss of the energy due to the
interaction between the light with the charges of the medium[7] .
The refractive index :
It is the function of the spectral reflectivity , so that the results of the refractive index will be affected by the
spectral reflectivity and its variation with the wave lengths from figure 6 the refractive index increased with the
deviation from the chemical equilibrium also the refractive index is increasing with the increase different
concentrations of nickel nitrate ,this because of increase of the density of composite.
Dielectric constant
In the figures (7)and(8) the real and the imaginary parts of the dielectric constant can be calculated from the
refractive index and the extinction coefficient ,so the real and the imaginary parts of the dielectric constant show
a behavior similar to that of refractive index and extinction coefficient . in the real part at the low energy region
the curves still nearly constant, while it increases rapidly at the high region. For the imaginary part the behavior
is differ may be because the polarization is the main parameter.
Conclusions
From this study(optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol-chloro pentaammine cobalt(III) chloride composite),
the addition of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 to Polyvinyl alcohol lead to increase the absorbance, on the other hand,
absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary dielectric constant and refractive index increase
by increasing of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 concentration for all samples.
References
[1] Anuar Kassim, Ekarmul Mahmud, Lim Mei Yee, and Nurain Hanipah, 2006, "Electrochemical Preparation
and Characterization of Polypyrrole-Polyethylene Glycol Conducting Polymer Composite Films", The Pacific
Journal of Science and Technology
Vol 7. No. 2, pp.103-107.
[2] Dongfeng Qi, Keri Kwong, Katja Rademacher, Michael O. Wolf, andJeff F. Young,2003, Optical Emission
of Conjugated Polymers Adsorbed to Nanoporous Alumina, J. of American Chemical Society, Vol. 3, No. 9,
pp.1265-1268

3. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.7, 2013
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[3] A. Kovalchuk L. Dolgovn L. Bugayova O. Yaroshchuk, 2005, "The Peculiarities of Photopolymerization in
the Composite ‘‘Pre-polymer–TiO2 Nanoparticles", J. of Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol. 427, pp. 191-200.
[4] J. Tauce , 1972 ," Statesint the Gap ", J. of Non–Crystalline Solids, P.P (565 –569
[5] Ahmad A.H., Awatif A.M. and Zeid Abdul-Majied N., 2007, “ J. of Eng. & Technology”, Vol.25, No.4, P.P
( 558-568)
[6] Gabriel Pinto and Abdel-Karim Maaroufi, 2011, "Critical filler concentration for electro conductive polymer
composites", Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE), 10.1002/spepro.003521.
[7] Karol Bula1, Teofil Jesionowski and Sławomir Borysiak, 2011, " Proceedings of the Conference of
Multiphase Polymers and Polymer Composites: From Nan scale to Macro Composites", Paris-Est, Creteil
University, June, France.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Absorbance
Wavelength(eV)
pure
1 wt.%
2 wt.%
3 wt.%
FIG.1
The variation of optical absorbance for composite with wavelength
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Photon energy(eV)
pure
1 wt.%
2 wt.%
3 wt.%
FIG.2
The absorption coefficient for (PVA-[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2) composite with various photon
energy
α(cm)-1

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Vol.3 No.7, 2013
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Photon energy(eV)
pure
1 wt.%
2 wt.%
3 wt.%
FIG.3
The relationship between (αhυ)1/2(cm-1.eV)1/2 and photon energy of
composites.
(αhυ)1/2(cm-1.eV)1/2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Photon energy(eV)
pure
1 wt.%
2 wt.%
3 wt.%
(αhυ)1/3(cm-1.eV)1/3
FIG.4
the relationship between (αhυ)1/3(cm-1.eV)1/3 and photon energy of
composites
0.E+00
1.E-07
2.E-07
3.E-07
4.E-07
5.E-07
6.E-07
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
k
pure
1 wt.%
2 wt.%
3 wt.%
photon energy
FIG.5
The extinction coefficient for composite with various photon energy

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Vol.3 No.7, 2013
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1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n
photon energy(eV)
pure
1 wt.%
2 wt.%
3 wt.%
FIG.6
The relationship between refractive index for composite with photon energy
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
photon energy(eV)
pure
1 wt.%
2 wt.%
3 wt.%
ε1
FIG.7
The variation of real part of dielectric constant composite with photon
energy
0.E+00
5.E-07
1.E-06
2.E-06
2.E-06
3.E-06
3.E-06
4.E-06
4.E-06
5.E-06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
photon energy(eV)
pure
1 wt.%
2 wt.%
3 wt.%
ε2
FIG.8
The variation of imaginary part of dielectric constant composite with
photon energy

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