The kidneys are located retroperitoneally and filter waste from the blood to form urine. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys cannot adequately remove waste or regulate fluids and electrolytes. Acute kidney injury is a sudden decrease in function while chronic kidney disease is long-term damage. Causes include decreased blood flow, direct damage, and obstruction. Treatment focuses on treating reversible causes and managing complications like anemia and bone disease. Dialysis or transplantation may be needed for late-stage disease.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of a spectrum of different pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function, and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of a spectrum of different pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function, and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your blood. When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate, and your blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance
Chronic Kidney Disease, a.k.a Chronic Kidney Failure, is a vast but serious topic that requires thorough study. This presentation entails the essentials - its stages, pathogenesis, risk factors, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
End-stage renal disease is a condition in which the kidneys no longer function normally and required excellent medical and nursing care for the managing this condition.
Brief Information regarding the disorders of the genitourinary system. This presentation involves the disorders of the urinary system including Chronic Kidney Disease, Congenital problems related to the urinary system, and renal cancers.
Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your blood. When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate, and your blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance
Chronic Kidney Disease, a.k.a Chronic Kidney Failure, is a vast but serious topic that requires thorough study. This presentation entails the essentials - its stages, pathogenesis, risk factors, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
End-stage renal disease is a condition in which the kidneys no longer function normally and required excellent medical and nursing care for the managing this condition.
Brief Information regarding the disorders of the genitourinary system. This presentation involves the disorders of the urinary system including Chronic Kidney Disease, Congenital problems related to the urinary system, and renal cancers.
This includes a comprehensive study of Renal Failure - both AKI & CKD (ESRD). It is very helpful for those who are managing the clients with renal failure.
Renal failure and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India Shewta shetty
"Treatment & remedies for renal failure and its homeopathy treatment.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."/>
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Anatomic and Physiology
• The kidneys are a pair of brownish-red structures located
retroperitoneal on the posterior wall of the abdomen from the T12 to
L3 in the adult.
• An adult kidney weighs 120 to 170g and is 12 cm long, 6cm wide, and
2.5cm thick.
• Well protected by the ribs, muscles, fascia, perirenal fat, and the renal
capsule, which surround each kidney.
• Kidneys consists of two distinct regions, the renal parenchyma and
the renal pelvis.
3. • The cortex contains the glomeruli, proximal and
distal tubules, collecting ducts and their adjacent
peritubular capillaries.
• Each kidney contains approximately 8 to 18
pyramids.
• The pyramids drain into renal calices that open
directly into the renal pelvis.
• The hilum, or pelvis, is the concave portion of the
kidney through which the renal artery enters and
the renal vein exits.
4. • Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, the
functional units of the kidney.
• The nephron consists of a glomerulus containing afferent
and efferent arterioles, Bowman's capsule, proximal
tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting ducts.
• The glomerulus is composed of three filtering layers: the
capillary endothelium, the basement membrane, and the
epithelium.
• Urine is formed in the nephrons in a three-step process:
filtration, reabsorption, and excretion.
• Water, electrolytes, and other substances, such as glucose
and creatinine, are filtered by the glomerulus
5. What are the functions of the kidneys?
• Urine formation
• Excretion of waste products
• Regulation of electrolytes
• Regulation of acid-base balance
• Control of water balance
• Control of blood pressure
• Regulation of red blood cell production
• Synthesis of vitamin D to active form
• Secretion of prostaglandins
6. Renal Failure
• Renal failure results when the kidneys cannot remove the body's
metabolic wastes or perform their regulatory functions.
• Renal impairment leads to a disruption in endocrine and metabolic
functions as well as fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disturbances.
7. Epidemiology
Global burden (data From WHO)
• The GBD 2015 study estimated that, in 2015, 1.2 million people died
from kidney failure, an increase of 32% since 2005.
• In 2010, an estimated 2.3-7.1 million people with end-stage kidney
disease died without access to dialysis.
8. Acute kidney injury (AKI)
AKI refers to an abrupt decrease in kidney function, resulting in the
retention of urea and other nitrogenous waste products and in the
dysregulation of extracellular volume and electrolytes.
9. AKI stages – using KDIGO criteria
Stage 1 Increase in serum creatinine to 1.5 to 1.9 times
baseline, or increase in serum creatinine by ≥0.3 mg/dL (≥26.5
micromol/L), or reduction in urine output to <0.5 mL/kg/hour for 6
to 12 hours.
Stage 2 Increase in serum creatinine to 2.0 to 2.9 times
baseline, or reduction in urine output to <0.5 mL/kg/hour for ≥12
hours.
Stage 3 Increase in serum creatinine to 3.0 times baseline, or increase in
serum creatinine to ≥4.0 mg/dL (≥353.6 micromol/L), or reduction
in urine output to <0.3 mL/kg/hour for ≥24 hours, or anuria for ≥12
hours, or the initiation of kidney replacement therapy, or, in
patients <18 years, decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate
(eGFR) to <35 mL/min/1.73 m2.
10. Epidemiology of AKI
• Global burden- 13.3 million cases every year. Annual incidence in
LMIC is 11.3 m cases.
• AKI has an incidence of 5–7% in hospitalized patients and 30% of
admissions to ICU and accounts for about 50-80% Mortality in ICU.
• Of 1.7 million deaths per year by AKI globally, an estimated 1.4 million
deaths are in LMIC.
11. What causes AKI?
• A condition that slows blood flow to your kidneys
• Direct damage to kidneys
• Urine drainage tubes (ureters) become blocked
12.
13. Who is at risk?
• Being hospitalized, especially serious condition whom requires intensive
care
• Advanced age
• Blockages in the blood vessels
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Heart failure
• Kidney diseases
• Liver diseases
• Certain cancers and their treatments
14. Signs and symptoms of AKI
• Decreased urine output, (occasionally
urine output remains normal)
• Fluid retention, causing swelling in legs,
ankles or feet
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Confusion
• Nausea
• Weakness
• Irregular heartbeat
• Chest pain or pressure
• Seizures or coma in severe
cases
15. Diagnosis cont...
AKI is diagnosed as any of the following (KDIGO):
• Increase in SCr by X0.3 mg/dl (X26.5 lmol/l) within 48 hours; or
• Increase in SCr to X1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have
occurred within the prior 7 days; or
• Urine volume of <0.5 ml/kg/h for 6 hours.
• Before diagnosing and classifying AKI, one should assess and optimize
volume status and exclude obstruction.
16. Management of AKI
Goals of management;
1. Determine its cause and recognizing prerenal causes or postrenal causes
2. Treating reversible causes, such as hypotension, volume depletion, or
urinary tract obstruction
3. Removing any active insults to minimize new injury
4. Identifying and treating the complications that may eventually require
RRT
17.
18. When to initiate RRT?
Complications of AKI that might require emergency RRT include the following:
• A-Acidosis
Severe metabolic acidosis (pH <7.1) and hypervolemia, unless acidosis can be
rapidly resolved by quickly correcting the underlying etiology (e.g, diabetic
ketoacidosis)
• E-Electrolyte imbalance
Hyperkalemia >6.5 mEq/L, hyperkalemia associated with symptoms or signs (i.e,
cardiac conduction abnormalities, muscle weakness), or hyperkalemia >5.5
mEq/L if there is ongoing tissue breakdown (e.g, rhabdomyolysis)
• I-Intoxication- Acute poisoning
• O- Overload- Pulmonary edema
• U- Uremic encephalopathy/Uremic pericarditis
Signs of uremia, such as pericarditis, or an otherwise unexplained decline in
mental status
19. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
• KDIGO define CKD as either kidney damage or a decreased
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at
least 3 months.
20. How is CKD staged?
• Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR (>90 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
• Stage 2: Mild reduction in GFR (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
• Stage 3a: Moderate reduction in GFR (45-59 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
• Stage 3b: Moderate reduction in GFR (30-44 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
• Stage 4: Severe reduction in GFR (15-29 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
• Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or dialysis)
21.
22. Signs and symptoms
• Patients with CKD stages 1-3 are generally asymptomatic.
• Signs of metabolic acidosis in CKD5: Protein-energy malnutrition, loss of
lean body mass, muscle weakness.
• Signs of water/electrolyte imbalance in CKD5: Peripheral/pulmonary
edema, hypertension.
• Anemia in CKD : Fatigue, reduced exercise capacity, impaired cognitive and
immune function, reduced quality of life, new onset of heart failure.
23. Diagnosis
The following markers of kidney damage may establish the diagnosis :
• Albuminuria (albumin excretion > 30 mg/24 hr or Alb:Cr ratio > 30
mg/g [> 3 mg/mmol])
• Electrolyte and other abnormalities due to tubular disorders
• Histologic abnormalities
• Structural abnormalities detected by imaging
• History of kidney transplantation
24. Other manifestations..
• Pericarditis: Can be complicated by cardiac tamponade
• Encephalopathy: Can progress to coma and death
• Restless leg syndrome
• Gastrointestinal symptoms: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• Skin manifestations: Dry skin, pruritus, ecchymosis
• Fatigue, increased somnolence
• Platelet dysfunction with tendency to bleed
25. Diagnosis
Laboratory studies:
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Basic metabolic panel
• Urinalysis
• Serum albumin levels: Patients may have hypoalbuminemia due to
malnutrition, urinary protein loss, or chronic inflammation
• Lipid profile: Patients with CKD have an increased risk of cardiovascular
disease
26. Other tests:
Evidence of renal bone disease:
• Serum calcium and phosphate
• 25-hydroxyvitamin D
• Alkaline phosphatase
• Intact PTH levels
27. Imaging
• Renal USS: Useful to screen for hydronephrosis, tumor, or diffuse
adenopathy; small, echogenic kidneys are observed in advanced kidney
failure.
• Retrograde pyelography: Suspicion for obstruction
• CT scan: Define renal masses and cysts - most sensitive test for kidney
stones
• MRI: Patients who cannot receive contrast - Renal vein thrombosis
28. Biopsy
• Percutaneous kidney biopsy is generally indicated when kidney
impairment and/or proteinuria approaching the nephrotic range are
present and the diagnosis is unclear after appropriate workup.
29. Management
Goals of treatment;
1. Treatment of reversible causes of kidney dysfunction
2. Preventing or slowing the progression of kidney disease
3. Treatment of the complications of kidney dysfunction
4. Identification and adequate preparation of the patient in whom
kidney replacement therapy will be required
30. Treat complications:
• Anemia: Hb< 10 g/dL, treat with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs),
after iron saturation and ferritin levels are at normal levels.
• Hyperphosphatemia: Treat with dietary phosphate binders and dietary
phosphate restriction
• Hypocalcemia: Treat with calcium supplements with or without calcitriol
• Hyperparathyroidism: Treat with calcitriol or vitamin D analogues or
calcimimetics
• Volume overload: Treat with loop diuretics or ultrafiltration
• Metabolic acidosis: Treat with oral alkali supplementation
• Uremic manifestations: Treat with long-term renal replacement therapy
(hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or renal transplantation)
31. Indications for RRT
• Severe metabolic acidosis
• Hyperkalemia
• Uremic Pericarditis
• Uremic Encephalopathy
• Intractable volume overload
• Intractable gastrointestinal symptoms
• In asymptomatic patients, a GFR of 5-9 mL/min/1.73 m², irrespective
of the cause of the CKD or the presence or absence of other
comorbidities
32. Renal transplant
It is associated with better quality of life, lower medical costs, less
hospitalization, and improved survival compared with patients who
remain on dialysis.
33. References
• Medscape.com
• Online Medical Website (Uptodate)
• Davidson’s principles and practice of medicine 23rd Edition -
2018
• Tanzania Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG - 2021)