The document discusses cholesterol, including what it is, how it is produced and obtained from food. It describes the different types of cholesterol (LDL, HDL, triglycerides) and their effects on heart health. Risk factors for high cholesterol are discussed such as diet, weight, family history. Detection methods like blood tests are outlined. Lifestyle changes that can help lower cholesterol are provided, including increasing fiber intake, modifying fat and protein sources, exercising, losing weight and quitting smoking. Medication and supplement options for treating high cholesterol are also summarized.
What is cholesterol: HDL, LDL, VLDL ?
How is it measured and what are good numbers?
What are the risks associated with High Cholesterol?
What foods help increase HDL and lower Total Cholesterol?
What is cholesterol: HDL, LDL, VLDL ?
How is it measured and what are good numbers?
What are the risks associated with High Cholesterol?
What foods help increase HDL and lower Total Cholesterol?
The presentation in detail covers the Glycemic index and glycemic load of various kinds of food. The standard calculation of Glycemic index and GLycemic load.
Moreover, it covers the food processing effects that can alter the glycemic load and glycemic index like gelatinization, retrogradation, cooking, annealing, etc.
Hyperlipidemia , dyslipidemia , and drug therapy
also Fat transport and metabolisim and pathophysiology of lipoprotein
clincal importance of
1. Hypertriglycredemia
2. Hypercholesterolemia
3.Combined hyperlipidemia
4. Some other lipoprotein disorders
Including disorder of HDL_C
The presentation in detail covers the Glycemic index and glycemic load of various kinds of food. The standard calculation of Glycemic index and GLycemic load.
Moreover, it covers the food processing effects that can alter the glycemic load and glycemic index like gelatinization, retrogradation, cooking, annealing, etc.
Hyperlipidemia , dyslipidemia , and drug therapy
also Fat transport and metabolisim and pathophysiology of lipoprotein
clincal importance of
1. Hypertriglycredemia
2. Hypercholesterolemia
3.Combined hyperlipidemia
4. Some other lipoprotein disorders
Including disorder of HDL_C
What are your inspired, go-to Brazil resources? This presentation features snapshots from old school websites, social web channels and apps. Your comments are welcome and so are embeds, likes, clips and shares.
Quais são os seus recursos inspirados para ir para o Brasil? Esta apresentação fornece instantâneos das páginas web das redes sociais e aplicações velha escola,. Seus comentários são bem-vindos e também incorpora, gostos, clips e shares.
Wiki
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/brazil
What are your inspired, go-to Turkey resources? This presentation features snapshots from old school websites and social web channels and apps. You are welcome to adapt and reuse the materials with the attribution-sharealike license. We welcome your interaction -- comments, questions, suggestions, shares, clips, favorites, likes and hearts.
Planeta
http://planeta.com/turkey
http://planeta.com/euroeco17
Wiki
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/turkey
While this is very important for everyone at risk for heart disease, it is even more important if you have had a heart attack and/or procedure to restore blood flow to your heart or other areas of your body, such as angioplasty,
Cardiovascular fitness or cardiovascular fitness is indispensable to improve endurance and promote heart health. By following a good diet, workouts, and yoga asanas, one can maintain a healthy lifestyle. Here is explained everything you need to know about a healthy heart:
Global Medical Cures™ | Facts about Cholesterol
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Global Medical Cures™ | DIABETES RISK FACTORS
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Cholesterol
1. What Is Cholesterol?
• We may associate cholesterol
with fatty foods, but most of the
waxy substance is made by
our own bodies. The liver
produces 75% of the
cholesterol that circulates in
our blood. The other 25%
comes from food. At normal
levels, cholesterol actually
plays an important role in
helping cells do their jobs. But
cholesterol levels are
precariously high in more than
100 million Indians.
2. Symptoms of High Cholesterol
• High cholesterol does not
cause any symptoms. But it
does cause damage deep
within the body. Over time, too
much cholesterol may lead to
a buildup of plaque inside the
arteries. Known as
atherosclerosis, this condition
narrows the space available
for blood flow and can trigger
heart disease. The good news
is high cholesterol is simple to
detect, and there are many
ways to bring it down.
3. Cholesterol Testing
• People older than 20 should
have their cholesterol levels
checked at least once every
five years. This is done with a
simple blood test known as a
fasting lipoprotein profile. It
measures the different forms
of cholesterol that are
circulating in your blood after
you avoid eating for 9 to 12
hours. The results show your
levels of "bad" cholesterol,
"good" cholesterol, and
triglycerides.
4. "Bad" Cholesterol
• Most of the cholesterol in the
blood is carried by proteins
called low density lipoproteins
or LDL. This is known as the
bad cholesterol because it
combines with other
substances to clog the
arteries. A diet high in
saturated fats and trans fats
tends to raise the level of LDL
cholesterol. For most people,
an LDL score below 100 is
healthy, but people with heart
disease may need to aim even
lower.
5. "Good" Cholesterol
• Up to a third of blood
cholesterol is carried by high-
density lipoproteins or HDL.
This is called good cholesterol
because it helps remove bad
cholesterol, preventing it from
building up inside the arteries.
The higher the level of HDL
cholesterol, the better. People
with too little are more likely to
develop heart disease. Eating
healthy fats, such as olive oil,
may help boost HDL
cholesterol.
6. Triglycerides
• The body converts excess
calories, sugar, and alcohol
into triglycerides, a type of fat
that is carried in the blood and
stored in fat cells throughout
the body. People who are
overweight, inactive, smokers,
or heavy drinkers tend to have
high triglycerides, as do those
who eat a very high-carb diet.
A triglycerides score of 150 or
higher puts you at risk for
metabolic syndrome, which is
linked to heart disease and
diabetes.
7. Total Cholesterol
• Total cholesterol measures the
combination of LDL, HDL, and
VLDL (very low density
lipoprotein) in your
bloodstream. VLDL is a
precursor of LDL, the bad
cholesterol. A total cholesterol
score of under 200 is
considered healthy in most
cases. People who score in
the "high" range have an
increased risk of developing
heart disease compared to
those who score below 200.
8. Cholesterol Ratio
• To calculate your cholesterol
ratio, divide your total
cholesterol by your HDL
cholesterol. For example, a
total score of 200 divided by
an HDL score of 50 equals a
cholesterol ratio of 4 to 1.
Doctors recommend
maintaining a ratio of 4 to 1 or
lower. The smaller the ratio,
the better. While this figure is
useful in estimating heart
disease risk, it's not as
important in guiding treatment.
Doctors look at total
cholesterol, HDL cholesterol,
and LDL cholesterol to
determine treatment.
9. Cholesterol in Food
• Cholesterol-rich foods, like
eggs, shrimp, and lobster are
no longer completely
forbidden. Research shows
that the cholesterol we eat has
only a small effect on blood
cholesterol levels for most
people. A few people are
"responders," whose blood
levels spike up after eating
eggs. But for most, saturated
fat and trans fats are bigger
concerns. Daily cholesterol
limits are 300 mg for healthy
people and 200 mg for those
at higher risk. One egg has
186 mg of cholesterol.
10. Cholesterol and Family History
• Cholesterol comes from two
sources -- the body and food --
and either one can contribute
to high cholesterol. Some
people inherit genes that
trigger too much cholesterol
production. For others, diet is
the main culprit. Saturated fat
and cholesterol occur in
animal-based foods, including
meat, eggs, and dairy products
made with milk. In many
cases, high cholesterol stems
from a combination of diet and
genetics.
11. What Boosts Your Risk?
Several factors can make
you more likely to
develop high cholesterol:
• A diet high in saturated
fats and cholesterol
• A family history of high
cholesterol
• Being overweight or
obese
• Getting older
12. Cholesterol and Gender
• Until menopause, women
typically have lower total
cholesterol levels than men of
the same age. They also have
higher levels of HDL
cholesterol, the good kind.
One reason is estrogen: The
female sex hormone raises the
level of HDL cholesterol.
Estrogen production peaks
during the childbearing years
and drops off during
menopause. After age 55, a
woman's risk of developing
high cholesterol begins to
climb.
13. Cholesterol and Children
• There's evidence that
cholesterol can begin
clogging the arteries
during childhood, leading
to atherosclerosis and
heart disease later in life.
The American Heart
Association recommends
kids and teenagers with
high cholesterol take
steps to bring it down.
Ideally, total cholesterol
should be below 170 in
people ages 2 to 19.
14. Why High Cholesterol Matters
• High cholesterol is one of the
major risk factors for coronary
artery disease, heart attacks,
and strokes. It also appears to
boost the risk of Alzheimer's
disease. As we saw earlier,
high cholesterol leads to a
buildup of plaque that narrows
the arteries. This is dangerous
because it can restrict blood
flow. If the blood supply to a
part of the heart or brain is
completely cut off, the result is
a heart attack or stroke.
15. Cholesterol Buster: Eat More Fiber
• Diet changes offer a
powerful way to fight high
cholesterol. If you've ever
wondered why some
cereals claim to be heart-
healthy, it's the fiber. The
soluble fiber found in
many foods helps reduce
LDL, the bad cholesterol.
Good sources of soluble
fiber include whole-grain
breads and cereals,
oatmeal, fruits, dried
fruits, vegetables, and
legumes such as kidney
beans.
16. Cholesterol Buster: Know Your
Fats
• No more than 35% of your
daily calories should come
from fat. But not all fats are
equal. Saturated fats -- from
animal products and tropical
oils -- raise LDL cholesterol.
Trans fats carry a double-
whammy, boosting bad
cholesterol, while lowering the
good kind. These two bad fats
are found in many baked
goods, fried foods (doughnuts,
french fries, chips), stick
margarine, and cookies.
Unsaturated fats may lower
LDL when combined with other
healthy diet changes. They're
found in avocados, olive oil,
and peanut oil.
17. Cholesterol Buster: Smart Protein
• Meat and full-fat milk offer
plenty of protein, but they are
also major sources of
cholesterol. You may be able
to reduce LDL cholesterol by
switching to soy protein, such
as tofu, at some meals. Fish is
another great choice. It's rich
in omega-3 fatty acids, which
can improve cholesterol levels.
The American Heart
Association recommends
eating fish at least twice a
week.
18. Cholesterol Buster: Low-Carb Diet
• There's growing evidence
that low-carb diets may
be better than low-fat
diets for improving
cholesterol levels. In a
two-year study funded by
the National Institutes of
Health, people who
followed a low-carb plan
had significantly better
HDL (good cholesterol)
levels than those who
followed a low-fat plan.
19. Cholesterol Buster: Lose Weight
• If you're overweight, talk
to your doctor about
beginning a weight loss
program. Losing weight
can help you reduce your
levels of triglycerides,
LDL, and total
cholesterol. Shedding
even a few pounds can
also boost your good
cholesterol level -- it
tends to go up 1 point for
every 6 pounds you lose.
20. Cholesterol Buster: Quit Smoking
• Giving up tobacco is
tough, but here's one
more reason to try. When
you stop smoking, your
good cholesterol is likely
to improve by as much as
10%. You may be more
successful if you combine
several smoking
cessation strategies. Talk
to your doctor about
which options are best for
you.
21. Cholesterol Buster: Exercise
• If you're healthy but not very
active, starting an aerobic
exercise program could
increase your good cholesterol
by 5% in the first two months.
Regular exercise also lowers
bad cholesterol. Choose an
activity that boosts your heart
rate, such as running,
swimming, or walking briskly,
and aim for at least 30 minutes
on most days of the week. It
doesn't have to be 30
continuous minutes; two 15-
minute walks works just as
well.
22. Treatment: Medications
• If high cholesterol runs in your
family, diet and exercise may
not be enough to get your
numbers where you want
them. In that case, medication
can give your cholesterol
levels an extra nudge. Statins
are usually the first choice.
They block the production of
cholesterol in the liver. Other
options include cholesterol
absorption inhibitors, bile acid
resins, and fibrates. Your
doctor may recommend a
combination of these
medications.
23. Treatment: Supplements
• Certain dietary supplements
may also improve cholesterol
levels. These include flaxseed
oil, fish oil, and plant sterols,
such as beta-sitosterol.
Prescription niacin, a b-
complex vitamin, has been
found to raise good cholesterol
while reducing bad cholesterol.
Niacin found in ordinary
supplements should not be
used to lower cholesterol.
24. Herbal Remedies
Some studies suggest
garlic can knock a few
percentage points off total
cholesterol. But garlic
pills can have side effects
and may interact with
medications. Other herbs
that may reduce
cholesterol include:
• Fenugreek seeds
• Artichoke leaf extract
• Yarrow
• Holy basil
25. How Low Should You Go?
• Many people are able to lower
cholesterol levels through a
combination of medication and
lifestyle changes. But how low
is low enough? For people with
diabetes or a high risk of
developing heart disease, an
LDL score of less than 100 is
desirable. If you already have
heart disease or coronary
artery disease, some doctors
recommend reducing LDL to
70 or lower.
26. Can the Damage Be Undone?
• It takes years for high
cholesterol to clog the arteries
with plaque. But there is
evidence that atherosclerosis
can be reversed, at least to
some degree. Dean Ornish,
MD, has published several
studies showing that a low-fat
vegetarian diet, stress
management, and moderate
exercise can chip away at the
build-up inside the coronary
arteries. Other research
supports the idea that big
drops in cholesterol can
somewhat help open clogged
arteries.
27. Interpreting the numbers
Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of
blood in the United States and some other countries. Canada and most European
countries measure cholesterol in millimoles (mmol) per liter (L) of blood. Consider these
general guidelines when you get your lipid panel (cholesterol test) results back to see if
your cholesterol falls in ideal levels.
• Total cholesterol
(U.S. and some other countries)
• Below 200 mg/dL Best
• 200-239 mg/dL Borderline high
• 240 mg/dL and above High
• Total cholesterol*
(Canada and most of Europe)
• Below 5.2 mmol/L Best
• 5.2-6.2 mmol/L Borderline high
• Above 6.2 mmol/L High
Information on this slide and the following slides are taken from Mayo Clinic
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/high-blood-cholesterol/DS00178/DSECTION=tests-
and-diagnosis
28. • LDL cholesterol
(U.S. and some other countries)
• Below 70 Best for people at
high risk of heart disease
• Below 100 mg/dL Best for people
at risk for heart disease
• 100-129 mg/dL Near ideal
• 130-159 mg/dL3.4-4.1 mmol/L
Borderline high
• 160-189 mg/dL High
• 190 mg/dL and above Very high
• LDL cholesterol
(Canada and most of Europe)
• Below 1.8 mmol/L Best for people
at high risk of heart disease
• Below 2.6 mmol/L Best for people
at risk for heart disease
• 2.6-3.3 mmol/L Near ideal
• 3.4-4.1 mmol/L Borderline high
• 4.1-4.9 mmol/L High
• Above 4.9 mmol/L Very high
29. • HDL cholesterol
(U.S. and some other countries)
• Below 40 mg/dL (men)
Below 50 mg/dL (women) Poor
• 50-59 mg/dL Better
• 60 mg/dL and above Best
• HDL cholesterol
(Canada and most of Europe)
• Below 1 mmol/L (men)
Below 1.3 mmol/L (women) Poor
• 1.3-1.5 mmol/L Better
• Above 1.5 mmol/L Best
30. • Triglycerides
(U.S. and some other countries)
• Below 150 mg/dL Best
• 150-199 mg/dL Borderline high
• 200-499 mg/dL High
• 500 mg/dL and above Very high
• Triglycerides
(Canada and most of Europe)
• Below 1.7 mmol/L Best
• 1.7-2.2 mmol/L Borderline high
• 2.3-5.6 mmol/L High
• Above 5.6 mmol/L Very high
The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends that a triglyceride level of 100
mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) or lower is considered "optimal." The AHA says this optimal level
would improve your heart health. However, the AHA doesn't recommend drug treatment
to reach this level. Instead, for those trying to lower their triglycerides to this level,
lifestyle changes such as diet, weight loss and physical activity are encouraged. That's
because triglycerides usually respond well to dietary and lifestyle changes.
*Canadian and European guidelines differ slightly from U.S. guidelines. These
conversions are based on U.S. guidelines
31. This information is from Quality Healthcare Medical
Center’s physical examination report reference section
• the table of risk
• Risk Male Female
• 1/2 avg 3.4 3.3
• avg risk 5.0 4.4
• 2 x avg 9.6 7.1
• 3 x avg 23.4 11.0
• How to get the risk
ratio :
• Total cholesterol
divided by HDL