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HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM
What’s Referencing? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Check this  out ‘  When you are taking notes, you should record not only the main points of the author’s work, but also your initial critical evaluation of the material ’ (Davis & McKay, 1996).  1.  Authors Surname (s) WHO? 2.  A comma 3.  Year of Publication WHEN?
Why? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Referencing FAQ’s
What? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Direct Quotes? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Direct Quotes, E.G. ,[object Object],*** You might prefer to use connectors: In fact , some psychologists feel that / prominent psychologist, Terence Lee goes as far as saying…… The quote is not linked to the rest of the text. Try rewriting the text so the quote is SYNTHESISED  WHO
Direct Quotes, Short Quotes E.G. ,[object Object],Surnames only.  Do not include title of paper.  ‘ &’ or ‘and’ ?  It is recommended ‘and’ for 2 authors and ‘&’ for 3.  The message – be consistent!!!
Direct Quotes, Short Quotes E.G. ,[object Object],et al. for more than 3 authors.  Sometimes this can be in italics – be consistent!!! Sometimes Year only.  Page number is ONLY FOR QUOTES – not for paraphrased information.
Summarising ,[object Object],[object Object]
Summarising, E.G. ,[object Object],Summary: “  Fear and foreboding have become common reactions to terrorism in general and no longer appear limited to particular attacks.” (Accessed 2010) Terrorism is everywhere (Accessed 2010) How Accurate is that?
Paraphrasing. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Paraphrasing E.G. The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).
Differences: Quote, Summary, Paraphrase ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Differences: Quote, Summary, Paraphrase ,[object Object],[object Object]
Differences: Quote, Summary, Paraphrase ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Differences: Quote, Summary, Paraphrase ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
When? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How Accurate are these statements? Too general – Where? Who? Statistics? Some places have flood problems ,[object Object],[object Object]
When? Commonly known facts do not need a citation.  Look at the following statements. Which one needs a citation? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Referencing Conventions
Referencing Types Check this out: “  Fear and foreboding have become common reactions to terrorism in general and no longer appear limited to particular attacks.” (Accessed 2010) Terrorism is everywhere. Only it isn't . Online. Available from:   http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-08-08-siegel-edit_x.htm  [Accessed 23 May 2010]
Referencing Types There are two types of references: In-Text:  These appear in the main body of the text to indicate the source of your information Use in-text references whenever you mention facts written by someone else, or when you include someone else’s ideas
Referencing Types There are two types of references: Full Reference  (End List References / Bibliography)  : The end list is a list of sources that you have either quoted directly or used arguments from, listed in alphabetical order by author (or editor) surname Be consistent with formats – capitals & italics should be used in the same way throughout You should also include a bibliography of items consulted but not cited in your work
In-Text References: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End-List References: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End-List References, BOOKS: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End-List References, Journal Articles: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End-List References, Web-Sites: Jazz review .  Your complete resource for jazz music reviews . Online. Available from:  http://www.jazzreview.com . [Accessed 18 October 2003] In-text – (Jazz review, accessed 2003) Title of web site  in italics Web site address  underlined The date you accessed the site  in square brackets  (this is important as web pages can change frequently)
In-Text v/s End-List References In-text: (Author surname, date of publication) End-list: AUTHOR .   ( ed . )  ( Publication year )   Title ,   ed. ,  Place of publication :  Publisher .
Anything Else? There are further issues to consider, therefore, handouts will be given for you to comply with assignment

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Harvard referencing system

  • 2.
  • 3. Check this out ‘ When you are taking notes, you should record not only the main points of the author’s work, but also your initial critical evaluation of the material ’ (Davis & McKay, 1996). 1. Authors Surname (s) WHO? 2. A comma 3. Year of Publication WHEN?
  • 4.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. Paraphrasing E.G. The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 23. Referencing Types Check this out: “ Fear and foreboding have become common reactions to terrorism in general and no longer appear limited to particular attacks.” (Accessed 2010) Terrorism is everywhere. Only it isn't . Online. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-08-08-siegel-edit_x.htm [Accessed 23 May 2010]
  • 24. Referencing Types There are two types of references: In-Text: These appear in the main body of the text to indicate the source of your information Use in-text references whenever you mention facts written by someone else, or when you include someone else’s ideas
  • 25. Referencing Types There are two types of references: Full Reference (End List References / Bibliography) : The end list is a list of sources that you have either quoted directly or used arguments from, listed in alphabetical order by author (or editor) surname Be consistent with formats – capitals & italics should be used in the same way throughout You should also include a bibliography of items consulted but not cited in your work
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. End-List References, Web-Sites: Jazz review . Your complete resource for jazz music reviews . Online. Available from: http://www.jazzreview.com . [Accessed 18 October 2003] In-text – (Jazz review, accessed 2003) Title of web site in italics Web site address underlined The date you accessed the site in square brackets (this is important as web pages can change frequently)
  • 31. In-Text v/s End-List References In-text: (Author surname, date of publication) End-list: AUTHOR . ( ed . ) ( Publication year ) Title , ed. , Place of publication : Publisher .
  • 32. Anything Else? There are further issues to consider, therefore, handouts will be given for you to comply with assignment