Chronic kidney disease is defined as abnormal kidney function or structure lasting over 3 months. It is a progressive condition caused by conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis. Symptoms develop slowly and include fatigue, pruritis, nausea, and neurological issues. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure and diabetes, dietary modifications, and dialysis or transplantation for end-stage renal disease. Complications include anemia, bone disease, heart disease, and fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
Chronic kidney disease is defined as kidney damage or reduced glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min for ≥3 months. It is a progressive condition caused by conditions like diabetes and hypertension. Symptoms are nonspecific until late stages when complications like fluid overload, electrolyte abnormalities, and uremia occur. Treatment focuses on controlling risk factors, restricting diet, treating complications, and renal replacement therapy like dialysis or transplantation for end-stage disease. Prognosis depends on stage and treatment, with long-term dialysis patients living 3-4 years on average.
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) is an acute, potentially reversible condition where the kidneys fail to maintain homeostasis. Causes include prerenal factors like shock, congestive heart failure, or intrarenal injury from toxins. Symptoms range from nonspecific like fever to specific kidney issues like electrolyte imbalances. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte replacement, and potentially dialysis.
2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
This document discusses chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. It defines chronic kidney disease as kidney damage or decreased glomerular filtration rate for more than 3 months. It describes the 5 stages of chronic kidney disease based on GFR level. Common causes include infections, diseases like glomerulonephritis, obstructive issues, developmental anomalies, and genetic factors. End stage renal disease requires renal replacement therapy like hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation. The document outlines considerations for each treatment approach and notes nursing diagnoses and management strategies for patients with chronic kidney failure.
This document provides an overview of renal failure for nursing students. It begins with general and specific objectives of understanding renal failure and providing nursing care using the nursing process. It then reviews anatomy and physiology of the kidneys, defines renal failure, and discusses the incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, phases, signs and symptoms, diagnostic measures, management, complications and prevention of acute renal failure. The document concludes by outlining a nursing care plan using the nursing process to address issues such as fluid imbalance, nutritional deficits, activity intolerance, and knowledge deficits regarding the condition and its treatment.
The document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition, stages, diagnosis, prevalence, costs, and treatment options such as renal replacement therapy. CKD is common and often occurs alongside other conditions like cardiovascular disease or diabetes. While usually asymptomatic, CKD can be detected through simple tests and treating it can prevent progression and complications. However, it often goes unrecognized until later stages.
This PowerPoint presentation will introduce you to a basic understanding of what is a chronic kidney disease and how significant it impacts millions of Australians.
Renal failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer remove waste and regulate fluids and electrolytes in the body. Chronic kidney disease develops gradually over months to years and initially presents no symptoms. As kidney function declines, waste builds up in the blood and the kidneys lose their ability to concentrate urine and regulate fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. Treatment focuses on managing complications through medications, diet, dialysis, and potentially a kidney transplant. The goals are to maintain kidney function and homeostasis for as long as possible.
Chronic renal failure is a progressive loss of kidney function over months to years characterized by the replacement of normal kidney tissue with fibrosis. It is classified into 5 stages based on glomerular filtration rate and urine production. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. The pathophysiology involves loss of nephrons, glomerular hypertension from increased angiotensin II, proteinuria, and subsequent inflammation and scarring that leads to further nephron loss and declining GFR. Treatment focuses on controlling risk factors, restricting protein intake, and managing complications like anemia and hyperlipidemia.
Chronic kidney disease is defined as kidney damage or reduced glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min for ≥3 months. It is a progressive condition caused by conditions like diabetes and hypertension. Symptoms are nonspecific until late stages when complications like fluid overload, electrolyte abnormalities, and uremia occur. Treatment focuses on controlling risk factors, restricting diet, treating complications, and renal replacement therapy like dialysis or transplantation for end-stage disease. Prognosis depends on stage and treatment, with long-term dialysis patients living 3-4 years on average.
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) is an acute, potentially reversible condition where the kidneys fail to maintain homeostasis. Causes include prerenal factors like shock, congestive heart failure, or intrarenal injury from toxins. Symptoms range from nonspecific like fever to specific kidney issues like electrolyte imbalances. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte replacement, and potentially dialysis.
2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
This document discusses chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. It defines chronic kidney disease as kidney damage or decreased glomerular filtration rate for more than 3 months. It describes the 5 stages of chronic kidney disease based on GFR level. Common causes include infections, diseases like glomerulonephritis, obstructive issues, developmental anomalies, and genetic factors. End stage renal disease requires renal replacement therapy like hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation. The document outlines considerations for each treatment approach and notes nursing diagnoses and management strategies for patients with chronic kidney failure.
This document provides an overview of renal failure for nursing students. It begins with general and specific objectives of understanding renal failure and providing nursing care using the nursing process. It then reviews anatomy and physiology of the kidneys, defines renal failure, and discusses the incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, phases, signs and symptoms, diagnostic measures, management, complications and prevention of acute renal failure. The document concludes by outlining a nursing care plan using the nursing process to address issues such as fluid imbalance, nutritional deficits, activity intolerance, and knowledge deficits regarding the condition and its treatment.
The document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition, stages, diagnosis, prevalence, costs, and treatment options such as renal replacement therapy. CKD is common and often occurs alongside other conditions like cardiovascular disease or diabetes. While usually asymptomatic, CKD can be detected through simple tests and treating it can prevent progression and complications. However, it often goes unrecognized until later stages.
This PowerPoint presentation will introduce you to a basic understanding of what is a chronic kidney disease and how significant it impacts millions of Australians.
Renal failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer remove waste and regulate fluids and electrolytes in the body. Chronic kidney disease develops gradually over months to years and initially presents no symptoms. As kidney function declines, waste builds up in the blood and the kidneys lose their ability to concentrate urine and regulate fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. Treatment focuses on managing complications through medications, diet, dialysis, and potentially a kidney transplant. The goals are to maintain kidney function and homeostasis for as long as possible.
Chronic renal failure is a progressive loss of kidney function over months to years characterized by the replacement of normal kidney tissue with fibrosis. It is classified into 5 stages based on glomerular filtration rate and urine production. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. The pathophysiology involves loss of nephrons, glomerular hypertension from increased angiotensin II, proteinuria, and subsequent inflammation and scarring that leads to further nephron loss and declining GFR. Treatment focuses on controlling risk factors, restricting protein intake, and managing complications like anemia and hyperlipidemia.
The document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. It defines CKD, describes the stages and progression of disease. Common causes in children include congenital abnormalities and inherited disorders. Clinical features range from asymptomatic to growth retardation, hypertension, anemia and bone disease. Investigations include blood and urine tests to assess kidney function and damage. Management involves fluid, electrolyte, nutritional, anemic and bone disease management tailored to the stage of CKD.
This document discusses renal failure, including anatomy and function of the kidneys, classifications of acute and chronic renal failure, causes and symptoms of acute and chronic renal failure, diagnosis, management of acute renal failure including life-threatening conditions like hyperkalemia, dialysis options including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, and potential problems related to end stage renal disease and dialysis.
Renal failure
Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days. AKI causes a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard for your kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in your body
pathophysiology
Initial :Renal damage is occurring, the child may be Asymptomatic
Oliguric: <1ml/kg/hr of urineImpaired glomerular filtration-Waste cannot be remove-Uremia develops-Neurotoxicity-CCF, HTN, anemia
Diuretic :lasts 2 weekscellular regeneration and healinggradual return to normaldehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to excess urination
Recovery: it takes monthsf left untreated it result in fluid overload, electrolyteimbalance
CAUSES OF ARF
Prerenal Most common cause of ARF Caused by impaired renal blood flow GFR declines because of the decrease in filtration pressure
• Intrarenal Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of intrarenal failure Post-ischemic or nephrotoxic• Postrenal Occurs with urinary tract obstructions distal to the kidneys
diagnosis:
H&P (History & Physical test)
BUN, creatinine, sodium, potassium. pH, bicarbontae, Hgb (haemoglobin) and Hct (hematocrit).
Urine studies
US of kidneys
KUB (Kidney, Ureters, Bladders radiography).
Renal CT/MRI
Retrograde pyelogram- Retrograde Pyelogram is a urologic procedure where the physician injects contrast into the ureter in order to visualize the ureter and kidney. The flow of contrast (up from the bladder to the kidney) is opposite the usual flow of urine, hence the retrograde name.
Medical treatment
Fluid and dietary restrictions
Maintain Electrolytes
May need dialysis to jump start renal function
May need to stimulate production of urine with IV fluids, Dopomine, diuretics, etc.
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT
chronic kidney disease causes;
Diabetic kidney disease.
Hypertension.
Vascular disease (Angina & MI).
Glomerular disease (primary or secondary).
Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction
Recurrent kidney stone disease
Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder
Unrecovered acute kidney injury
Management of Chronic Kidney Disorder (CKD)Sharanya Rajan
This document provides an overview of the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD and describes its most common causes as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. It explains the pathophysiology of CKD as progressive loss of nephrons leading to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hypertension. The clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic early on to later symptoms of kidney failure like fluid overload and hyperuremia. Diagnosis involves assessing glomerular filtration rate and looking for signs of kidney damage through blood and urine tests. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and glucose, treat underlying causes, and prevent complications through diet, medications, and renal replacement therapy like dialysis if indicated. Complications discussed
Chronic kidney failure is the progressive loss of kidney function over months or years. It is characterized by a buildup of waste products due to decreased filtration by the kidneys. The National Kidney Foundation stages chronic kidney disease based on glomerular filtration rate. Stage 1 involves normal kidney function while stage 5 is end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation. Treatment options depend on the stage and may include lifestyle changes, medication, dialysis, and transplantation.
Differences acute renal failure vs chronic renal failureDr Nilesh Kate
Acute renal failure has a sudden onset over days to weeks, is usually reversible, and is caused by pre-renal or post-renal issues that result in oliguria or anuria. In contrast, chronic renal failure has a more gradual onset over weeks to months, is usually irreversible, stems from direct renal damage, and presents with polyuria, nocturia, and the presence of renal failure casts on microscopy along with low and fixed specific gravity. Chronic renal failure also involves a past history of kidney disease and requires repeated dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Chronic renal failure is characterized by the progressive and irreversible deterioration of renal function that eventually leads to death. It is caused by the slow destruction of renal parenchyma over time from diseases like glomerulonephritis, diabetes nephropathy, hypertension, infections, toxins, and obstructions. The stages of chronic renal failure progress from a decreased renal reserve with normal lab values and no symptoms, to renal insufficiency with elevated BUN and creatinine and symptoms like polyuria, to renal failure with severe loss of renal function, to end stage kidney disease requiring dialysis or transplant. Chronic renal failure results in both primary renal manifestations like metabolic acidosis and secondary manifestations affecting other organs systems like anemia
Renal failure, also known as kidney failure, can be acute (AKI) or chronic (CKD). AKI is a rapid loss of kidney function that can be caused by decreased blood flow, kidney damage, or urinary tract obstruction. CKD is a progressive loss of kidney function over months or years that is commonly caused by diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis involves measuring glomerular filtration rate and urine/blood tests. Treatment depends on the stage and type of kidney failure, and may include medications, dialysis, or transplant.
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is the progressive loss of kidney function over time. It can be caused by conditions that damage the nephrons like diabetes and hypertension. As kidney function declines, waste products build up in the bloodstream. CRF is classified by the location of damage as pre-renal, post-renal, or renal. The most common causes of renal CRF are diabetes and high blood pressure. Multiple myeloma can also lead to CRF through protein deposits and related complications that strain the kidneys.
Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of kidney function over time that cannot be reversed. It affects approximately 290,000 people in the United States. The kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. Chronic renal failure is caused by conditions like hypertension, diabetes, kidney infections, and can lead to complications that affect many organ systems if not managed properly through treatments like dialysis and kidney transplantation. Proper management includes monitoring fluid and electrolytes, reducing metabolic rate, preventing infections, and providing nutritional therapy and skin care.
This document defines acute renal failure (ARF) as the sudden reduction in renal function causing the kidneys to be unable to excrete waste products and regulate water and electrolyte balance. It classifies ARF as either acute or chronic and pre-renal, renal, or post-renal. The causes and pathogenesis of ARF are described including pre-renal from hypovolemia, renal from acute tubular necrosis or glomerulonephritis, and post-renal from urinary tract obstruction. Clinical features include oliguria, edema, hypertension and uremia. Investigations include blood and urine tests. Management involves fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and dialysis depending on the cause
Chronic kidney disease is defined as kidney damage or reduced kidney function (glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73m2) lasting at least 3 months. It is a progressive condition that leads to complete kidney failure if left untreated. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Symptoms are often nonspecific until late stages and include fatigue, pruritis, and neurological problems. Treatment focuses on slowing progression through blood pressure control and managing complications like anemia, bone disease, and fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Dialysis or kidney transplantation are required once kidney function has declined sufficiently.
The document discusses renal failure, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). It covers the epidemiology and burden of kidney disease globally and in India. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the kidney and nephron. It defines AKI and its stages, causes including prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal factors. Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management of AKI are summarized. CKD is defined and its stages, signs and symptoms, and diagnosis are outlined. Risk factors for CKD are also mentioned.
pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure - Bestha Chakrapani associate professor Deparrtment of Balaji college of pharmacy , ananthapuramu-515004
This document discusses renal failure and acute kidney injury (AKI). It defines AKI and outlines its causes, which include prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal factors. The main types of intrinsic renal injury are acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, and interstitial nephritis. Signs and symptoms of AKI include oliguria, edema, and flank pain. The document also describes methods of diagnosing and classifying the severity of AKI.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Diagnosis and managementkkcsc
This document discusses chronic kidney disease, including its definition, epidemiology in India, risk factors and causes, diagnosis, and management. It presents a case study of a 36-year-old lady with weakness, bone pain, edema, and mild renal failure. Her history and lab results are discussed in detail. The document reviews the stages of chronic kidney disease, main categories of causes (pre-renal, renal, post-renal), and risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and smoking. Specific conditions that can lead to chronic kidney disease are also outlined such as diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, tubular disorders, and obstructive nephropathy.
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition as structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys for over 3 months, stages of progression from normal kidney function to kidney failure, prevalence, clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and management, classification based on etiology and diagnosis, and remaining treatment options for end-stage renal disease.
Renal failure and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India Shewta shetty
"Treatment & remedies for renal failure and its homeopathy treatment.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."/>
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
This document discusses chronic kidney disease in children. It defines chronic kidney disease as either kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/min/1.73m2 for over 3 months. Causes in children include congenital abnormalities, glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney diseases, and inherited disorders. Chronic kidney disease progresses through 5 stages and can cause complications affecting multiple organ systems. Treatment aims to replace kidney function, slow progression, and manage complications through measures like fluid/electrolyte control, nutrition, anemia treatment, bone disease management, and slowing kidney damage progression.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major public health problem, with diabetes and hypertension being leading causes. CKD is defined by reduced kidney function (GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2) and/or markers of kidney damage such as albuminuria. While CKD may cause few symptoms initially, it disrupts homeostasis and hormone production. Estimated GFR (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) are used to screen, diagnose, and monitor CKD. The ACP recommends ACE inhibitors or ARBs to treat hypertension in CKD, and statins to manage lipids. Blood pressure targets in CKD may differ from
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is characterized by a progressive decline in kidney function over time and is classified into 5 stages based on glomerular filtration rate. CKD has many potential causes including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. As kidney function declines, patients experience complications such as anemia, bone disease, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular disease, and other systemic effects. Treatment focuses on slowing progression, managing complications, and renal replacement therapy for stage 5 CKD.
The document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. It defines CKD, describes the stages and progression of disease. Common causes in children include congenital abnormalities and inherited disorders. Clinical features range from asymptomatic to growth retardation, hypertension, anemia and bone disease. Investigations include blood and urine tests to assess kidney function and damage. Management involves fluid, electrolyte, nutritional, anemic and bone disease management tailored to the stage of CKD.
This document discusses renal failure, including anatomy and function of the kidneys, classifications of acute and chronic renal failure, causes and symptoms of acute and chronic renal failure, diagnosis, management of acute renal failure including life-threatening conditions like hyperkalemia, dialysis options including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, and potential problems related to end stage renal disease and dialysis.
Renal failure
Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days. AKI causes a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard for your kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in your body
pathophysiology
Initial :Renal damage is occurring, the child may be Asymptomatic
Oliguric: <1ml/kg/hr of urineImpaired glomerular filtration-Waste cannot be remove-Uremia develops-Neurotoxicity-CCF, HTN, anemia
Diuretic :lasts 2 weekscellular regeneration and healinggradual return to normaldehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to excess urination
Recovery: it takes monthsf left untreated it result in fluid overload, electrolyteimbalance
CAUSES OF ARF
Prerenal Most common cause of ARF Caused by impaired renal blood flow GFR declines because of the decrease in filtration pressure
• Intrarenal Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of intrarenal failure Post-ischemic or nephrotoxic• Postrenal Occurs with urinary tract obstructions distal to the kidneys
diagnosis:
H&P (History & Physical test)
BUN, creatinine, sodium, potassium. pH, bicarbontae, Hgb (haemoglobin) and Hct (hematocrit).
Urine studies
US of kidneys
KUB (Kidney, Ureters, Bladders radiography).
Renal CT/MRI
Retrograde pyelogram- Retrograde Pyelogram is a urologic procedure where the physician injects contrast into the ureter in order to visualize the ureter and kidney. The flow of contrast (up from the bladder to the kidney) is opposite the usual flow of urine, hence the retrograde name.
Medical treatment
Fluid and dietary restrictions
Maintain Electrolytes
May need dialysis to jump start renal function
May need to stimulate production of urine with IV fluids, Dopomine, diuretics, etc.
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT
chronic kidney disease causes;
Diabetic kidney disease.
Hypertension.
Vascular disease (Angina & MI).
Glomerular disease (primary or secondary).
Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction
Recurrent kidney stone disease
Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder
Unrecovered acute kidney injury
Management of Chronic Kidney Disorder (CKD)Sharanya Rajan
This document provides an overview of the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD and describes its most common causes as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. It explains the pathophysiology of CKD as progressive loss of nephrons leading to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hypertension. The clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic early on to later symptoms of kidney failure like fluid overload and hyperuremia. Diagnosis involves assessing glomerular filtration rate and looking for signs of kidney damage through blood and urine tests. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and glucose, treat underlying causes, and prevent complications through diet, medications, and renal replacement therapy like dialysis if indicated. Complications discussed
Chronic kidney failure is the progressive loss of kidney function over months or years. It is characterized by a buildup of waste products due to decreased filtration by the kidneys. The National Kidney Foundation stages chronic kidney disease based on glomerular filtration rate. Stage 1 involves normal kidney function while stage 5 is end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation. Treatment options depend on the stage and may include lifestyle changes, medication, dialysis, and transplantation.
Differences acute renal failure vs chronic renal failureDr Nilesh Kate
Acute renal failure has a sudden onset over days to weeks, is usually reversible, and is caused by pre-renal or post-renal issues that result in oliguria or anuria. In contrast, chronic renal failure has a more gradual onset over weeks to months, is usually irreversible, stems from direct renal damage, and presents with polyuria, nocturia, and the presence of renal failure casts on microscopy along with low and fixed specific gravity. Chronic renal failure also involves a past history of kidney disease and requires repeated dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Chronic renal failure is characterized by the progressive and irreversible deterioration of renal function that eventually leads to death. It is caused by the slow destruction of renal parenchyma over time from diseases like glomerulonephritis, diabetes nephropathy, hypertension, infections, toxins, and obstructions. The stages of chronic renal failure progress from a decreased renal reserve with normal lab values and no symptoms, to renal insufficiency with elevated BUN and creatinine and symptoms like polyuria, to renal failure with severe loss of renal function, to end stage kidney disease requiring dialysis or transplant. Chronic renal failure results in both primary renal manifestations like metabolic acidosis and secondary manifestations affecting other organs systems like anemia
Renal failure, also known as kidney failure, can be acute (AKI) or chronic (CKD). AKI is a rapid loss of kidney function that can be caused by decreased blood flow, kidney damage, or urinary tract obstruction. CKD is a progressive loss of kidney function over months or years that is commonly caused by diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis involves measuring glomerular filtration rate and urine/blood tests. Treatment depends on the stage and type of kidney failure, and may include medications, dialysis, or transplant.
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is the progressive loss of kidney function over time. It can be caused by conditions that damage the nephrons like diabetes and hypertension. As kidney function declines, waste products build up in the bloodstream. CRF is classified by the location of damage as pre-renal, post-renal, or renal. The most common causes of renal CRF are diabetes and high blood pressure. Multiple myeloma can also lead to CRF through protein deposits and related complications that strain the kidneys.
Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of kidney function over time that cannot be reversed. It affects approximately 290,000 people in the United States. The kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. Chronic renal failure is caused by conditions like hypertension, diabetes, kidney infections, and can lead to complications that affect many organ systems if not managed properly through treatments like dialysis and kidney transplantation. Proper management includes monitoring fluid and electrolytes, reducing metabolic rate, preventing infections, and providing nutritional therapy and skin care.
This document defines acute renal failure (ARF) as the sudden reduction in renal function causing the kidneys to be unable to excrete waste products and regulate water and electrolyte balance. It classifies ARF as either acute or chronic and pre-renal, renal, or post-renal. The causes and pathogenesis of ARF are described including pre-renal from hypovolemia, renal from acute tubular necrosis or glomerulonephritis, and post-renal from urinary tract obstruction. Clinical features include oliguria, edema, hypertension and uremia. Investigations include blood and urine tests. Management involves fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and dialysis depending on the cause
Chronic kidney disease is defined as kidney damage or reduced kidney function (glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73m2) lasting at least 3 months. It is a progressive condition that leads to complete kidney failure if left untreated. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Symptoms are often nonspecific until late stages and include fatigue, pruritis, and neurological problems. Treatment focuses on slowing progression through blood pressure control and managing complications like anemia, bone disease, and fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Dialysis or kidney transplantation are required once kidney function has declined sufficiently.
The document discusses renal failure, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). It covers the epidemiology and burden of kidney disease globally and in India. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the kidney and nephron. It defines AKI and its stages, causes including prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal factors. Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management of AKI are summarized. CKD is defined and its stages, signs and symptoms, and diagnosis are outlined. Risk factors for CKD are also mentioned.
pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure - Bestha Chakrapani associate professor Deparrtment of Balaji college of pharmacy , ananthapuramu-515004
This document discusses renal failure and acute kidney injury (AKI). It defines AKI and outlines its causes, which include prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal factors. The main types of intrinsic renal injury are acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, and interstitial nephritis. Signs and symptoms of AKI include oliguria, edema, and flank pain. The document also describes methods of diagnosing and classifying the severity of AKI.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Diagnosis and managementkkcsc
This document discusses chronic kidney disease, including its definition, epidemiology in India, risk factors and causes, diagnosis, and management. It presents a case study of a 36-year-old lady with weakness, bone pain, edema, and mild renal failure. Her history and lab results are discussed in detail. The document reviews the stages of chronic kidney disease, main categories of causes (pre-renal, renal, post-renal), and risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and smoking. Specific conditions that can lead to chronic kidney disease are also outlined such as diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, tubular disorders, and obstructive nephropathy.
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition as structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys for over 3 months, stages of progression from normal kidney function to kidney failure, prevalence, clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and management, classification based on etiology and diagnosis, and remaining treatment options for end-stage renal disease.
Renal failure and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India Shewta shetty
"Treatment & remedies for renal failure and its homeopathy treatment.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."/>
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
This document discusses chronic kidney disease in children. It defines chronic kidney disease as either kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/min/1.73m2 for over 3 months. Causes in children include congenital abnormalities, glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney diseases, and inherited disorders. Chronic kidney disease progresses through 5 stages and can cause complications affecting multiple organ systems. Treatment aims to replace kidney function, slow progression, and manage complications through measures like fluid/electrolyte control, nutrition, anemia treatment, bone disease management, and slowing kidney damage progression.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major public health problem, with diabetes and hypertension being leading causes. CKD is defined by reduced kidney function (GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2) and/or markers of kidney damage such as albuminuria. While CKD may cause few symptoms initially, it disrupts homeostasis and hormone production. Estimated GFR (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) are used to screen, diagnose, and monitor CKD. The ACP recommends ACE inhibitors or ARBs to treat hypertension in CKD, and statins to manage lipids. Blood pressure targets in CKD may differ from
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is characterized by a progressive decline in kidney function over time and is classified into 5 stages based on glomerular filtration rate. CKD has many potential causes including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. As kidney function declines, patients experience complications such as anemia, bone disease, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular disease, and other systemic effects. Treatment focuses on slowing progression, managing complications, and renal replacement therapy for stage 5 CKD.
The document discusses chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu). It begins by introducing kidney functions and defining CKDu. It then lists major causal factors as fixed factors, behavioral factors, and biomedical factors. For the Sri Lankan situation, it notes CKDu was identified in 2000 and discusses hotspot districts. It explores possible roles of cadmium, uranium, fluoride, mycotoxins, aluminum utensils, and other factors in CKDu. The document suggests awareness raising, multidisciplinary research, following agrochemical recommendations, and promoting water filtering as steps to address CKDu.
Chronic kidney disease is defined as either kidney damage or decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73m2 lasting at least 3 months. The causes of chronic kidney disease include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. Management involves monitoring progression, treating complications, and planning for renal replacement therapy if kidney failure develops. Preventing progression to end-stage renal disease focuses on tight control of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, diet, and use of ACE inhibitors.
Chronic Kidney Disease - What You Need to KnowEvan Dechtman
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition where the kidneys are damaged and cannot properly filter waste from the blood. The kidneys help regulate blood pressure, make red blood cells, and remove waste. CKD is defined as kidney damage for 3 or more months as shown by blood and urine tests or imaging tests. Risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, family history, smoking, obesity, and use of certain medications. Early CKD often has no symptoms but can eventually cause fatigue, swollen limbs, and other issues. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure and diabetes, exercise, diet, and medication. End-stage renal disease requires dialysis or transplant. Screening those at high risk can
Mr. Saeed M. M. is a 73-year-old Saudi male who has a history of diabetes for 30 years and hypertension for 3 years. He presents with itching, bruising, swelling of the face and limbs, and vomiting for the past few weeks. He is known to have chronic kidney disease for the past 3 years. On examination, he has edema, ascites, and elevated creatinine. Laboratory tests show anemia, thrombocytopenia, and metabolic acidosis. He is diagnosed with end-stage renal disease and started on management including fluid restriction, medications, and education for future hemodialysis treatment.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as a progressive loss of kidney function over months or years. Patients with early stage CKD are generally asymptomatic, while later stages can cause nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and other symptoms. CKD is staged based on glomerular filtration rate, with stage 5 being severe kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant. Risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, and family history. Screening helps detect CKD in at-risk groups. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications, and dialysis or transplant for kidney failure.
Approach and management of chronic kidney disease sandeepMohit Aggarwal
Chronic kidney disease is a spectrum of conditions associated with progressive kidney function decline and damage. It is increasingly prevalent due to rising rates of diabetes and hypertension. Management involves identifying the underlying cause, calculating GFR to stage severity, investigating for complications, and slowing progression. Treatment focuses on managing complications through diet, medication, and preparing patients for renal replacement therapies like dialysis and transplantation if kidney failure occurs. The goal is optimizing quality of life and outcomes through a coordinated multidisciplinary approach.
Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD, Nephrology, Dee Evardone
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD as the presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney function for three or more months. Key points include:
- CKD is defined based on evidence of kidney damage through structural abnormalities found on biopsy, imaging, or urine tests, or decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73m2.
- Common causes of CKD include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney diseases, and vascular diseases.
- The document outlines clinical and laboratory manifestations of CKD and approaches to evaluating and managing patients with CKD.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function lasting over 3 months. CKD is evaluated based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and markers of kidney damage. Progression is defined as a sustained decline in GFR or a 25% drop from baseline. Management focuses on preventing progression through blood pressure control, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, glycemic control, salt restriction, and lifestyle changes like exercise and smoking cessation. Complications include anemia, bone disease, vitamin D deficiency, acidosis, cardiovascular disease, and increased risk of infection. Dialysis is initiated when symptoms develop or control of volume, pressure, or nutrition cannot be maintained.
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children, including definitions, stages, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications, treatment, and strategies to slow progression. Key points include:
- CKD is defined as kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2 for over 3 months.
- Etiology depends on age, and includes congenital abnormalities, glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney diseases.
- Pathogenesis involves hyperfiltration injury to surviving nephrons from loss of other nephrons.
- Treatment aims to replace renal function and slow progression, including fluid/electrolyte management, nutrition, growth supplements
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine.
Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours
CKD is a condition in which the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood as well as they should. Because of this, excess fluid and waste from blood remain in the body and may cause other health problems, such as heart disease and stroke.
Brief Information regarding the disorders of the genitourinary system. This presentation involves the disorders of the urinary system including Chronic Kidney Disease, Congenital problems related to the urinary system, and renal cancers.
The kidneys are located retroperitoneally and filter waste from the blood to form urine. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys cannot adequately remove waste or regulate fluids and electrolytes. Acute kidney injury is a sudden decrease in function while chronic kidney disease is long-term damage. Causes include decreased blood flow, direct damage, and obstruction. Treatment focuses on treating reversible causes and managing complications like anemia and bone disease. Dialysis or transplantation may be needed for late-stage disease.
This document summarizes chronic kidney disease (CKD), defining it as abnormalities of kidney structure or function lasting over 3 months that impact health. CKD is classified based on cause, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) category, and albuminuria levels. Key aspects of CKD addressed include pathophysiology, GFR estimation and staging, risk factors, clinical abnormalities associated with decreased kidney function like fluid/electrolyte issues and anemia, leading causes, and management including treating complications and renal replacement therapy for late stages.
CKD is defined as abnormal kidney structure or function lasting over 3 months. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic glomerulonephritis. Symptoms develop slowly and include fatigue, pruritis, and neurological problems. Complications arise from the retention of waste products and include heart and bone disease. Treatment options include managing risk factors, dietary modifications, dialysis, and transplantation.
The document provides information about kidney structure and function, as well as kidney diseases. It discusses that the kidneys contain nephrons and filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid levels. It describes acute kidney injury (AKI) as a sudden decline in kidney function, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) as long-term decreased function. For kidney failure, dialysis or transplantation is needed to replace lost kidney function.
The Medical Assessment and Management of OliguriaLuis Daniel Lugo
The document discusses the medical assessment and management of oliguria. It defines oliguria as urine output less than 400 mL per day in adults. Oliguria can result from prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal causes. The assessment of oliguria involves urine analysis and blood tests to evaluate electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, and acid-base balance. Medical management focuses on treating the underlying cause, managing fluid balance and hyperkalemia, and considering dialysis for complications like volume overload or refractory acidosis. Identifying and treating reversible causes is important for prognosis, which depends on etiology and comorbidities.
This document provides an overview of acute kidney injury (AKI). It defines AKI and notes its worldwide epidemiology. The main causes of AKI are discussed as pre-renal, renal, and post-renal. The pathophysiology of each type is explained. Clinical presentation depends on the cause but may include elevated creatinine and reduced urine output. Staging of AKI is outlined using KDIGO criteria. Investigations and management aim to identify and treat the underlying cause while maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. Complications include fluid overload and metabolic disturbances. Prognosis depends on severity and comorbidities.
This includes a comprehensive study of Renal Failure - both AKI & CKD (ESRD). It is very helpful for those who are managing the clients with renal failure.
This document provides information on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis. It discusses:
1. The functions of the kidneys and how CKD develops due to gradual loss of kidney function over time.
2. The stages of CKD progression and treatment strategies at each stage, including managing risk factors, complications, and preparing for renal replacement therapy.
3. The two main types of renal replacement therapy - hemodialysis which uses an artificial kidney to filter waste from the blood, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen.
1) Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood and is categorized as pre-renal, renal, or post-renal based on the underlying cause.
2) Pre-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys such as dehydration, blood loss, or heart issues. Renal acute renal failure involves direct damage to the kidney itself from issues like acute tubular necrosis. Post-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems blocking urine flow out of the kidneys.
3) Symptoms can include weakness, fatigue, edema, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, maintaining
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as kidney damage or decreased kidney function that lasts for at least 3 months. It is a progressive loss of kidney function over time that can lead to complications if left untreated. CKD is caused by conditions that damage the kidneys such as diabetes and hypertension. Symptoms are often vague until later stages when kidney function is significantly decreased. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure and blood sugars to slow the progression of kidney damage.
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) in pediatrics. It defines CKD as kidney damage lasting at least 3 months as determined by structural abnormalities and/or a glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73m2. The stages of CKD are described based on GFR. Common causes in children include congenital abnormalities and glomerulonephritis. The pathogenesis involves hyperfiltration injury and other factors like proteinuria that accelerate kidney damage. Management aims to address complications through careful monitoring, nutrition, treatment of mineral bone disorders, and controlling blood pressure and electrolyte abnormalities.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a deterioration of renal function over hours to days resulting in failure to excrete waste and maintain homeostasis. [1] There are over 35 AKI definitions showing its complexity. [2] It can be classified as oliguric/non-oliguric or prerenal, renal, postrenal. [3] Prerenal and acute tubular necrosis account for most hospital AKI cases. [4] Management involves diagnosis through tests and imaging, and treatment focusing on fluid balance, electrolytes, and potentially renal replacement therapy. [5] The prognosis remains poor especially in critically ill patients, as currently the condition can only be supported but not cured. [6
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of a spectrum of different pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function, and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
The document discusses chronic renal failure, including its causes, stages, symptoms, and treatment options. It defines chronic renal failure as permanent kidney dysfunction resulting in detectable health issues. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Treatment may involve managing symptoms conservatively or through dialysis and transplantation to replace kidney function. The goals of treatment are to delay disease progression, manage complications, and improve quality of life.
Chronic glomerulonephritis is characterized by progressive scarring of the glomeruli and kidneys that leads to reduced kidney function over time. If left untreated, it can progress to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. The rate of progression depends on the underlying cause of the chronic glomerulonephritis. Treatment aims to slow progression through controlling blood pressure and proteinuria with ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and other medications. Dietary modifications and management of complications help preserve kidney function for as long as possible.
The summary of the document is:
1. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is activated in response to hypotension, decreased sodium concentration, and decreased blood volume to increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction and sodium retention.
2. Nephrotic syndrome requires proteinuria over 3g per day, hypobulinemia, and edema. The most common causes are membranous glomerulonephritis, minimal-change GN, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
3. Nephritic syndrome presents with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, edema, and oliguria. It is often seen in IgA nep
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4. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Essentials of diagnosis
– Progressive azotemia over months to years
– Symptoms and signs of uremia when nearing
end-stage dz
– HTN in majority
– Isosthenuria and broad casts in urinary
sediment are common
– Bilateral small kidneys on US
5. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• National Kidney Foundation (NKF) defines
CKD as evidence of renal damage (based
on abnormal UA [proteinuria, hematuria]
or structural abnormalities found with US)
or GFR < 60 mL/min for 3 or more months
7. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Over 28 million affected…number increasing
daily
• Over 400,000 Americans currently treated with
renal replacement therapy
• Most common RF for CKD include DM, HTN,
CVD, FHx of CKD, and age > 60 yrs
• Major outcomes of CKD include CVD,
progression to renal failure, and development of
complications of impaired renal function, such as
anemia, d/o of mineral metabolism, and
secondary hyperparathyroidism
8. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• In CKD, reduced clearance of certain
solutes principally excreted by the kidney
results in their retention in the body fluids.
The solutes are end products of the
metabolism of substances of exogenous
origin (eg, food) or endogenous origin (eg,
catabolism of tissue)
9. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• CKD is rarely reversible and leads to
progressive decline in renal function. Reduction
in renal mass leads to hypertrophy of the
remaining nephrons with hyperfiltration, and the
glomerular filtration rate in these nephrons is
transiently at supranormal levels. These
adaptations place a burden on remaining
nephrons, leading to progressive glomerular
sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis, suggesting that
hyperfiltration may worsen renal function
10. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Symptoms develop slowly and are
nonspecific
• Pts may remain asymptomatic until renal
failure is far-advanced (GFR < 10-15
ml/min)
• Manifestations can include fatigue,
malaise, weakness, pruritis
• GI c/o anorexia, n/v, metallic taste and
hiccups are common
11. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Neurologic problems include irritability,
difficulty concentrating, insomnia, and
forgetfulness
• Menstrual irregularities, infertility,
and loss of libido are also
common as condition
progresses
12. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• PE reveals a chronically ill-appearing pt
• Look for possible underlying cause (DM, lupus)
• HTN is common
• Skin may be yellow, with evidence of easy
bruising
• Uremic fetor (fishy breath) may be present
• Cardiopulmonary and mental status changes are
frequently noted also. See CMDT
13. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Labs
– Dx made by documenting elevations of BUN
and serum creatinine concentrations
– GFR…once < 60, refer to Nephrologist
– Persistent proteinuria is suggestive of CKD,
regardless of GFR level
– UA: broad, waxy casts (evidence of loss of
tubular concentrating ability)
14. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Labs (cont)
– May see anemia, metabolic acidosis,
hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and
hyperkalemia…with both acute and chronic
renal failure
– Further eval needed to differentiate between
acute and chronic renal failure
• Evidence of previously elevated BUN and
creatinine, abnormal prior UA, and stable but
abnormal serum creatinine on successive days is
most consistent with a chronic process
15. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Imaging
– Finding of small echogenic
kidneys b/l (<10 cm) by US
supports dx of CKD/irrev. dz
– Radiological evidence of renal
osteodystrophy is another helpful
finding
• Check phalanges of hands
17. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Hyperkalemia
– Potassium balance usually remains intact until
GFR < 10-20 mL/min
– Tx of acute hyperkalemia involves cardiac
monitoring, IV calcium chloride or gluconate,
insulin with glucose, bicarbonate, and sodium
polystyrene sulfonate
– Chronic hyperkalemia tx’d with dietary
potassium restriction, and sodium polystyrene
PRN
18. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Acid-base d/o
– Damaged kidneys are unable to excrete the 1
mEq/kg/d of acid generated by metabolism of
dietary proteins. The resultant metabolic
acidosis is primarily due to loss of renal mass
– Tx
• Maintain serum bicarb level at > 21 mEq/L
– Alkali supplements include sodium bicarbonate,
calcium bicarbonate, and sodium citrate
19. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Cardiovascular complications (HTN)
– HTN is most common complication of ESRD
– HTN control with weight loss and tobacco
cessation
– Salt intake reduced to 2g/day
– Initial RX to include ACE inhibitor or
angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)
• If serum potassium and GFR permit (recheck 1
wk)
– Goal BP is <130/80 mm Hg; for those with
proteinuria > 1-2 g/d, goal is < 125/75 mm Hg
20. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Cardiovascular complications (pericarditis)
– Pericarditis may develop with uremia
– Cause believed to be retention of metabolic
toxins
– Symptoms include CP and fever. May have
pulsus paradoxus and friction rub on exam
– Pericarditis is an absolute indication for
initiation of hemodialysis
21. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Cardiovascular complications (CHF)
– Pts with ESRD tend toward a high cardiac
output. Often have extracellular fluid overload,
shunting of blood through AV fistula for
dialysis, and anemia. In addition to HTN, this
causes increased myocardial work and
oxygen demand. There is also increased rate
of atherosclerosis. All of this contributes to
LVH and dilation, present in 75% of pts
starting dialysis. Tx with loop diuretics, ACE
inhibitors, and regulation of salt and water
22. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Hematologic complications
– Anemia
• Normochromic, normocytic
• Due to decreased erythropoiesis and RBC survival
• Many pts are also iron deficient
• Recombinant erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) used in
pts whose hematocrits are < 33%
• Iron supplement PRN also
23. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Hematologic complications
– Coagulopathy
• Mainly caused by platelet dysfunction
• Platelet counts only mildly decreased, but bleeding
time is prolonged
• Platelets show abnormal adhesiveness and
aggregation
• Pts may present with petechiae, purpura, and
increased bleeding during surgery
• Dialysis improves bleeding time but doesn’t
normalize it
• Tx goal = Hct increased to 30%
24. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Neurologic complications
– Uremic encephalopathy does not occur until
GFR falls below 10-15 mL/min
– Symptoms begin with diff. concentrating and
can progress to lethargy, confusion, and
coma
– Neuropathy found in 65% of pts on or nearing
dialysis but not until GFR is 10% of normal
– Earlier initiation of dialysis may prevent
peripheral neuropathies
25. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Disorders of mineral metabolism
– D/o of calcium, phosphorus, and bone are
referred to as renal osteodystrophy
– Most common d/o is osteitis fibrosa cystica –
the bony changes of secondary
hyperparathyroidism…affecting 50% of pts
nearing ESRD
– Radiographically, lesions most prominent in
phalanges and lateral ends of clavicles
26. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Disorders of mineral metabolism
– May also have osteomalacia or adynamic
bone dz
– All of the above may cause bony pain,
proximal muscle weakness, and spontaneous
bone fractures
– Tx may consist of dietary phosphorus
restriction, oral phosphorus-binding agents
such as calcium carbonate or Renogel, and
vitamin D
– Hyperparathyroidism tx’d with calcitriol or
Sensipar
27. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Endocrine d/o
– Circulating insulin levels are higher because
of decreased renal insulin clearance
– Glucose intolerance can occur in chronic
renal failure when GFR is < 10-20 mL/min.
This is mainly due to peripheral insulin
resistance
– Decreased libido and impotence are common.
Men have decreased testosterone; women
are often anovulatory
28. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Tx
– ACE/ARB to slow progression of proteinuria and CVD
– Maintain excellent diabetes control…keep HgA1C < 7
• Tx (Consults): early nephrology, vascular, general
surgery
• Tx (Dietary)
– Every pt should be eval by renal nutritionist
– Protein restriction
• In general, protein intake should not exceed 1 g/kg/d
– Salt and water restriction
• For the nondialysis pt approaching ESRD, 2 g/d of sodium is an
initial recommendation
29. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
– Potassium restriction
• Once GFR has fallen below 10-20 mL/min,
potassium intake should be limited to < 60-70
mEq/d
– Phosphorus restriction
• Phosphorus level should be < 4.6 mg/dL
• Phosphorus binders required if GFR < 20-30
mL/min
– Magnesium restriction
• No magnesium-containing laxatives or antacids
30. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Treatment (Dialysis)
– When conservative management of ESRD is
inadequate, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis,
and kidney transplantation are alternatives
– Dialysis should be started when pt has GFR
of 10 mL/min or serum creatinine of 8 mg/dL
– Diabetics should start when GFR reaches 15
mL/min or serum creatinine is 6 mg/dL
31. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Treatment (Dialysis)
– Other absolute indications for dialysis include
• Uremic symptoms such as pericarditis,
encephalopathy, or coagulopathy
• Fluid overload unresponsive to diuresis
• Refractory hyperkalemia…>7
• Severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.20)
• Neurologic symptoms such as seizures or
neuropathy
32. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Hemodialysis (choice for 90% of pts)
– Vascular access accomplished by an a/v fistula
(preferred) or prosthetic graft
– Infection, thrombosis, and aneurysm formation are
complications seen more often in grafts than fistulas.
Staphylococcus aureus is most common infecting
agent
– Pts typically require hemodialysis 3x/wk…sessions
last 3-5 hrs each
– Home dialysis also now available
– Ensure pt getting regular labs to include PTH and
ALK PHOS
34. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Peritoneal dialysis
– The peritoneal membrane is the “dialyzer”
– Most common type is continuous ambulatory
peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
• Pts exchange dialysate 4-6 times/day
– Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
utilizes a cycler machine to automatically
perform exchanges at night
– Most common complication = peritonitis
• Most common pathogen = S aureus
36. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Total costs of both types of dialysis are
about the same ($35,000 - $60,000/yr)
• Pts undergoing dialysis have an average
life expectancy of 3-4 yrs
• Studies are conflicting regarding the
survival advantage assoc. with either
peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis
37. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Kidney transplantation
– 1st - Dr Hamburger in 1952
– Up to 50% of all pts with ESRD are suitable for
transplant. Age becoming less of a barrier
– In general, not placed on list until GFR <15
– Living donor is best option
– Two-thirds of kidney transplants come from deceased
donors
– Average wait for cadaveric transplant is 2-4 yrs;
becoming longer as more pts go on the list while
donor pool does not expand
– One yr survival rate is approx. 98%
38. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• CKD prognosis
– Mortality higher for pts on dialysis than for
age-matched controls
– Expected remaining lifetime for the age group
55-64 is 22 yrs, whereas that of ESRD
population is 5 yrs
– Most common cause of death is cardiac
dysfunction
– For those who require dialysis to sustain life,
but decide against it, death ensues within
days to wks
39. Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
• Overall…medical care of CKD focuses on
delaying or halting progression of CKD
– Tx underlying cause(s)
– Tx HTN and Diabetes
– Avoid nephrotoxins
– Tx complications
• Lastly…watch out for meds that are
renally excreted. You will need to adjust
dose in pts with renal failure