This cross-sectional study investigated the developmental stage of 900 children with disabilities registered at primary health care clinics in Malaysia. Data was collected from 2004-2005 using the Schedule of Growing Scale II to assess children's development across eight skill areas. Results found more boys than girls were affected, with mean developmental scores generally increasing with age. Children with delayed speech scored highest while those with cerebral palsy scored lowest. Significant differences were seen between ethnic groups for delayed speech and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Effect of Nesting on Posture Discomfort and Physiological Parameters of Low B...iosrjce
A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of “nesting” among low birth weight infants in
NICU of selected government hospital of Delhi. An experimental study was conducted in which low birth weight
infants (birth weight 1.00-2.5kg) were stratified into three groups based on their birth weight (1.0-1.5kg, 1.5-
2.0kg, 2.0-2.5kg). The samples consisted of 60 low birth weight infants; 30 in experimental group and 30 in
control group. Pre-test Post-test control group design was used in which nesting was provided in experimental
group 9 hours per day for 5 days. Posture, comfort and physiological parameters were assessed before and
during administration of nesting. A significant improvement in posture (t=12.64) was observed in experimental
group during application of nesting. A significant reduction in the discomfort was observed in experimental
group as compared to control group (t=10.65).Low birth weight infants exhibit comparatively stable
physiological parameters during the period of nesting.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Educ...ijtsrd
Adolescent age group is a very susceptible group. These children are in phase of transformation from children to adulthood. Most adolescence manages this transformation but many of them are indulged in behaviors like sexual experimentation, exploration and promiscuity, and through which lands in the problem of unmarried motherhood, abortions, STDs HIV infection, sexual abuse. India has the largest population of adolescents in the world about 243 million , among them 69.5 getting married before 20 years of age, about 2.47 cases of HIV infected persons in the country and with sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on education in selected Nursing College of Dehradun in Uttarakhand.The quantitative evaluative research approach was used. Setting Himalayan College of Nursing, Jolly grant, Dehradun, Sample consecutive sample of 44 General Nursing and Midwifery GNM students. Tool self structure questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding sex education was prepared. Intervention planned teaching programme on sex education.The finding of the study revealed that post test knowledge score is significantly higher than pre test knowledge score. The different between pre test and post test shows difference at the level of p 0.005. There was no significant association between pre test knowledge score and demographic variables. Rajesh Singh | Anjali Gupta | Deepika Badola | Poonam Chauhan | Anupriya Bisht | Upma George "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Education among GNM First Year Students in a Selected College of Nursing in Dehradun Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47494.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47494/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-sex-education-among-gnm-first-year-students-in-a-selected-college-of-nursing-in-dehradun-uttarakhand/rajesh-singh
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowled...ijtsrd
Background UP, India’s most popular state recorded the most diarrhoeal deaths. 22.21 deaths nationwide over five year to 2017. Method A quantitative evaluative approach using questionnaire on diarrhoea. Pre experimental one group pre test and post test design was used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 samples from the selected Anganwadi in Lucknow. Initially researcher got permission for study from concern authorities. Pre test done followed by structured teaching program on prevention and home management of diarrhoea for 50 min followed by 10 min session of question and answer. A post test was conducted after 2 weeks of structured teaching program. The tools used for data collection, part 1 demographic variables, part 2 assessing knowledge on home management of diarrhoea. Results the pre test mean value of knowledge 23±1.9 was lesser than post test mean value 23.62±1.75. The effectiveness of STP, the obtained, “t- test value is 9.469. which is found to be greater than the, “t- table value p=0.000 0.01 level at 29df. Since the obtained t value is significant at p 0.01 level, therefore research hypotheses H1 is accepted. It is inferred that, there is significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge regarding diarrhoea among mothers of under five year children. Conclusion The study concludes that the structured teaching program was very effective in providing knowledge prevention and home management of diarrhoea among mothers. Beena Sharma | Razia Sultan | Deeksha Verma | Purnima Goswami | Prity Verma | Sweta Gupta | Miss Sony Verma | Miss. Alka Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Home Management of Diarrhorea among the Mothers of Under Five Year Children in Selected Anganwadi Lucknow" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46350/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-program-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-and-home-management-of-diarrhorea-among-the-mothers-of-under-five-year-children-in-selected-anganwadi-lucknow/beena-sharma
Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls in Selected Schools at Mangalore with Vie...iosrjce
Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the commonest menstrual problems among adolescent girls
which affects their daily activities and academic activities. Hence, preventing and managing dysmenorrhea is a
crucial aspect of adolescent reproductive health. Providing health education is an ideal method to bring about
awareness regarding the management of dysmenorrhea which further can help them to improve their
reproductive health.
Methods And Materials: A descriptive design was adopted. Data was collected with structured interview
schedule among 300 adolescent girls studying in Mangalore One CBSC School and Kanachur Public School,
Mangalore.
Result: The mean age at menarche of the participants was 12.7 ± 0.697 years. More than half of adolescent
girls (52.3%) had 3 to 4 days of menses with the cycle of 28 to 30 days (64.7%). Three fourth of them had
experienced dysmenorrhea in last three cycles among which 77.2% had mild symptoms and remaining had
moderate symptoms. All most all of the girls (99.6%) have abdominal pain followed by irritability (76.4%).
Other common symptoms experienced by girls were pain radiated to the thighs and legs (48%), back ache
(39.6%), lack of concentration (37.8%), headache (30.7%). About 48% of the adolescent girls had limitation of
daily activities during menstruation. Majority of the participants (70.7%) did not have any physician
consultation and 77.8% use self medications, mainly tablet paracetamol (67.6% ). There was a significant
association between the level of dysmenorrhea and age, educational status and age at menarche of adolescent
girls (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: Most of the adolescent girls have mild to moderate level of dysmenorrhea which has affected
their daily activities. Hence educational activities are necessary to increase the adolescent girls’ awareness on
dysmenorrhea and its management.
Patterns and determinants of breast feeding among mother infant pairs in dera...Zubia Qureshi
Background: Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to determine the patterns and explore the determinants associated with breast feeding practices among the nursing women in Dera Ghazi Khan. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on randomly selected lactating mother infant pairs in Dera Ghazi Khan. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis was done by using SPSS, chi square test was applied to see the association between breast feeding practices and its determinants such as knowledge of breast feeding practices. Results: Majority 372 (93%) of mothers mentioned that they had ever breastfed the youngest child. About 292 (73%) mothers gave colostrum to the child, and 48 (12%) exclusively breastfed. Weaning babies before four month of age was practiced by 84 (21%) of the mothers, 120 (55%) mothers started weaning at 4-6 months of child age, while 72 (18%) started to give additional food after baby turned six months old. Out of total 276 (69%) mothers reported that they had knowledge regarding breast feeding. Significant association was found between knowledge of breastfeeding and initiation and Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) practices (p-values <0.05). Income, family type, mode of delivery and assistance for child were significantly associated with initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Breast feeding practices in the studied area were not up to the mark. There is a strong need to improve the breastfeeding practices by Behavior Change Communication. Keywords: Breast feeding; Early initiation; Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF); Colostrum; Supplementary feeding; Infants
The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Ec...ijtsrd
A qualitative education produces enlighten and vibrant people. Family experiences are very significant in influencing childrens performance in schools around the world. Research has shown that parental encouragement enhances, childrens academic performance especially by people with whom they communicate in their first stages of life. Against this background that this study was undertaken to examine the influence of family background on the academic performance of students in Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study was guided by three objectives which are to find out if there is a relationship between parental educational level and student’s academic performance in Economics determine the influence of parental income on students’ academic performance in Economics and to find out if there is any significant relationship between the parental level of motivation and students’ academic performance in Economics. This study is anchored on socialization theory. The study adopted a survey design to determine the influence of family background on students academic performance. The population of that study is the entire secondary school in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study randomly selected 80 students and 20 teachers in Port Harcourt Metropolitan. Descriptive statistics and simple percentages and tabulation were used for the data collected by way of a questionnaire. Chi square was used when evaluating the null hypotheses. The study above showed that the family background of students and their academic success in economics subject is significantly positive. Based on the study findings the following recommendations were made Social and economic policies should be introduced to give children with low economic status equal opportunities to support their childrens education. Parents should provide a home environment that supports and motivates children to achieve better education at school. This can be done by teaching your children at home to improve schoolwork and to provide the necessary learning material. Sunday Nsirimobi Ordu | Egbo Glad Ogechi "The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35767.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35767/the-influence-of-family-background-on-the-academic-performance-of-students-economics-in-port-harcourt-metropolis/sunday-nsirimobi-ordu
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM in Ter...YogeshIJTSRD
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYBanicoo PK et al. , 2016 , some factors are known to influence the academic performance of children with Sickle Cell Anaemia SCA . Information on their effects in these children is limited in Nigeria. The factors which influence academic performance of children with SCA in Enugu, Nigeria are determined in this study.Consecutive children with SCA aged 5 11 years were recruited at the weekly sickle cell clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital UNTH Enugu, Nigeria. Their age and sex matched normal classmates were recruited as controls. The total number of days of school absence for 2009 2010 academic session was obtained for each pair of pupils from the class attendance register Sony Verma | Pro. Dr. N. V. Muninarayanappa | Mrs. Ramya Vasanth "A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) in Terms of Knowledge Regarding Causes and Remedies for Poor Academic Performance of School Children among the Teachers of Selected Schools at Moradabad" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45076.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45076/a-study-to-evaluate-the-effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-in-terms-of-knowledge-regarding-causes-and-remedies-for-poor-academic-performance-of-school-children-among-the-teachers-of-selected-schools-at-moradabad/sony-verma
Effect of Nesting on Posture Discomfort and Physiological Parameters of Low B...iosrjce
A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of “nesting” among low birth weight infants in
NICU of selected government hospital of Delhi. An experimental study was conducted in which low birth weight
infants (birth weight 1.00-2.5kg) were stratified into three groups based on their birth weight (1.0-1.5kg, 1.5-
2.0kg, 2.0-2.5kg). The samples consisted of 60 low birth weight infants; 30 in experimental group and 30 in
control group. Pre-test Post-test control group design was used in which nesting was provided in experimental
group 9 hours per day for 5 days. Posture, comfort and physiological parameters were assessed before and
during administration of nesting. A significant improvement in posture (t=12.64) was observed in experimental
group during application of nesting. A significant reduction in the discomfort was observed in experimental
group as compared to control group (t=10.65).Low birth weight infants exhibit comparatively stable
physiological parameters during the period of nesting.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Educ...ijtsrd
Adolescent age group is a very susceptible group. These children are in phase of transformation from children to adulthood. Most adolescence manages this transformation but many of them are indulged in behaviors like sexual experimentation, exploration and promiscuity, and through which lands in the problem of unmarried motherhood, abortions, STDs HIV infection, sexual abuse. India has the largest population of adolescents in the world about 243 million , among them 69.5 getting married before 20 years of age, about 2.47 cases of HIV infected persons in the country and with sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on education in selected Nursing College of Dehradun in Uttarakhand.The quantitative evaluative research approach was used. Setting Himalayan College of Nursing, Jolly grant, Dehradun, Sample consecutive sample of 44 General Nursing and Midwifery GNM students. Tool self structure questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding sex education was prepared. Intervention planned teaching programme on sex education.The finding of the study revealed that post test knowledge score is significantly higher than pre test knowledge score. The different between pre test and post test shows difference at the level of p 0.005. There was no significant association between pre test knowledge score and demographic variables. Rajesh Singh | Anjali Gupta | Deepika Badola | Poonam Chauhan | Anupriya Bisht | Upma George "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Education among GNM First Year Students in a Selected College of Nursing in Dehradun Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47494.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47494/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-sex-education-among-gnm-first-year-students-in-a-selected-college-of-nursing-in-dehradun-uttarakhand/rajesh-singh
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowled...ijtsrd
Background UP, India’s most popular state recorded the most diarrhoeal deaths. 22.21 deaths nationwide over five year to 2017. Method A quantitative evaluative approach using questionnaire on diarrhoea. Pre experimental one group pre test and post test design was used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 samples from the selected Anganwadi in Lucknow. Initially researcher got permission for study from concern authorities. Pre test done followed by structured teaching program on prevention and home management of diarrhoea for 50 min followed by 10 min session of question and answer. A post test was conducted after 2 weeks of structured teaching program. The tools used for data collection, part 1 demographic variables, part 2 assessing knowledge on home management of diarrhoea. Results the pre test mean value of knowledge 23±1.9 was lesser than post test mean value 23.62±1.75. The effectiveness of STP, the obtained, “t- test value is 9.469. which is found to be greater than the, “t- table value p=0.000 0.01 level at 29df. Since the obtained t value is significant at p 0.01 level, therefore research hypotheses H1 is accepted. It is inferred that, there is significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge regarding diarrhoea among mothers of under five year children. Conclusion The study concludes that the structured teaching program was very effective in providing knowledge prevention and home management of diarrhoea among mothers. Beena Sharma | Razia Sultan | Deeksha Verma | Purnima Goswami | Prity Verma | Sweta Gupta | Miss Sony Verma | Miss. Alka Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Home Management of Diarrhorea among the Mothers of Under Five Year Children in Selected Anganwadi Lucknow" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46350/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-program-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-and-home-management-of-diarrhorea-among-the-mothers-of-under-five-year-children-in-selected-anganwadi-lucknow/beena-sharma
Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls in Selected Schools at Mangalore with Vie...iosrjce
Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the commonest menstrual problems among adolescent girls
which affects their daily activities and academic activities. Hence, preventing and managing dysmenorrhea is a
crucial aspect of adolescent reproductive health. Providing health education is an ideal method to bring about
awareness regarding the management of dysmenorrhea which further can help them to improve their
reproductive health.
Methods And Materials: A descriptive design was adopted. Data was collected with structured interview
schedule among 300 adolescent girls studying in Mangalore One CBSC School and Kanachur Public School,
Mangalore.
Result: The mean age at menarche of the participants was 12.7 ± 0.697 years. More than half of adolescent
girls (52.3%) had 3 to 4 days of menses with the cycle of 28 to 30 days (64.7%). Three fourth of them had
experienced dysmenorrhea in last three cycles among which 77.2% had mild symptoms and remaining had
moderate symptoms. All most all of the girls (99.6%) have abdominal pain followed by irritability (76.4%).
Other common symptoms experienced by girls were pain radiated to the thighs and legs (48%), back ache
(39.6%), lack of concentration (37.8%), headache (30.7%). About 48% of the adolescent girls had limitation of
daily activities during menstruation. Majority of the participants (70.7%) did not have any physician
consultation and 77.8% use self medications, mainly tablet paracetamol (67.6% ). There was a significant
association between the level of dysmenorrhea and age, educational status and age at menarche of adolescent
girls (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: Most of the adolescent girls have mild to moderate level of dysmenorrhea which has affected
their daily activities. Hence educational activities are necessary to increase the adolescent girls’ awareness on
dysmenorrhea and its management.
Patterns and determinants of breast feeding among mother infant pairs in dera...Zubia Qureshi
Background: Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to determine the patterns and explore the determinants associated with breast feeding practices among the nursing women in Dera Ghazi Khan. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on randomly selected lactating mother infant pairs in Dera Ghazi Khan. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis was done by using SPSS, chi square test was applied to see the association between breast feeding practices and its determinants such as knowledge of breast feeding practices. Results: Majority 372 (93%) of mothers mentioned that they had ever breastfed the youngest child. About 292 (73%) mothers gave colostrum to the child, and 48 (12%) exclusively breastfed. Weaning babies before four month of age was practiced by 84 (21%) of the mothers, 120 (55%) mothers started weaning at 4-6 months of child age, while 72 (18%) started to give additional food after baby turned six months old. Out of total 276 (69%) mothers reported that they had knowledge regarding breast feeding. Significant association was found between knowledge of breastfeeding and initiation and Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) practices (p-values <0.05). Income, family type, mode of delivery and assistance for child were significantly associated with initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Breast feeding practices in the studied area were not up to the mark. There is a strong need to improve the breastfeeding practices by Behavior Change Communication. Keywords: Breast feeding; Early initiation; Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF); Colostrum; Supplementary feeding; Infants
The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Ec...ijtsrd
A qualitative education produces enlighten and vibrant people. Family experiences are very significant in influencing childrens performance in schools around the world. Research has shown that parental encouragement enhances, childrens academic performance especially by people with whom they communicate in their first stages of life. Against this background that this study was undertaken to examine the influence of family background on the academic performance of students in Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study was guided by three objectives which are to find out if there is a relationship between parental educational level and student’s academic performance in Economics determine the influence of parental income on students’ academic performance in Economics and to find out if there is any significant relationship between the parental level of motivation and students’ academic performance in Economics. This study is anchored on socialization theory. The study adopted a survey design to determine the influence of family background on students academic performance. The population of that study is the entire secondary school in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study randomly selected 80 students and 20 teachers in Port Harcourt Metropolitan. Descriptive statistics and simple percentages and tabulation were used for the data collected by way of a questionnaire. Chi square was used when evaluating the null hypotheses. The study above showed that the family background of students and their academic success in economics subject is significantly positive. Based on the study findings the following recommendations were made Social and economic policies should be introduced to give children with low economic status equal opportunities to support their childrens education. Parents should provide a home environment that supports and motivates children to achieve better education at school. This can be done by teaching your children at home to improve schoolwork and to provide the necessary learning material. Sunday Nsirimobi Ordu | Egbo Glad Ogechi "The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35767.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35767/the-influence-of-family-background-on-the-academic-performance-of-students-economics-in-port-harcourt-metropolis/sunday-nsirimobi-ordu
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM in Ter...YogeshIJTSRD
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYBanicoo PK et al. , 2016 , some factors are known to influence the academic performance of children with Sickle Cell Anaemia SCA . Information on their effects in these children is limited in Nigeria. The factors which influence academic performance of children with SCA in Enugu, Nigeria are determined in this study.Consecutive children with SCA aged 5 11 years were recruited at the weekly sickle cell clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital UNTH Enugu, Nigeria. Their age and sex matched normal classmates were recruited as controls. The total number of days of school absence for 2009 2010 academic session was obtained for each pair of pupils from the class attendance register Sony Verma | Pro. Dr. N. V. Muninarayanappa | Mrs. Ramya Vasanth "A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) in Terms of Knowledge Regarding Causes and Remedies for Poor Academic Performance of School Children among the Teachers of Selected Schools at Moradabad" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45076.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45076/a-study-to-evaluate-the-effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-in-terms-of-knowledge-regarding-causes-and-remedies-for-poor-academic-performance-of-school-children-among-the-teachers-of-selected-schools-at-moradabad/sony-verma
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
To study the knowledge, beliefs and practices of mothers, in relation to initiation, duration and type of breastfeeding, introduction and type of complementary food and other infant feeding practices.
NCCR 2020: Conference Of Very Important Disease (COVID-19) | 24 - 26 August 2020
Young Investigator Awards Presentation
Mohammad Hasnan Ahmad
Nutritionist
Principal Investigator
Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research
Institute for Public Health
National Institutes of Health
Ministry of Health Malaysia
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4004505
A Longitudinal Study On Feeding Practices And Morbidity Patterns Of Infants I...iosrjce
Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and
development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve
the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher
compared to urban areas in India.
Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area .
Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine
Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3
months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding
practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.
Results: The incidence of episodes of morbidity was 2.78 per infant per year. Respiratory Tract Infections are
most common observed illness followed by diarrhea .Majority of the mothers (90%)
Were given colostrum ,50% were breast fed their babies with in 1 hour of delivery,60% were given
EBF(Exclusive Breast Feeding ). The illnesses are less common in first 6 months of infancy compared to
letter half of life .A Significant association between feeding practices and morbidities
Conclusion: Hence focusing education on faulty feeding practices and implementation of IMNCI(integrated
management of newborn and childhood illnesses ) at gross root level by health workers need to be emphasized
A Descriptive Study on the Knowledge Regarding Breast-Feeding Problems and it...ijtsrd
A cross sectional design was used to assess the knowledge regarding breast-feeding problems and its management among 100 postnatal mothers who were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by Structured Interview schedule and breast feeding assessment checklist. The findings of the study revealed that the overall mean knowledge score was 15±3.33. According to area the highest mean score was in the area of introduction about breast-feeding 7.14± 1.94 and lowest in engorgement of breast 1.22 ± 1.01 . Rank wise assessment of breast-feeding problems shows that less than half 46 of the mothers were having painful nipple and only 14 and 13 of mothers were having inverted and cracked nipple. Majority 60 of postnatal mothers had average knowledge regarding breast-feeding problems and its management. From the study findings it could be concluded that postnatal mothers had average knowledge regarding breast-feeding problems and its management. Thus, health education programs are required to enhance the knowledge regarding postnatal breast problems. Ms. Neha Verma | Ms. Kanchan Bala | Mrs. Laxmi Kumar "A Descriptive Study on the Knowledge Regarding Breast-Feeding Problems and its Management Among Post Natal Mothers in Selected Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18800.pdf
An Assessment of Birth Control Measures Among Women in Reproductive Age of Ka...ijtsrd
The present study was an attempt to assess the impact of age on attitude of married women regarding family planning and birth control measures and to find the level of adoption and impact of birth control measures adopted by married women of different age groups in Kashmir. The sample was selected through random sampling technique. For the sample, 400 married women were selected from different age groups. The sample was collected with the help of readymade scale namely, "Family planning and birth control scale" constructed by Ramachandrapa (1989) and self constructed questionnaire. The study shows medium level of impact of family planning and birth control measures is mostly on women 41-50 years. A considerable section of women in the age group of 35-40 years have also shown high impact and adoption of family planning and birth control measures. Majority of women in the age group of 18-29 years have shown medium level of adoption of family planning and birth control measures. Suriya Gowhar | Dr. Muzamil Jan"An Assessment of Birth Control Measures Among Women in Reproductive Age of Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15726.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/extension-education/15726/an-assessment-of-birth-control-measures-among-women-in-reproductive-age-of-kashmir/suriya-gowhar
Maternal perception about neonatal jaundice in eastern nepal a qualitative studydineshdharel13
The perception of mothers regarding recognition, seriousness, causes and treatment of jaundice in their newborn babies mostly reflected their own misconceptions about this common neonatal problem. The experience of mothers caring for children with jaundice in their neonatal period along with the influence of their family and society evidently shaped their perceptions about neonatal jaundice.
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum
dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is
early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to
health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre
experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention
for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio
demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract
infections was collected through structured interview schedule. The major study findings indicate that there is
significant difference between the knowledge of practice scores of mothers between pre and post test. The
results also indicates that there is significant relationship between knowledge scores of mothers with their socio
demographic variables and community based health education could enhance the knowledge of mothers
regarding preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections in their young children.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Burmese Migrant Maternal & Child Health SurveyZurine
This research project aims to investigate the maternal and child health conditions of Burmese migrant workers in south Thailand. The topics covered include data, knowledge and understanding about Demographics, Home and Environment, Child Birth and Children’s Health, Nutrition and Family Planning/ HIV.
A Quasi Experimental Study Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Pa...YogeshIJTSRD
Introduction The future of nation can become bright only if the children are healthy. They need full protection by their full development. Jujhar Singh Maan | Sobana M | Abhishek Yadav "A Quasi-Experimental Study: Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Parents of Children of Experimental and Control Group" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/45008/a-quasiexperimental-study-comparing-knowledge-regarding-child-abuse-among-parents-of-children-of-experimental-and-control-group/jujhar-singh-maan
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme Regard...iosrjce
Adolescence is a period of preparation for undertaking greater responsibilities including healthy
responsible parenthood in future. Adolescence form prospective human resource for the society. Objectives: To
assess the knowledge level of sex education among adolescent girls before the structured teaching programme,
to assess the knowledge level of sex education among adolescent girls after the structured teaching
programme, to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding sex education among the
adolescent girls, to find out the association between knowledge of adolescent girls with their demographic
variables. Methodology: Pre experimental one group pre test post test design was used. Sample size of 60 were
selected by simple random technique. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results : In pre test, a majority of 34(56.6%) had inadequate knowledge, 25(41.6%) had moderately adequate
knowledge, and 1(1.6%) had adequate knowledge. In post test majority of them 30(50%) had adequate
knowledge, 26(43%) had moderately adequate knowledge,4(7%) had inadequate knowledge.
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
The Indo-American Journal of Life Sciences and BioTechnology is a premier online platform that serves as a nexus for cutting-edge research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. Our site fosters the exchange of innovative ideas, scholarly articles, and breakthrough discoveries in these dynamic fields. With a commitment to promoting scientific excellence, the journal provides a global forum for researchers, academics, and industry professionals to share their insights and advancements. Navigate through a wealth of diverse content, ranging from molecular biology to bioprocess engineering, as we strive to advance knowledge and propel the frontiers of life sciences and biotechnology. Join us in the pursuit of scientific excellence and stay abreast of the latest developments in this ever-evolving landscape.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. With a focus on fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, this journal provides a platform for cutting-edge research and innovations in areas such as molecular biology, genetics, bioinformatics, and bioprocessing. Featuring rigorous peer-reviewed articles, the journal serves as a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, and professionals in the field, promoting the dissemination of knowledge and the development of groundbreaking technologies that contribute to the advancement of life sciences and biotechnology.
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
To study the knowledge, beliefs and practices of mothers, in relation to initiation, duration and type of breastfeeding, introduction and type of complementary food and other infant feeding practices.
NCCR 2020: Conference Of Very Important Disease (COVID-19) | 24 - 26 August 2020
Young Investigator Awards Presentation
Mohammad Hasnan Ahmad
Nutritionist
Principal Investigator
Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research
Institute for Public Health
National Institutes of Health
Ministry of Health Malaysia
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4004505
A Longitudinal Study On Feeding Practices And Morbidity Patterns Of Infants I...iosrjce
Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and
development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve
the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher
compared to urban areas in India.
Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area .
Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine
Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3
months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding
practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.
Results: The incidence of episodes of morbidity was 2.78 per infant per year. Respiratory Tract Infections are
most common observed illness followed by diarrhea .Majority of the mothers (90%)
Were given colostrum ,50% were breast fed their babies with in 1 hour of delivery,60% were given
EBF(Exclusive Breast Feeding ). The illnesses are less common in first 6 months of infancy compared to
letter half of life .A Significant association between feeding practices and morbidities
Conclusion: Hence focusing education on faulty feeding practices and implementation of IMNCI(integrated
management of newborn and childhood illnesses ) at gross root level by health workers need to be emphasized
A Descriptive Study on the Knowledge Regarding Breast-Feeding Problems and it...ijtsrd
A cross sectional design was used to assess the knowledge regarding breast-feeding problems and its management among 100 postnatal mothers who were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by Structured Interview schedule and breast feeding assessment checklist. The findings of the study revealed that the overall mean knowledge score was 15±3.33. According to area the highest mean score was in the area of introduction about breast-feeding 7.14± 1.94 and lowest in engorgement of breast 1.22 ± 1.01 . Rank wise assessment of breast-feeding problems shows that less than half 46 of the mothers were having painful nipple and only 14 and 13 of mothers were having inverted and cracked nipple. Majority 60 of postnatal mothers had average knowledge regarding breast-feeding problems and its management. From the study findings it could be concluded that postnatal mothers had average knowledge regarding breast-feeding problems and its management. Thus, health education programs are required to enhance the knowledge regarding postnatal breast problems. Ms. Neha Verma | Ms. Kanchan Bala | Mrs. Laxmi Kumar "A Descriptive Study on the Knowledge Regarding Breast-Feeding Problems and its Management Among Post Natal Mothers in Selected Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18800.pdf
An Assessment of Birth Control Measures Among Women in Reproductive Age of Ka...ijtsrd
The present study was an attempt to assess the impact of age on attitude of married women regarding family planning and birth control measures and to find the level of adoption and impact of birth control measures adopted by married women of different age groups in Kashmir. The sample was selected through random sampling technique. For the sample, 400 married women were selected from different age groups. The sample was collected with the help of readymade scale namely, "Family planning and birth control scale" constructed by Ramachandrapa (1989) and self constructed questionnaire. The study shows medium level of impact of family planning and birth control measures is mostly on women 41-50 years. A considerable section of women in the age group of 35-40 years have also shown high impact and adoption of family planning and birth control measures. Majority of women in the age group of 18-29 years have shown medium level of adoption of family planning and birth control measures. Suriya Gowhar | Dr. Muzamil Jan"An Assessment of Birth Control Measures Among Women in Reproductive Age of Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15726.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/extension-education/15726/an-assessment-of-birth-control-measures-among-women-in-reproductive-age-of-kashmir/suriya-gowhar
Maternal perception about neonatal jaundice in eastern nepal a qualitative studydineshdharel13
The perception of mothers regarding recognition, seriousness, causes and treatment of jaundice in their newborn babies mostly reflected their own misconceptions about this common neonatal problem. The experience of mothers caring for children with jaundice in their neonatal period along with the influence of their family and society evidently shaped their perceptions about neonatal jaundice.
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum
dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is
early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to
health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre
experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention
for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio
demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract
infections was collected through structured interview schedule. The major study findings indicate that there is
significant difference between the knowledge of practice scores of mothers between pre and post test. The
results also indicates that there is significant relationship between knowledge scores of mothers with their socio
demographic variables and community based health education could enhance the knowledge of mothers
regarding preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections in their young children.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Burmese Migrant Maternal & Child Health SurveyZurine
This research project aims to investigate the maternal and child health conditions of Burmese migrant workers in south Thailand. The topics covered include data, knowledge and understanding about Demographics, Home and Environment, Child Birth and Children’s Health, Nutrition and Family Planning/ HIV.
A Quasi Experimental Study Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Pa...YogeshIJTSRD
Introduction The future of nation can become bright only if the children are healthy. They need full protection by their full development. Jujhar Singh Maan | Sobana M | Abhishek Yadav "A Quasi-Experimental Study: Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Parents of Children of Experimental and Control Group" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/45008/a-quasiexperimental-study-comparing-knowledge-regarding-child-abuse-among-parents-of-children-of-experimental-and-control-group/jujhar-singh-maan
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme Regard...iosrjce
Adolescence is a period of preparation for undertaking greater responsibilities including healthy
responsible parenthood in future. Adolescence form prospective human resource for the society. Objectives: To
assess the knowledge level of sex education among adolescent girls before the structured teaching programme,
to assess the knowledge level of sex education among adolescent girls after the structured teaching
programme, to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding sex education among the
adolescent girls, to find out the association between knowledge of adolescent girls with their demographic
variables. Methodology: Pre experimental one group pre test post test design was used. Sample size of 60 were
selected by simple random technique. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results : In pre test, a majority of 34(56.6%) had inadequate knowledge, 25(41.6%) had moderately adequate
knowledge, and 1(1.6%) had adequate knowledge. In post test majority of them 30(50%) had adequate
knowledge, 26(43%) had moderately adequate knowledge,4(7%) had inadequate knowledge.
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
The Indo-American Journal of Life Sciences and BioTechnology is a premier online platform that serves as a nexus for cutting-edge research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. Our site fosters the exchange of innovative ideas, scholarly articles, and breakthrough discoveries in these dynamic fields. With a commitment to promoting scientific excellence, the journal provides a global forum for researchers, academics, and industry professionals to share their insights and advancements. Navigate through a wealth of diverse content, ranging from molecular biology to bioprocess engineering, as we strive to advance knowledge and propel the frontiers of life sciences and biotechnology. Join us in the pursuit of scientific excellence and stay abreast of the latest developments in this ever-evolving landscape.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. With a focus on fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, this journal provides a platform for cutting-edge research and innovations in areas such as molecular biology, genetics, bioinformatics, and bioprocessing. Featuring rigorous peer-reviewed articles, the journal serves as a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, and professionals in the field, promoting the dissemination of knowledge and the development of groundbreaking technologies that contribute to the advancement of life sciences and biotechnology.
Screening Tool for Developmental Disorders in ChildrenApollo Hospitals
Developmental problems are a diverse group of conditions that affect and limit children and their life-chances. A ready reference for a Paediatrician would be the first six chapters of the latest edition (18th) of the Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (The Field of Pediatrics, Growth & Development, Psychological Disorders, Social Issues, Children with Special Health Needs and Nutrition and Human Genetics and Metabolic Diseases).
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Promotion of Mental Health ...ijtsrd
BACKGROUND: "No health without mental health" The tender the age;more probability of getting affected"Promotion of mental health is a recommended intervention and a step lead ahead in primary level prevention. Latest National survey of childrens mental health found that 1 in 10 children and young child aged 5-16 had a clinicallyrecognizable mental disorder.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:1. To assess the existing knowledge regarding promotion of mental health in children among rural mothers.2. To assess the post test knowledge regarding promotion of mental health in children among rural mothers.3. To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme of mental health in children among rural mothers.4. to associate the pre-test knowledge regarding promotion of mental health in their children.METHODS The modified conceptual framework for the present study was based on General System Model by Ludwig Von Bertalanffys(1968).Quasi experimental one group pretest posttest research design was adopted for the study.The structured Interview Schedule was developed to collect the data validated by various experts.Pilot study was conducted among 6 mothers in Byrohalli village-Kengeri,Bangalore to find the feasibility of the study.The main study was conducted at Somannahalli and ChikkaGolahalli rual community in Bangalore from among 60 rural mothers,who were selected by using non probability convenience sampling technique and the data collected was analyzed and interpreted based on descriptive and inferential statistics.RESULTS:the assessments of knoweldge level of mothers on mental health promotion revealed that the mean pretest was 10.81 with standard deviated 1.57. Mean posttest was 21.48 with standard deviation 1.76.INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION:The study shows that the structured teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge regaring promotion of mental health in children among the rural mothers.there was significant association between the knowledge scores of rural mothers who attended the structured teaching programme at p level http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/2472/effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-promotion-of-mental-health-in-children-among-mothers-of-rural-community/jyoti-laxmi-chetty
Cross Sectional Study on Language Assessment of Speech Delay in Children 0 to...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
1
4
Discrete Trial Training (DTT) effect on children with ASD
Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects the development of an individual affecting their behaviour and the ability to communicate (Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). In most cases, this disorder exhibits its symptoms within the initial two years of an individual, despite its diagnosis being plausible for individuals of all ages. Persons diagnosed with this disorder often have repetitive behaviours and restricted interests, find it difficult to partake in social interactions and communication with others, and show other symptoms that may impede the individual's ability to perform well in school, work and several other aspects of life ("Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). The individuals diagnosed with the disorder will, in some cases, be reliant on their families and individuals close to them for help and support. Despite the disorder's potency as a life-long condition, some services and treatments are provided, helping an individual diagnosed with the condition improve the quality of their life. It is also important to note that the disorder has several different variations; hence, the spectrum of different characteristics, unique to every diagnosed individual.
According to studies conducted, one in fifty-four children is diagnosed with the disorder in the United States, occurring in children of all racial backgrounds and socioeconomic groups ("Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021). According to the same report, the disease is four times more likely to occur in boys than in girls. Between 2009 to 2017, the number of children aged between 3-17 years diagnosed with development disorders, inclusive of ASD, increased from 16.2% to 17.8%. (Ünlü et al., 2018). In the use of discrete trial training (DTT), children are taught a plethora of skills, which include academic, language, and social skills, necessary to facilitate their development. In the treatment of ASD, options are limited. However, early diagnosis, coupled with behaviour interventions, is considered to have the best outcomes in managing the disorder's symptoms (Masi et al., 2017).
The prevalence of ASD in children has been noted to rise significantly in the population (Masi et al., 2017; "Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021), affecting a larger portion of the population. This number of affected individuals is projected to rise even higher in the coming years, a problem in society that needs to be addressed. In the treatment of the disorder, drug interventions, while widely used, have failed to prove their efficiency in improving or managing symptoms in most cases (Masi et al., 2017). The treatment options for the disorder are also very limited. The use of drug interventions, early diagnosis, and early behavioural interventions is very expensive and inaccessible to many individuals affected by the condition. Identifying the disorder i ...
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Dietary paterrns of autistic chidren - Copy.pptxArif Majeed
Autism is a complex developmental and non-curable neurobiological condition that typically appears during the first three years of life. (Christensen et al., 2016).
Although the onset of symptoms for most children occurs during late infancy some may not display any symptoms until they are of 2 years after a period of comparative growth.
It effects brain function predominantly in the areas of social interaction and communication skills that results in varying degrees of difficult socialization, verbal and nonverbal communications, repetitive and problematic behavior.
The challenging manners of these children disrupt the food choices which in turn affect nutritional status and growth. Irritabilities and anxiety can be associated with introduction of new food.(K. Barnhill et al., 2017).
Autism is prevalent worldwide with male are effected almost five times more than female.(Salih,et.al,2017). In Honk Kong 1 in 27 and in Norway 1 in 196, whereas in Pakistan 1 in every 50 children can be autistic. There are approximately 350,000 autistic children in Pakistan however, the actual number remains hidden due to underreporting, misdiagnosis and social causes.
Regular nutritional screening and evaluation of Autistic children is an important clinical deliberation as they may have numerous risk factors that seem to intensify the occurrence of nutrient insufficiencies.
Background- Oral health is a multi-factorial concept, determined by knowledge, behavior, and attitude of a person. Like any behavior carried out daily like a habit, oral health behaviors are also repeated like a habit. The multidimensionality of behavioral change makes studying it, and factors associated with it, a challenge, since there are so many aspects to consider. Objectives- To find an association between the oral health status and socio-behavioral factors among 12-15 years old school children of Belagavi city, India. Methods- A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find an association between the oral health status and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescents. One thousand participants were selected using two-stage random sampling. Dental caries, bleeding on probing, dental trauma, enamel fluorosis, intervention urgency was recorded according to the WHO 2013 proforma and the parameters regarding knowledge, attitudes as well as behavior using a closed ended self-designed questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, and linear correlation tests were done. Results- Among 1000 subjects, 767 (76.7%) participants were found to have dental caries and 512 (51.2%) showed the presence of gingival bleeding. Out of a total score of 41, the mean knowledge score was 34.47 (±3.84) for boys and 34.76 (±4.13) for girls. Linear correlation showed that attitude was weakly correlated (r=0.18 and 0.20 respectively) but with a strong statistical significance to knowledge as well as behavior respectively. Conclusion- Attitude when compared separately either with knowledge or behavior showed a weak correlation that was highly significant. Comparison of behavior with caries experience showed a weak negative correlation which was statistically insignificant. Key-words- Oral health, Adolescents, Socio-behavioral, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior
Autistic Learning & Behavioural Difficulties Inventory: Validation of the Scr...iosrjce
The triad of impairments in communication, social interaction, and imagination is often used in
autism screening tools. In this paper, the authors have proposed an alternative by examining autistic learning
and behavioural challenges in cognitive, conative, affective and sensory processes. The alternative pinpoints the
specific needs and strengths for informing decisions on selecting appropriate autism treatment strategies to
follow up. They trialled the use of the Autistic Learning and Behavioural Difficulties Inventory (ALBDI) on 53
participants and validated it on the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARS-2). Findings of their
study suggested that ALBDI is a useful measure where its total autistic learning and behavioural difficulties
scores correlated significantly with the GARS-2 total standard scores of its subtests and its Autism Index with
Pearson correlation coefficients r = .800 (p<.01)><.01) respectively. ALBDI is included in the
Appendix.
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
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1. Med J Malaysia Vol 63 No 3 August 2008 199
SUMMARY
This is a cross-sectional study investigating the profile of
children with disability registered with the primary health
care clinics in Malaysia. The purpose of the study was to
assess the developmental stage of children with disability.
Secondary data from the pilot project conducted by the
Family Health Development Division, Ministry of Health
Malaysia was used in this study. The study period was for six
months from 1st August 2004 until 31st January 2005. A
total of 900 disabled children were selected in this study.
Schedule of Growing Scale (SGS) II was used for analysis.
Results showed more boys than girls were affected with a
ratio of 6:4. The mean total SGS score increases as the age of
the child increased. The score was highest in delayed speech
cases and lowest in cerebral palsy cases. The performance
among children with delayed speech was the highest while
children with cerebral palsy were the lowest. There was a
statistically significant difference between the major ethnic
groups in delayed speech and attention deficit hyperactive
disorder.
KEY WORDS:
Developmental Assessment, Child Disability, Schedule of
Growing Scale (SGS) II
INTRODUCTION
According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
children with disability could be defined as ‘any child unable
to ensure by himself wholly or partly, the necessities of a
normal individual and or social life, as a result of a deficiency
either congenital or not, in his physical or mental
capabilities’1
. WHO stated that 10% of the population in any
country around the world has some form of disability. It has
been estimated that among the 10% of the population with
disability, one third are among children less than 15 years
old1
. Translating this figure into the Malaysian population of
24 million, there are about 800,000 children less than 15
years old with some form of disability that requires special
care. In the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey
1996, the prevalence of disability among 6 to 14 year olds was
5.8% while the prevalence of impairment among 0 to 14 year
olds was 4.8%2
.
The awareness and interest in rehabilitation programme for
children with disability in Malaysia began in 1981 following
the establishment of the inter-ministerial committee to plan
for early detection, management and placement in
appropriate schools3
. Since 1986, Public Health Nurses have
been trained in the management of children with disability,
following which activities have been carried out by them to
provide rehabilitative services3
. As of December 2002, there
were a total of 93 health centers in Malaysia providing
rehabilitation services for children with disability4
. In the
year 2002 alone, there were a total of 1,387 disabled children
below the age of seven years detected at the health clinics4
. In
Malaysia, the ‘Children with Special Needs Programme’ was
implemented to provide special health care for children with
disability.
Studies from the developed world have used different
developmental assessment tools to describe the
developmental achievement among children with disability5-7
.
However, most of the studies concentrate on one particular
disability and on one particular skill area. In Malaysia, there
has been no study to quantify or score development among
children with disability.
The objectives of this study were:
1. To describe the characteristics of children with disability
attending primary health care clinics.
2. To score the developmental assessment among children
with disability using an appropriate assessment tool.
3. To determine any significant difference in the
developmental assessment score among children with
disability in the three major ethnic groups.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a cross-sectional study investigating the profile of
children with disability registered with the primary health
care clinic in Malaysia. Secondary data from the pilot project
conducted by the Family Health Development Division,
Ministry of Health Malaysia was used in this study. The study
period was for six months from 1st August 2004 until 31st
January 2005. A total of 40 nurses in charge of children with
special needs programme were selected to participate in the
study. Each nurse was required to examine 10 children with
special needs per month using the Denver Developmental
Assessment Test (DDST) II chart and Schedule of Growing
Scale (SGS) II for six months over the study period to assess
the developmental state of these children. Each nurse was
trained on the use of DDST II chart and SGS II. Universal
sampling method was used by the nurses to select the cases
where every child that visited the clinic was selected until the
quota of 10 cases for each month has been reached. Through
Assessing the Development of Children with Disability in
Malaysia
K L Tan, MPH* , H Yadav, FAMM*
*Department of Community Medicine and Behavioural Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
This article was accepted: 9 June 2008
Corresponding Author: Tan Kok Leong, 112, Jalan BU 7/8, Bandar Utama Damansara, 47800 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan
Email: tan_kleong@yahoo.com
110759 NV-3-ASSESMENT 199-202.qxd 9/19/08 11:18 AM Page 199
2. Original Article
200 Med J Malaysia Vol 63 No 3 August 2008
out the study, the nurses were supervised by the respective
Family Medical Specialist or Maternal Child Health Officer in
the clinic. Types of disability were diagnosed by Family
Medical Specialist based on the ‘Standard Operating
Procedure’ of the primary study.
In this study, the SGS II was used for analysis. SGS II was
validated this year (2006) in the pilot study conducted by the
Family Health Development Division, Ministry of Health
Malaysia. SGS II is a developmental screening procedure
which was based firmly on the well-known and well-
respected developmental sequences designed by Dr Mary
Sheridan8
. Supplemented by a few well-tried items not
included in Mary Sheridan’s work, SGS II was the fruit of
several years of research, development and trial on children
throughout the United Kingdom. It provides information on
whether the child is developing normally and identifying
which skill areas the child is delayed in.
The inclusion criteria in this study include all of the cases
from the pilot study. The exclusion criteria include cases
from East Malaysia, cases that are not Malaysian and cases at
age at assessment of more than 144 months (12 years old). In
order to prevent repetition of cases being entered into the
analysis, cases who were evaluated more than once during the
study period were only entered once in reference to the
earliest assessment date. This study included cases from four
states involving 36 primary health care clinics. The four
states include Kelantan with six clinics involving six nurses,
Perak with eight clinics involving eight nurses, Johor with
eight clinics involving eight nurses and Selangor with
fourteen clinics involving fourteen nurses.
The scoring system for developmental assessment in the SGS
II was assessed in eight skill areas. The skill areas include
locomotor, manipulative, visual, hearing and language,
speech and language, interactive social, self-care social and
cognitive. In each skill area, there are several skill sets. The
score achieved for the child within the skill area is the sum of
the scores of the single most advanced item in each skill set8
.
The purpose of this study was to assess the developmental
stage of children with disability. Data was analyzed by using
the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 11
programme.
RESULTS
A total of 900 children with disability attending
rehabilitation provided by the primary health care clinic were
included in the study. The mean age of the cases was 57.5
months. There were 546 (60.7%) males and 354 (39.3%)
females. Malays were the majority (80.2%) followed by
Chinese (13.6%) and Indian (6.2%). There were 322 (35.7%)
cases from Selangor, 212 (23.5%) from Johor, 198 (22%) from
Kelantan and 168 (18.7%) from Perak. With respect to the
type of disability, there were 27.8% Down syndrome, 22%
cerebral palsy, 12.9% gross developmental delay, 8.7% slow
learner, 7.6% delayed speech, 5.6% autism, 4.4% attention
deficit hyperactive disorder, 3.3% mental retardation and
7.8% others (Table I).
The mean total Schedule of Growing Scale (SGS) score tends
to increase as the age of the child at assessment increases.
This holds true in almost all the types of disability with the
age group from 0 to 96 months. The mean total SGS score
was the highest (ranging from 84.0 to 174.0) in delayed
speech cases and across the age groups while cerebral palsy
cases had the lowest score (ranging from 25.9 to 49.9).
Pearson correlation, r was used to establish the association of
age with SGS score among the different types of disability.
The r value ranging from 0.167 to 0.695 was statistically
significant at p<0.05 for all the types of disability except
autism (r = 0.063) (Table II).
Table III showed the percentage of mean SGS scores in
relation to the mean achievable scores according to the
chronological age of the cases. A higher percentage means
that the child’s developmental age is closer to their
chronological age ability. Delayed speech scored the highest
percentage (ranging from 61.0% to 99.4%) in seven out of the
eight skill areas while cerebral palsy scored the lowest
(ranging from 14.7% to 36.9%) in all the eight skill areas.
Among the different skill areas, cognitive skill had the lowest
percentage (ranging from 14.7 to 60.2) in all the types of
disability except for delayed speech. There were statistically
significant differences in the mean score among the different
types of disability for all the skill areas.
The mean total SGS score among the three ethnic groups were
compared in relation to the different type of disability. There
were statistically significant differences in the mean total
score among the three ethnic groups for delayed speech and
attention deficit hyperactive disorder (Table IV). Post hoc test
using the ‘LSD’ method was used to determine which mean
pairs were significantly different. For delayed speech,
significant differences were detected among Malay-Indian
(p<0.001) and Chinese-Indian (p=0.001) mean pairs. As for
attention deficit hyperactive disorder, significant differences
were detected among Malay-Chinese (p=0.038) and Malay-
Indian (p=0.015) mean pairs.
DISCUSSION
Children with disability (special needs) are a group of
children that require special health care needs and services.
They have a chance of achieving a better quality of life if
special care through early detection and intervention is
provided for them. The Early Intervention Programme (EIP)
was initiated by the WHO in 1986 for this group of children.
EIP has evolved to the Children with Special Needs (CWSN)
Programme with the emphasis on decentralization of
rehabilitation services to primary health care. This was to
ensure that the services provided were as near to the child as
possible. CWSN programme has expanded greatly in
Malaysia where most clinics in all the states provide the
service. However, no efforts have been made to quantify the
developmental assessment for each case and this makes
evaluation of the progress of the cases extremely difficult.
The problem with multiple disabilities in a child has been
considered in the study. Among the 900 cases, there were 67
cases diagnosis with a combination of disabilities. Seventeen
cases had cerebral palsy with mental retardation, 16 cases
cerebral palsy with delayed speech, 13 cases Down syndrome
and slow learner while 21 cases Down syndrome with mental
retardation. In these cases, the main disability was entered
into the analysis as the type of disability.
110759 NV-3-ASSESMENT 199-202.qxd 9/19/08 11:18 AM Page 200
3. Assessing the Development of Children with Disability in Malaysia
Med J Malaysia Vol 63 No 3 August 2008 201
General characteristics n %
Age at assessment (months) 1 – 24 216 24.0
25 – 48 222 24.7
49 – 72 164 18.2
73 – 96 134 14.9
97 – 120 102 11.3
121 – 144 62 6.9
Ethnicity Malay 722 80.2
Chinese 122 13.6
Indian 56 6.2
Gender Male 546 60.7
Female 354 39.3
State assessment done Kelantan 198 22.0
Perak 168 18.7
Johor 212 23.5
Selangor 322 35.8
Type of disability Down Syndrome 250 27.8
Autism 50 5.6
Cerebral Palsy 198 22.0
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder 40 4.4
Slow Learner 78 8.7
Mental Retardation 30 3.3
Delayed Speech 68 7.6
Gross Developmental Delay 116 12.9
Others 70 7.8
Table I: General characteristics of the children with disability (N=900)
Types of Disability Age group 0 - 24 25 – 48 49 – 72 73 – 96 97 – 120 121 – 144 Pearson
(months) Max Max Max Max Max Max Correlation,
Score: 96 Score: 145 Score: 185 Score: 192 Score: 192 Score: 192 r
Down Syndrome 37.1 86.5 111.4 115.3 135.0 126.7 0.695 *
Autism 65.0 113.0 98.1 104.6 126.7 85.0 0.063
Cerebral Palsy 25.9 38.7 38.0 49.9 49.4 46.0 0.167 *
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder N/A 85.7 130.2 138.1 145.3 183.0 0.558 *
Slow Learner 40.0 97.6 112.0 158.3 140.8 176.7 0.783 *
Mental Retardation 3.0 N/A 74.1 N/A 99.2 120.5 0.645 *
Delayed Speech 84.0 123.2 151.8 135.7 147.0 174.0 0.649 *
Gross Developmental Delay 49.7 74.9 109.3 130.0 155.0 62.0 0.584 *
Others 34.1 102.2 107.1 114.7 93.5 56.0 0.498 *
N/A = Not Available
* Correlate is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Table II: Mean total SGS score according to age group (in months) and types of disability
Types of Down’s Autism Cerebral Attention Slow Mental Delayed Gross Others One-Way
Disability Syndrome Palsy Deficit Learner Retardation Speech Develop ANOVA
Skill Hyperactive -mental
Areas Disorder Delay F score
Locomotor 71.3 83.7 15.9 88.1 90.1 64.0 97.3 56.3 55.1 90.052 *
Manipulative 62.0 55.1 24.0 70.8 77.0 48.1 90.2 62.9 62.0 51.824 *
Visual 70.4 63.9 36.9 77.2 82.1 56.2 87.2 73.6 70.9 39.980 *
Hearing & language 61.0 47.5 36.0 61.8 71.9 40.9 75.8 64.2 59.7 24.688 *
Speech & language 51.6 46.7 26.2 59.8 74.9 36.7 61.0 53.3 48.6 33.102 *
Interactive Social 70.8 55.2 30.3 79.7 81.0 54.3 89.1 67.9 66.5 43.907 *
Self-care Social 71.2 65.7 25.0 78.6 85.6 49.8 99.4 54.3 65.2 53.768 *
Cognitive 6.1 38.8 14.7 59.0 60.2 30.5 71.2 44.4 43.9 28.401 *
* Statistically significant at p < 0.05
Table III: The percentage of mean SGS score to mean achievable score corresponding to chronological age according to
types of disability and different skill areas
110759 NV-3-ASSESMENT 199-202.qxd 9/19/08 11:18 AM Page 201
4. In this study, the ethnic distribution of cases was almost
similar to the distribution in the general population9,10
. There
were more male compared to female cases with a ratio of 6:4.
This ratio is consistent with other studies11-12
. Down
syndrome was the commonest type of disability in this study
followed by cerebral palsy. Several studies from different
countries showed that Down syndrome and cerebral palsy
were the common disabilities in the study population13-16
.
Delayed speech cases had the highest total score across all the
age groups. This observation was understandable because the
majority of cases had minimal or no disability except for
speech and language components while cerebral palsy scored
the lowest. Hutton et al and Krigger et al showed that the
majority of children with cerebral palsy has moderate to
severe developmental delays in all skill areas17,18
. In general,
the total score increases in all types of disability as the age
increase (especially from 0 to 60 months of age). The
developmental skills of a child will increase or improve as the
child grows19
.
The percentage of mean SGS score to achievable score
provides a useful figure to evaluate the deficit in a child’s
development. Delayed speech had the highest score in all
skill areas except for speech and language. This is expected as
such a child would have a significant developmental delay in
that specific skill area. Cerebral palsy cases generally suffer
from global developmental delay affecting all the skill areas
and they had the lowest score. The scoring system for the
cognitive skill area under the SGS II was different from the
other skill areas. It was scored by a simple item count. The
score was recorded as the highest item performed only.
Children with such disability normally have a short attention
and concentration span20,21
coupled by the fact that this skill
area is performed last may result in underscoring of this skill
area.
Down syndrome was the commonest type of disability in this
study. Speech delay cases obtained the highest score while
cerebral palsy obtained the lowest. There were significant
differences in the mean scores among the three ethnic groups
for delayed speech and attention deficit hyperactive disorder.
This study has provided useful information on the
developmental assessment among children with disability.
The study has quantified the assessment by providing a
scoring system. This result could be used as a baseline for
other similar studies in Malaysia. The implementation of the
SGS II in all primary health care clinics could be used in the
evaluation of outcome and impact of the programme and also
the progress of individual cases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Dr Aminah Bee Mohd Kassim, the
Principle Assistant Director, Family Health Development
Division and Sister Cheoh Siew Tin, Public Health Sister,
Family Health Development Division for all the help and
support rendered during this study.
REFERENCES
1. World Health Organization. Plan of Action for rehabilitation. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 1998.
2. Ministry of Health. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2 Reports.
Malaysia: Ministry of Health, 1996.
3. Family Health Development Division. Plan of Action: Programme of Care
for Children with Special Needs. Malaysia: Ministry of Health, 1998.
4. Ministry of Health. Annual Report 2002. Malaysia: Ministry of Health,
2002.
5. Garcia-Navarro ME, Tacoronte M, Sarduy I, et al. Influence of early
stimulation in cerebral palsy. Rev Neurol 2000; 31(8): 716 - 9.
6. Mahoney G, Robinson C, Fewell RR. The effects of early intervention on
children with Down syndrome or cerebral palsy: a field-based study. J Dev
Behav Pediatr 2001; 22(3): 153-62.
7. Gabunia M. The influence of early therapeutic intervention on outcome of
cerebral palsy. Ann Biomed Res Edu 2003; 3(3): 159-61.
8. Martin B, Sundara L, John C. Manual on Schedule of Growing Skills II
(2nd ed). Berkshire, United Kingdom: Nfer-Nelson, 1996.
9. Department of Statistics. Yearbook of statistics Malaysia 2001. Malaysia:
Department of Statistics, 2001.
10. Ministry of Health. Malaysia’s Health 2002. Malaysia: Ministry of Health,
2002.
11. Ansari SA, Akhdar F. Prevalence of child disability in Saudi Arabia. Disabil
Rehabil 1998; 20(1): 25-8.
12. United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF). 2000
NVT: Child disability survey 1998. New York, USA: UNICEF, 2000.
13. Bhasin TK, Brocksen S, Avchen RN, Van Naarden Braun K. Prevalence of
four developmental disabilities among children aged 8 years –
Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Progress,
1996 and 2000. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Jan 27; 55(1): 1-9.
14. Winter S, Autry A, Boyle C, Yeargin AM. Trends in the prevalence of
cerebral palsy in a population-based study. Pediatrics 2002; 110(6): 1220-5.
15. Bell R, Rankin J, Donaldson LJ. Down’s syndrome: occurrence and
outcome in North of England, 1985 – 99. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003;
17(1): 33-9.
16. Lai FM, Woo BH, Tan KH, et al. Birth prevalence of Down syndrome in
Singapore from 1993 to 1998. Singapore Med J 2002; 43(2): 70-6.
17. Hutton JL, Pharoah PO. Life expectancy in cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child
2006; 91(3): 254-8.
18. Krigger KW. Cerebral palsy: an overview. Am Fam Physician 2006; 73(1):
91-100.
19. Harvey D, Kovar I. Growth and development. Child Health. A textbook for
the DCH (2nd ed). London, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1991; 17-31.
20. Devitt TM, Ormrod TE. Cognitive development. Child development.
Educating and working with children and adolescent (2nd ed). New Jersey,
USA: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004; 185 - 236.
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working with children and adolescent (2nd ed). New Jersey, USA: Pearson
Prentice Hall, 2004; 237 - 76.
Type of disability Malay Chinese Indian One-Way ANOVA
Mean total score Mean total score Mean total score F score p value
Down Syndrome 85.3 85.9 85.7 0.215 0.807
Autism 101.0 113.0 101.9 1.654 0.202
Cerebral Palsy 40.5 40.6 41.0 0.291 0.748
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder 142.6 110.0 132.0 4.743 0.015 *
Slow Learner 126.7 155.0 128.8 0.614 0.544
Mental Retardation 84.0 98.0 83.9 0.156 0.856
Delayed Speech 127.4 121.3 124.0 8.690 <0.001*
Gross Developmental Delay 72.2 61.2 71.43 1.083 0.342
Others 78.5 61.6 73.4 0.732 0.485
* Statistically significant at p < 0.05
Table IV: Comparing mean total SGS score among ethnic groups according to type of disability
202 Med J Malaysia Vol 63 No 3 August 2008
Original Article
110759 NV-3-ASSESMENT 199-202.qxd 9/19/08 11:18 AM Page 202