Otosclerosis is the overgrowth of the spongy bones in the bones of the middle ear leading to the fixation of the bones causing conductive hearing loss in patient.
This lecture includes its pathophysiology, causes, risk factors, symptoms and treatment
Hydrocephalus, meningitis and encephalitis - PathologySaili Gaude
This presentation covers in brief the CNS pathology for nurses according to sem 4 syllabus. This covers disorders such as meningitis, encephalitis and also includes hydrocephalus.
This document discusses hepatitis, which refers to inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, drugs, alcohol, and autoimmune diseases. There are different types of hepatitis including acute (less than 6 months), chronic (lasting longer than 6 months), and fulminant (rare and life-threatening form). Viral hepatitis accounts for over 50% of cases and is caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and occasionally other viruses. Symptoms, treatments, preventive measures, and liver biopsy for diagnosis are described.
PATHOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM DISORDER pptSaili Gaude
This lecture includes pathology of renal calculi , renal carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, bladder tumor, renal tumor etc. This lecture have been prepared in view of Nursing students according to syllabus.
BRONCHIECTASIS PATHOLOGY FOR NURSES.pptxSaili Gaude
This lecture describes in detail the pathology of Bronchiectasis . The lecture is prepared for sem 3 nursing students. It includes types of bronchiectasis , its types, etiopathogenesis, gross morphology an dmicroscopic morphology.
Skin graft & flaps in diffrent surgeries & injuriesdocortho Patel
Skin grafting involves transferring skin tissue from one part of the body to another without its blood supply or nerve connections. There are several types of grafts including autografts, isografts, allografts, and xenografts. Partial thickness grafts involve transferring the epidermis and part of the dermis and heal faster but with greater risk of complications, while full thickness grafts involve the full epidermis and dermis and better retain skin functions but require a larger donor area. Skin grafting is used to cover wounds, ulcers, and defects created by surgery.
ASTHMA - PATHOLOGY FOR NURSING STUDENTSSaili Gaude
This lecture is on Pathology of asthma for nurses. This lecture is prepared for sem 4 nursing students. It includes, etiopathogenesis, gross morphology and microscopic morphology and diagnosis of asthma. It describes charcot leyden crystals and Cruschman spiral.
Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. This lecture deals with pathology of pneumonia in short and concise manner for nursing students. It includes the types of pneumonia, lobar pneumonia, bronchial pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia , hospital acquired pneumonia, community acquired pneumonia and so on. It also discusses the stages of pneumonia that is initial response, red hepatization, grey hepatization and resolution
Otosclerosis is the overgrowth of the spongy bones in the bones of the middle ear leading to the fixation of the bones causing conductive hearing loss in patient.
This lecture includes its pathophysiology, causes, risk factors, symptoms and treatment
Hydrocephalus, meningitis and encephalitis - PathologySaili Gaude
This presentation covers in brief the CNS pathology for nurses according to sem 4 syllabus. This covers disorders such as meningitis, encephalitis and also includes hydrocephalus.
This document discusses hepatitis, which refers to inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, drugs, alcohol, and autoimmune diseases. There are different types of hepatitis including acute (less than 6 months), chronic (lasting longer than 6 months), and fulminant (rare and life-threatening form). Viral hepatitis accounts for over 50% of cases and is caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and occasionally other viruses. Symptoms, treatments, preventive measures, and liver biopsy for diagnosis are described.
PATHOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM DISORDER pptSaili Gaude
This lecture includes pathology of renal calculi , renal carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, bladder tumor, renal tumor etc. This lecture have been prepared in view of Nursing students according to syllabus.
BRONCHIECTASIS PATHOLOGY FOR NURSES.pptxSaili Gaude
This lecture describes in detail the pathology of Bronchiectasis . The lecture is prepared for sem 3 nursing students. It includes types of bronchiectasis , its types, etiopathogenesis, gross morphology an dmicroscopic morphology.
Skin graft & flaps in diffrent surgeries & injuriesdocortho Patel
Skin grafting involves transferring skin tissue from one part of the body to another without its blood supply or nerve connections. There are several types of grafts including autografts, isografts, allografts, and xenografts. Partial thickness grafts involve transferring the epidermis and part of the dermis and heal faster but with greater risk of complications, while full thickness grafts involve the full epidermis and dermis and better retain skin functions but require a larger donor area. Skin grafting is used to cover wounds, ulcers, and defects created by surgery.
ASTHMA - PATHOLOGY FOR NURSING STUDENTSSaili Gaude
This lecture is on Pathology of asthma for nurses. This lecture is prepared for sem 4 nursing students. It includes, etiopathogenesis, gross morphology and microscopic morphology and diagnosis of asthma. It describes charcot leyden crystals and Cruschman spiral.
Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. This lecture deals with pathology of pneumonia in short and concise manner for nursing students. It includes the types of pneumonia, lobar pneumonia, bronchial pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia , hospital acquired pneumonia, community acquired pneumonia and so on. It also discusses the stages of pneumonia that is initial response, red hepatization, grey hepatization and resolution
STROKE AND ITS TYPES - PATHOLOGY LECTURESaili Gaude
This lecture describes the pathology of stroke, the types of stroke, gross morphology and microscopic changes in stroke, transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, etiopathogenesis of stroke and infarcts of stroke.
Otitis Media can be acute or chronic. Acute Suppurative Otitis Media is caused by bacterial infection spreading from the nose or throat to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. It progresses from catarrhal to exudative to suppurative stages, sometimes causing mastoiditis. Chronic Otitis Media can be suppurative or non-suppurative. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media may be benign or dangerous, with the dangerous type at risk of complications like cholesteatoma. Chronic Non-Suppurative Otitis Media involves non-purulent effusion, causing conditions like serous otitis media and atelectasis. Tuberculous
short and concise notes as well as presentation on Inheritance, laws of inheritance, patterns of inheritance and mutation for nurses. Subject :Genetics ,Unit: I.
Tinnitus is the perception of noise or ringing in the ears. It can result from various underlying causes like ear problems, neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, and metabolic disorders. Tinnitus is evaluated based on diagnosis, severity, and auditory evoked responses. Management includes psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, sound therapy devices, pharmacotherapy like antidepressants, and other modalities. Recent advances include acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation and magnetic/electrical brain stimulation.
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by diffuse damage to liver cells and the formation of scar tissue. As healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, the liver loses its normal structure and function. Common causes include chronic hepatitis from alcohol, viruses, and other toxins. Late stage cirrhosis results in liver failure and life-threatening complications such as internal bleeding, infection, and hepatic encephalopathy.
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the airsacs in one or both the lungs.The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus causing cough with phlegm or pus, fewer, chills and breathing difficulties.
This document discusses deafness and hearing loss. It defines different types and degrees of hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted properly through the outer or middle ear. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. Mixed hearing loss has both conductive and sensorineural components. Rehabilitation methods are described including hearing aids, bone anchored hearing aids, cochlear implants, and auditory brainstem implants. Types of hearing aids and how they work are explained. Speech reading, auditory training, and education of the deaf are important rehabilitation strategies. The overall message is that untreated hearing loss is more noticeable than using hearing aids or other assistive devices.
This document discusses different types of liver abscesses including their etiology, morphology, clinical features, and complications. Pyogenic liver abscesses are most commonly of bacterial origin such as E. coli. Amoebic liver abscesses are caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and are more common in developing countries. Hydatid disease is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus and presents as slow-growing cysts in the liver that can rupture and spread to other organs. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and biopsy of the abscess.
A ruptured eardrum, also known as a perforated eardrum, occurs when the thin tissue separating the inner ear from the outer ear (the eardrum or tympanic membrane) develops a tear. Common causes include ear infections, severe blows to the ear, improper wax removal, trauma, or foreign objects in the ear canal. Symptoms may include ear pain, discharge from the ear, ringing or whistling sounds, hearing loss, and dizziness. Treatment focuses on keeping the ear clean and dry, using pain medication, and sometimes surgical repair of the eardrum through a procedure called tympanoplasty.
This document discusses otalgia, or ear pain. It defines otalgia and divides it into two main types: primary otalgia, which originates within the ear, and referred otalgia, which originates elsewhere but is felt in the ear. For primary otalgia, common causes include external otitis, otitis media, and mastoiditis. Referred otalgia can be caused by issues in the teeth, jaw, sinuses, or throat. The document outlines risk factors, clinical manifestations, management including medications and surgery, and post-surgical precautions.
Definition
Classification
Causes of tinnitus
Treatment of tinnitus
Definition
Classification
Causes of tinnitus
Treatment of tinnitus
Definition of vertigo
It’s Causes
Specific Question for History
Differential diagnosis
Investigation
Management Plan
Dr. Ornouma Sriwanishvipat at Yanhee International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand treats various nose problems including nasal obstruction, nasal polyps, and cosmetic rhinoplasty. Common procedures performed are septoplasty to straighten a deviated septum and functional endoscopic sinus surgery to clear sinuses and remove polyps without external incisions. The document also provides details on nasal anatomy, functions, common nasal issues like polyps, deviated septums, and their treatments.
This document discusses vestibular rehabilitation therapy exercises for treating vertigo and balance issues associated with inner ear problems. It defines vestibular disorders as inflammation of the inner ear, nerves connecting the inner ear to the brain, or both. It then describes several exercises including: Cawthrone-Cooksey exercises involving eye and head movements; gaze stabilization exercises focusing on a target while turning the head; canalith repositioning exercises repositioning debris in the ear canals; and Brandt-Daroff exercises involving lying on each side for 30 seconds. The goal of these exercises is to improve eye-head coordination and balance.
This PPT contains only a brief summery about ATN.
for more information about the topic please refer to the book and site found the ppt, or you can get In touch with me .
A ruptured eardrum, or tympanic membrane perforation, is a hole or tear in the thin tissue separating the ear canal from the middle ear. Common causes include middle ear infections, loud noises, foreign objects in the ear, head trauma, and pressure changes from air travel. Symptoms may include ear pain, drainage from the ear, hearing loss, ringing in the ear, vertigo, and nausea. Diagnosis involves examining the ear with an otoscope and performing tests like audiometry and tympanometry. Treatment consists of identifying the underlying cause, using antibiotics for infections, and sometimes surgically repairing the perforation through myringoplasty.
Ear tumors can form in the inner ear, middle ear, or outer ear and may cause hearing loss. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Common benign ear tumors include acoustic neuromas of the inner ear, cholesteatomas of the middle ear, and sebaceous cysts or osteomas of the outer ear. Risk factors for ear tumors include chronic ear infections, ear piercings, radiation exposure, and smoking. Signs of an ear tumor include hearing loss, ear pain, and dizziness.
1) Conductive hearing loss results from any disease that interferes with sound conduction to the cochlea, with lesions potentially in the external ear, tympanic membrane, middle ear, or ossicles.
2) Characteristics include a negative Rinne test, Weber lateralized to the poorer ear, and normal bone conduction with an air-bone gap on audiometry.
3) Causes include congenital abnormalities, external ear obstructions, middle ear fluid/mass/fixation, and Eustachian tube blockage.
4) Sensorineural hearing loss results from cochlear, nerve, or brain lesions present at birth or later in life. Characteristics include
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
STROKE AND ITS TYPES - PATHOLOGY LECTURESaili Gaude
This lecture describes the pathology of stroke, the types of stroke, gross morphology and microscopic changes in stroke, transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, etiopathogenesis of stroke and infarcts of stroke.
Otitis Media can be acute or chronic. Acute Suppurative Otitis Media is caused by bacterial infection spreading from the nose or throat to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. It progresses from catarrhal to exudative to suppurative stages, sometimes causing mastoiditis. Chronic Otitis Media can be suppurative or non-suppurative. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media may be benign or dangerous, with the dangerous type at risk of complications like cholesteatoma. Chronic Non-Suppurative Otitis Media involves non-purulent effusion, causing conditions like serous otitis media and atelectasis. Tuberculous
short and concise notes as well as presentation on Inheritance, laws of inheritance, patterns of inheritance and mutation for nurses. Subject :Genetics ,Unit: I.
Tinnitus is the perception of noise or ringing in the ears. It can result from various underlying causes like ear problems, neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, and metabolic disorders. Tinnitus is evaluated based on diagnosis, severity, and auditory evoked responses. Management includes psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, sound therapy devices, pharmacotherapy like antidepressants, and other modalities. Recent advances include acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation and magnetic/electrical brain stimulation.
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by diffuse damage to liver cells and the formation of scar tissue. As healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, the liver loses its normal structure and function. Common causes include chronic hepatitis from alcohol, viruses, and other toxins. Late stage cirrhosis results in liver failure and life-threatening complications such as internal bleeding, infection, and hepatic encephalopathy.
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the airsacs in one or both the lungs.The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus causing cough with phlegm or pus, fewer, chills and breathing difficulties.
This document discusses deafness and hearing loss. It defines different types and degrees of hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted properly through the outer or middle ear. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. Mixed hearing loss has both conductive and sensorineural components. Rehabilitation methods are described including hearing aids, bone anchored hearing aids, cochlear implants, and auditory brainstem implants. Types of hearing aids and how they work are explained. Speech reading, auditory training, and education of the deaf are important rehabilitation strategies. The overall message is that untreated hearing loss is more noticeable than using hearing aids or other assistive devices.
This document discusses different types of liver abscesses including their etiology, morphology, clinical features, and complications. Pyogenic liver abscesses are most commonly of bacterial origin such as E. coli. Amoebic liver abscesses are caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and are more common in developing countries. Hydatid disease is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus and presents as slow-growing cysts in the liver that can rupture and spread to other organs. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and biopsy of the abscess.
A ruptured eardrum, also known as a perforated eardrum, occurs when the thin tissue separating the inner ear from the outer ear (the eardrum or tympanic membrane) develops a tear. Common causes include ear infections, severe blows to the ear, improper wax removal, trauma, or foreign objects in the ear canal. Symptoms may include ear pain, discharge from the ear, ringing or whistling sounds, hearing loss, and dizziness. Treatment focuses on keeping the ear clean and dry, using pain medication, and sometimes surgical repair of the eardrum through a procedure called tympanoplasty.
This document discusses otalgia, or ear pain. It defines otalgia and divides it into two main types: primary otalgia, which originates within the ear, and referred otalgia, which originates elsewhere but is felt in the ear. For primary otalgia, common causes include external otitis, otitis media, and mastoiditis. Referred otalgia can be caused by issues in the teeth, jaw, sinuses, or throat. The document outlines risk factors, clinical manifestations, management including medications and surgery, and post-surgical precautions.
Definition
Classification
Causes of tinnitus
Treatment of tinnitus
Definition
Classification
Causes of tinnitus
Treatment of tinnitus
Definition of vertigo
It’s Causes
Specific Question for History
Differential diagnosis
Investigation
Management Plan
Dr. Ornouma Sriwanishvipat at Yanhee International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand treats various nose problems including nasal obstruction, nasal polyps, and cosmetic rhinoplasty. Common procedures performed are septoplasty to straighten a deviated septum and functional endoscopic sinus surgery to clear sinuses and remove polyps without external incisions. The document also provides details on nasal anatomy, functions, common nasal issues like polyps, deviated septums, and their treatments.
This document discusses vestibular rehabilitation therapy exercises for treating vertigo and balance issues associated with inner ear problems. It defines vestibular disorders as inflammation of the inner ear, nerves connecting the inner ear to the brain, or both. It then describes several exercises including: Cawthrone-Cooksey exercises involving eye and head movements; gaze stabilization exercises focusing on a target while turning the head; canalith repositioning exercises repositioning debris in the ear canals; and Brandt-Daroff exercises involving lying on each side for 30 seconds. The goal of these exercises is to improve eye-head coordination and balance.
This PPT contains only a brief summery about ATN.
for more information about the topic please refer to the book and site found the ppt, or you can get In touch with me .
A ruptured eardrum, or tympanic membrane perforation, is a hole or tear in the thin tissue separating the ear canal from the middle ear. Common causes include middle ear infections, loud noises, foreign objects in the ear, head trauma, and pressure changes from air travel. Symptoms may include ear pain, drainage from the ear, hearing loss, ringing in the ear, vertigo, and nausea. Diagnosis involves examining the ear with an otoscope and performing tests like audiometry and tympanometry. Treatment consists of identifying the underlying cause, using antibiotics for infections, and sometimes surgically repairing the perforation through myringoplasty.
Ear tumors can form in the inner ear, middle ear, or outer ear and may cause hearing loss. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Common benign ear tumors include acoustic neuromas of the inner ear, cholesteatomas of the middle ear, and sebaceous cysts or osteomas of the outer ear. Risk factors for ear tumors include chronic ear infections, ear piercings, radiation exposure, and smoking. Signs of an ear tumor include hearing loss, ear pain, and dizziness.
1) Conductive hearing loss results from any disease that interferes with sound conduction to the cochlea, with lesions potentially in the external ear, tympanic membrane, middle ear, or ossicles.
2) Characteristics include a negative Rinne test, Weber lateralized to the poorer ear, and normal bone conduction with an air-bone gap on audiometry.
3) Causes include congenital abnormalities, external ear obstructions, middle ear fluid/mass/fixation, and Eustachian tube blockage.
4) Sensorineural hearing loss results from cochlear, nerve, or brain lesions present at birth or later in life. Characteristics include
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
Congenital abnormalities are defects present at birth that can affect structure, form or function. They include malformations from defects in organ formation, disruptions from exposure to destructive processes, and deformations from mechanical forces affecting the fetus. Causes include genetic factors like chromosomal abnormalities and mutations, as well as environmental factors like infections, drugs/chemicals, and radiation exposure during pregnancy. Gastrointestinal abnormalities are congenital defects of the digestive system that can involve the esophagus, stomach, intestines or anus. Examples include gastroschisis, exomphalos, atresias and imperforate anus. Treatment depends on the specific abnormality but may involve surgery to correct structural defects.
This document discusses the management of normal labor and delivery. It defines labor as regular painful uterine contractions associated with cervical changes. The stages of labor are outlined as first stage being cervical dilation, second stage being fetal expulsion, and third stage being placental delivery. Fetal head shape and size changes during labor through moulding and position changes to negotiate the maternal pelvis. Monitoring of maternal well-being, fetal well-being, and labor progress is important for managing normal labor.
This document discusses India's health care delivery system. It begins by outlining the challenges in reaching the whole population with adequate care and describes how large hospitals failed to meet community needs. It then examines how health status, problems, and available resources are assessed to determine priorities. Key health issues in India include communicable diseases, nutrition, sanitation, medical access, and population growth. The primary health care system aims to make services accessible, affordable, and participatory. It operates on village, sub-centre, and primary health centre levels to deliver basic care.
The document provides information on various alternative and complementary medicine practices. It discusses definitions of alternative and complementary medicine and lists some main domains, including alternative medical systems, mind-body interventions, biologically based therapies, manipulative and body-based methods, and energy therapies. It then goes on to describe several specific alternative treatment approaches, including acupuncture, acupressure, naturopathy, aromatherapy, herbal medicines, nutrition therapy, chiropractic, environmental medicine, reflexology, stone therapy, gem theory, Reiki treatment, hypnosis, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and homeopathy. For each approach, it provides a brief introduction, definitions, theories, uses or benefits
Inventory control involves planning and coordinating all activities related to materials and inventory from acquisition to use in manufacturing or services. It aims to ensure adequate supply of necessary items while minimizing costs through various classification and analysis methods. Nurses play a key role in inventory control by indenting, receiving, storing, and replenishing supplies and equipment and maintaining accurate records to facilitate smooth hospital operations.
The document discusses e-nursing/e-learning in nursing. It defines e-nursing as using computers or electronic devices to provide training, education and learning materials. It discusses the goals of e-nursing as enhancing nursing skills and outcomes. It outlines different styles and forms of e-learning, including asynchronous learning like email/forums and synchronous learning like video calls. The benefits are discussed as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and standardized delivery. Challenges include lack of IT skills and isolation. Overall, the document promotes e-learning as an effective way to support nursing education and development.
Maternal injuries following childbirth are common and can lead to morbidity or death if not properly managed. Injuries often occur in the vulva, perineum, and cervix during delivery. Prevention focuses on proper conduct during the second stage of labor and taking care of the perineum. Risk factors for serious third degree tears include high birth weight babies, first births, narrow pelvis, and instrument-assisted deliveries. Injuries are usually repaired immediately but some tears may need to wait 3 months for repair. Complications include hemorrhage, infection, and problems with the pelvic floor later in life if not addressed properly.
prparation of childbirth and parenthood.pptxDeepti Kukreti
This document discusses the preparation of childbirth and parenthood. It defines childbirth as an educational approach to labor and delivery where parents are specially prepared. Parenthood refers to promoting a child's development from infancy to adulthood. The aims of preparation include supporting couples, providing parenting information, and encouraging coordination between professionals and pregnant women. Important points covered include planning birth attendants, exercises to reduce pain during labor, and the importance of institutional delivery for antenatal care, newborn care, immunization and hygienic conditions. Prenatal counseling is also discussed as a way to identify and modify risks to promote healthy behaviors and outcomes.
The fetal circulation differs from adult circulation due to the presence of three major vascular shunts that allow blood to bypass the lungs while oxygen is received from the placenta. The placenta functions as the fetal lungs, exchanging gases and nutrients between maternal and fetal blood without their blood mixing. At birth, changes in pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances cause the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale to close, adapting circulation to extrauterine life with gas exchange occurring in the lungs.
Rh incompatibility occurs in 5-10% of pregnancies in India when an Rh-negative mother is carrying an Rh-positive baby. RhIG (Rh0(D) immune globulin) is given to Rh-negative mothers during and after delivery to prevent Rh isoimmunization. RhIG works by coating Rh-positive red blood cells from the baby with IgG antibodies, which allows mononuclear cells to clear the coated cells from circulation through Fc gamma receptors and phagocytosis. Administering RhIG can prevent Rh isoimmunization in non-sensitized Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy events like miscarriages or amniocentesis as well as during and after delivery.
This document provides information on various genetics concepts including genes, chromosomes, inheritance patterns, and examples of genetic disorders. It discusses the basics of genetics including definitions of key terms like gene, chromosome, karyotype, genotype, phenotype, alleles, mutation, and inheritance patterns such as autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive, and examples for each. Specific genetic disorders discussed include cystic fibrosis, mucopolysaccharidoses, phenylketonuria, sickle cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
This document defines and compares standardized and non-standardized assessment tools. It provides examples of different types of assessment tools used in education, healthcare, the workplace, research, psychology, government, and other fields to evaluate individuals, inform decisions, and guide interventions. Standardized tools are designed for uniform administration and scoring to ensure fairness and allow meaningful comparisons against norms, while non-standardized tools have more flexibility in their use.
Uterine malformations occur due to abnormal development of the Mullerian ducts during embryogenesis. They can range from complete agenesis to defects involving the shape of the uterus. The American Fertility Society classifies uterine anomalies into 7 main categories based on the type of defect. Uterine malformations may cause issues with fertility, pregnancy maintenance, and delivery due to complications like abortion, preterm birth, malpresentation, and postpartum hemorrhage. Corrective surgeries can help address some types of defects to enable normal conception and pregnancy.
This document provides information about health insurance, including its purpose of covering medical costs and protecting against unexpected high costs. It discusses how to get and claim health insurance, as well as the advantages like risk coverage, tax benefits, and peace of mind. The disadvantages include restricted hospitals and pre-existing conditions not being covered. It also outlines how to surrender a health insurance policy and avoid health insurance scams by verifying agents and not giving sensitive information or paying premiums through agents.
This document discusses various factors that can cause infertility in males and females. It describes abnormalities that can impair sperm production or function in males such as low sperm count, abnormal sperm morphology or motility. It also discusses erection or ejaculation issues. In females, it mentions disorders of ovulation, fallopian tube abnormalities, cervical issues, or recurrent pregnancy loss as factors. Some diagnostic tests and treatments for infertility are also outlined such as semen analysis, ovulation predictor kits, fertility drugs, artificial insemination, IVF etc.
Infection Control Practice and Standard Safety Measures.pptxDeepti Kukreti
The document discusses infection control and standard safety measures in healthcare facilities. It covers topics like infection control programs, the chain of infection, hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, needlestick injury prevention, environmental cleaning, cleaning and sterilization of medical equipment, biomedical waste management, safe injection practices, and the roles and responsibilities of hospital infection control committees. The overall aim is to prevent healthcare-associated infections and protect both patients and healthcare workers from infections.
The document summarizes the WHO/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, which aims to make hospitals and birthing centers centers of breastfeeding support. It outlines the 10 steps of the initiative, including establishing written breastfeeding policies, training staff, rooming-in, and not providing breastmilk substitutes. Implementing these steps could save 1.5 million lives annually by promoting exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months. The document also describes the process for facilities to become Baby-Friendly designated through a self-appraisal and external assessment against global criteria.
ANEMIA AND NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES IN PREGNANCY.pptxDeepti Kukreti
This document discusses anemia and nutritional deficiencies that commonly affect pregnant women in developing countries. It defines anemia in pregnancy according to the WHO as a hemoglobin level less than 11 g/dL. The main causes of anemia in pregnancy discussed are iron deficiency, folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies, chronic blood loss, infections, and hereditary conditions like thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. Treatment focuses on iron supplementation as well as addressing the underlying cause. Complications of anemia for both mother and fetus are also outlined.
27. Toxicity of Irreversible
Anticholinesterase Agents
• These agents are lipid soluble
• Can enter the body by the eye,skin,
respiratory system and GI tract.
• Case in point, organophosphate insecticides
(malathion, parathion) or nerve gases (sarin,
tabun, soman)
• These agents cause excessive cholinergic
stimulation (muscarinic) and neuromuscular
blockade