1) This study compared the IQ of 100 children with treated congenital hypothyroidism to 100 healthy children in Kurdistan Province, Iran, where congenital hypothyroidism prevalence is high.
2) The average IQ scores of the patient group treated for 42 months with thyroxine and the healthy group were 103.4 (±16.9) and 103.4 (±15.4) respectively, with no statistically significant difference.
3) The only factor found to significantly impact IQ was the mother's level of education, not whether the child had congenital hypothyroidism or not.
Influence of perinatal factors on thyroid stimulating hormone level in cord b...amir mohammad Armanian
This study examined the effects of various perinatal factors on cord blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in 440 newborns in Iran. The researchers found that only the method of delivery had a statistically significant relationship with cord blood TSH levels - vaginal births were associated with higher TSH levels than cesarean sections. Other factors like birth weight, gestational age, gestational diabetes, Apgar scores, newborn sex, and maternal age did not have statistically significant relationships with cord TSH levels. The study concluded that among the factors examined, only the method of delivery impacted cord blood TSH levels in newborns.
This study aimed to compare the ability of serial cranial ultrasounds (CUS) and early MRI scans in detecting preterm brain injuries. The study found that CUS allowed for more scans due to better feasibility in the NICU, and was better at detecting grade I-II intraventricular hemorrhages and perforator strokes. MRI was superior for identifying smaller cerebellar hemorrhages and provided more quantitative data. Overall, the combination of serial CUS and MRI provided the highest sensitivity for detecting common preterm brain injuries, though MRI could not be performed in the sickest infants.
This document discusses hypertension (HTN) in children, including:
1. The prevalence of HTN and elevated blood pressure in children is between 3.5-11%, and is increasing due to rising childhood obesity rates.
2. A study in Iran found a 7% obesity rate and 11.8% HTN rate in children, with blood pressure associated with higher BMI.
3. A meta-analysis of Iranian studies found an overall 8.9% HTN prevalence in children and adolescents, slightly higher in boys at 10.3% than girls at 9.1%.
Background: Data regarding Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Depression in Bangladesh are inadequate. Though we have sufficient information on depression and diabetes especially during pregnancy but information about depression and gestational diabetes and the consequences are very scanty in Bangladesh. This comparative, longitudinal research study was done to better understand the relationship between gestational diabetes and depression, and the outcome of pregnancy. GDM effects fetal growth is well stablish but whether and how depression aggravates the condition was another specific objective to find out from this study. Mode of delivery, fetal morbidity and mortality and postpartum depression as a consequent was also tried to explore. Moreover this study focused on other principal social factors which might have infl uence over this condition
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document discusses newborn screening in India, arguing that it is needed to prevent health issues. It outlines the components of newborn screening programs and principles from Wilson and Jungner. Internationally, most Western countries screen for various treatable genetic disorders. In India, pilot studies found higher rates of congenital hypothyroidism than the West. The document recommends starting screening for congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and G6PD deficiency in urban Indian hospitals. It stresses the need for diagnostic confirmation, treatment facilities, and quality assurance before a national newborn screening program is implemented.
This study evaluated the clinical and perinatal outcomes of 100 teenage pregnancies at a tertiary referral center in South India. The study found that teenage pregnancies had higher rates of complications like anemia (43%), preeclampsia (21%), preterm labor (21%), and emergency c-sections (33%) compared to adult pregnancies. Neonatal outcomes were also worse, with 38% of babies being low birth weight (<2.5 kg) and 21% being preterm. The study concluded that teenage pregnancy poses significant health risks to both mother and baby due to the biological immaturity of teenage mothers.
Influence of perinatal factors on thyroid stimulating hormone level in cord b...amir mohammad Armanian
This study examined the effects of various perinatal factors on cord blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in 440 newborns in Iran. The researchers found that only the method of delivery had a statistically significant relationship with cord blood TSH levels - vaginal births were associated with higher TSH levels than cesarean sections. Other factors like birth weight, gestational age, gestational diabetes, Apgar scores, newborn sex, and maternal age did not have statistically significant relationships with cord TSH levels. The study concluded that among the factors examined, only the method of delivery impacted cord blood TSH levels in newborns.
This study aimed to compare the ability of serial cranial ultrasounds (CUS) and early MRI scans in detecting preterm brain injuries. The study found that CUS allowed for more scans due to better feasibility in the NICU, and was better at detecting grade I-II intraventricular hemorrhages and perforator strokes. MRI was superior for identifying smaller cerebellar hemorrhages and provided more quantitative data. Overall, the combination of serial CUS and MRI provided the highest sensitivity for detecting common preterm brain injuries, though MRI could not be performed in the sickest infants.
This document discusses hypertension (HTN) in children, including:
1. The prevalence of HTN and elevated blood pressure in children is between 3.5-11%, and is increasing due to rising childhood obesity rates.
2. A study in Iran found a 7% obesity rate and 11.8% HTN rate in children, with blood pressure associated with higher BMI.
3. A meta-analysis of Iranian studies found an overall 8.9% HTN prevalence in children and adolescents, slightly higher in boys at 10.3% than girls at 9.1%.
Background: Data regarding Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Depression in Bangladesh are inadequate. Though we have sufficient information on depression and diabetes especially during pregnancy but information about depression and gestational diabetes and the consequences are very scanty in Bangladesh. This comparative, longitudinal research study was done to better understand the relationship between gestational diabetes and depression, and the outcome of pregnancy. GDM effects fetal growth is well stablish but whether and how depression aggravates the condition was another specific objective to find out from this study. Mode of delivery, fetal morbidity and mortality and postpartum depression as a consequent was also tried to explore. Moreover this study focused on other principal social factors which might have infl uence over this condition
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document discusses newborn screening in India, arguing that it is needed to prevent health issues. It outlines the components of newborn screening programs and principles from Wilson and Jungner. Internationally, most Western countries screen for various treatable genetic disorders. In India, pilot studies found higher rates of congenital hypothyroidism than the West. The document recommends starting screening for congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and G6PD deficiency in urban Indian hospitals. It stresses the need for diagnostic confirmation, treatment facilities, and quality assurance before a national newborn screening program is implemented.
This study evaluated the clinical and perinatal outcomes of 100 teenage pregnancies at a tertiary referral center in South India. The study found that teenage pregnancies had higher rates of complications like anemia (43%), preeclampsia (21%), preterm labor (21%), and emergency c-sections (33%) compared to adult pregnancies. Neonatal outcomes were also worse, with 38% of babies being low birth weight (<2.5 kg) and 21% being preterm. The study concluded that teenage pregnancy poses significant health risks to both mother and baby due to the biological immaturity of teenage mothers.
- This randomized controlled trial studied the effect of erythropoietin treatment in 941 extremely preterm infants between 24 and 27 weeks gestation. Infants received either erythropoietin or placebo intravenously for 6 doses then subcutaneously until 32 weeks postmenstrual age.
- The primary outcome of death or severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years was not significantly different between the erythropoietin and placebo groups. No meaningful differences in serious adverse events were found.
- Unlike previous studies, this larger trial found that high-dose erythropoietin treatment did not reduce the risk of death or improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants compared to placebo.
This study analyzed data from a 30-year longitudinal study of over 500 women in New Zealand to examine the association between pregnancy outcomes and later mental health issues. The study found that after adjusting for potential confounding factors, women who had an abortion had rates of mental health disorders that were about 30% higher than those who did not have an abortion. No consistent associations were found between other pregnancy outcomes like miscarriage or live birth and increased risk of mental health problems. The authors concluded that the evidence suggests abortion may be associated with a small increase in risk of mental disorders.
Comparative Study on Perinatal Depression among Normal and High Risk Pregnant...ijtsrd
Background Mental health is a crucial part of overall wellbeing. It is estimated that 7 to 20 women are suffering from depression during pregnancy. Depression mainly affects the women during perinatal period. If it is not treated properly in early stage of pregnancy it leads to post partum depression and can affect fetal development also. Methods Quantitative approach with non experimental comparative research design was adopted to study the perinatal depression among normal and high risk pregnant women. The study was conducted in antenatal OPD of IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Hundred normal pregnant women and 100 high risk pregnant women were selected purposively. The tools used to collect the data were 1. Socio demographic questionnaire, 2. Beck depression Inventory. The data were entered and analysed in SPSS version 20. Result Almost one third from normal 32 and high risk pregnant women 36 had mild mood disturbances. Equal and 5 of women from normal and high risk pregnant women had border line clinical disturbance and equal and 2 of normal and high risk pregnant women had moderate depression. It can be interpreted that almost one third of women had different levels of depression. There was no difference found in the level of depression between normal and high risk pregnant women. Conclusion Depression during pregnancy is the major health problem among reproductive aged women. If it is not treated properly in early stage of pregnancy, it becomes post partum depression and can affect fetal development also. So, health care professional shall be expert in the assessment and screening of antenatal mother about depression during each antenatal visit and take appropriate as required. B. Gomathi | Nibedita Sahoo | Bimal Kumar Biswal | Triptimai Biswal | Shreya Chatarjee "Comparative Study on Perinatal Depression among Normal and High-Risk Pregnant Women" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46340.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46340/comparative-study-on-perinatal-depression-among-normal-and-highrisk-pregnant-women/b-gomathi
Growth and development in a case of congenital hypothyroidismIJARIIT
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) ranks very high among the most common disorders treated in a paediatric
endocrinology clinic. In the Western world, CH is detected in 1:3,500 to 1:4,000 newborns (1) by the neonatal thyroid screening
(NTS) programme. The main goal of NTS commenced in the 1970s is an early diagnosis of CH and prompt initiation of ongoing
thyroxine replacement therapy, to be administered regularly for the affected infants. This measure is aimed to avoid the inevitable
outcome of permanent neurological handicap in untreated children or in whom the onset of treatment was considerably delayed.
When treated early, CH is also one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation. In this regard, while
emphasizing the role of NTS in early diagnosis, it is worthy of note that the incidence of CH reported from NTS carried out in
various centers in India is much higher, viz., 1:1,200 to 1:1,500 newborns. (2). Naturally, it follows that NTS must be universally
available in India to identify all affected infants by prompt diagnosis to begin regular replacement therapy in the initial two
weeks of life (3).
Behavioural, educational and respiratory outcomesdanirra20123
This document summarizes the results of a follow-up study that examined potential long-term effects of antenatal betamethasone administered prior to elective caesarean section. The study found no significant differences in behavior, cognitive development, academic achievement, or rates of asthma and allergies between children whose mothers received betamethasone compared to controls. Specifically, questionnaire responses showed no differences in strengths and difficulties scores. Similarly, school performance assessments and rates of conditions like wheezing were comparable between the groups. The study concludes that a single course of antenatal betamethasone does not result in adverse long-term outcomes and could be considered for elective c-sections from 37-38 weeks to
This document reports on a study that assessed the prevalence of asthma symptoms among elementary and middle school students in Kurdistan Province, Iran. A questionnaire was distributed to 4,000 students aged 6-7 and 13-14 years, with a 97% response rate. The prevalence of wheezing in the past 12 months was found to be 26.5% overall. The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was 3.9%. There were statistically significant differences in prevalence rates between different cities in the province. The study found a relatively high prevalence of wheezing and asthma among students in Kurdistan province compared to other similar studies.
Study of Neonatal Outcome with Low Apgar Score in Term Neonatesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Pre...paperpublications3
Abstract: Prematurity used to be a major cause of infant deaths. The premature babies need improved medical and nursing techniques by highly competence nursing team.
Material and Methods: This descriptive hospital based study was conducted at Soba university hospital, Khartoum state in the period from January to March 2014. The study aimed at assessing the knowledge and practices of pediatric nurses in neonatal intensive care unit concerning nursing management of preterm babies. The sample size compromised of 50 nurses that constituted the total coverage of study population during the period of the study. Data were collected using structured interview questionnaire and observation check list designed f or the study. The data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results:The results obtained that the majority of nurses were knowledgeable about the characteristics of preterm babies, causes of prematurity, immediate nursing care of preterm, signs of hypothermia were adequate (100%, 92%, 100%,100% respectively). Half of them (50%) identify the breathing pattern of preterm baby. The nurses clinical performance were inadequate where 70% of them recorded pulse rate only when recorded the baby pulse.100% did not wear mask, 80% find a difficulty on selecting appropriate vein for sampling . Also 48% of nurses gave feeding incorrect and 60% of them did not aspirate gastric contents before feeding.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pediatric nurses had adequate knowledge about prematurity, but they were lacking in their clinical skills to manage the preterm baby. So the study recommended continuous training programs for the nurses to refresh their knowledge and practices towards management of preterm babies to ideal standards.Keywords: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge, Practices Regarding Nursing Management, Premature Babies.
Title: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Premature Babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Soba University Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan
Author: Widad Ibrahim A/gadir A/moula, Ietimad Ibrahim Abd Elrahman kambal
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
The document discusses newborn screening for metabolic disorders using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). It begins with the story of Tyler Wayne who died from undiagnosed galactosemia. It then explains that MS/MS allows for early detection of treatable metabolic disorders before symptoms appear, preventing complications. The document outlines the process and benefits of newborn screening as well as the status of screening programs in various countries including the UAE.
Newborn Screening and Severe Combined Immune DeficiencyDr. Allen Cherer
The document discusses newborn screening for Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID), the most serious form of primary immunodeficiency. It describes how SCID is present at birth and results in life-threatening infections if not treated early. The use of the T cell receptor excision circle assay in newborn screening programs allows for early diagnosis of SCID before infections develop. Studies have shown that stem cell transplants before 3.5 months of age can cure 94% of infants with SCID if detected through newborn screening. Nearly all states now screen newborns for SCID given the life-saving benefits of early detection and treatment.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding A...ijtsrd
ADHD attention deficit hyperactive disorder is a condition of the brain that makes it difficult for children to control their behavior .It is one of the most common chronic conditions of childhood. It affects 4 12 of school aged children about 3 times more boys than girls are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactive disorder. ADHD attention deficit hyperactive disorder is a disorder make by an ongoing pattern of inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. In this study a descriptive research design was used to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding attention deficit hyperactive disorder among 3rd year nursing students in a selected college of nursing in Lucknow with a view to develop an information booklet. Study result revealed that the majority of the subjects had good knowledge i.e. 50 , 30 of the subjects had average knowledge and 20 had poor knowledge regarding ADHD. Majority of the subjects 28 70 belong to the age group of 19 21 years, followed by 12 30 of the student belong to the age group of 22 24 year. In this study 5 12.50 were male and remaining 35 87.50 were female. The mean of knowledge score is 11.4 with SD 3.20415.The chi square test depict that education status of father and gender is associated with knowledge score, else no demographic variable shows any significant association with their demographic variable. In attitude score majority of the student 65 belong to the attitude score 21 40 had average attitude, 30 student belong to the attitude score 41 50 had good attitude and 5 student belong to the attitude score 1 20 had poor attitude regarding ADHD.The study results conclude that majority of the student has good knowledge and average attitude regarding ADHD. This study shows that there is a significant association between the level of knowledge with their demographic variables i.e. gender and father education .In attitude score there is a significant association between the level of knowledge and gender and age of 3rd year nursing student and there is no significant association between other demographic variables. Hence the curriculum needs to include behavior therapy for the health benefit of the students. The benefits of this study are that, by participating in the study, the students become aware of their existing knowledge and attitude regarding ADHD. Rajesh Singh | Adarsh Yadav | Basanti Kumari | Jyoti Patel | Khushi Verma | Rupal Gautam "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46482.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46482/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-level-of-knowledge-and-attitude-regarding-attention-deficit-hyperactive-disorder-adhd/rajesh-singh
Low birthweight delivery prevalence and associated factors as seen at a terti...Michael Olafusi
This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) deliveries at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria over 4 years. The key findings were:
- The prevalence of LBW deliveries was 8.3%. Most LBW babies were preterm (68.4%) or small for gestational age (53.6%).
- The predominant factors associated with LBW delivery were nulliparity, low parity (1-2), maternal age 25-35 years, hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, and short birth spacing (1-2 years).
- Effective family planning and antenatal services, particularly targeting low parity women aged 25-35 years with short inter-pregn
Neonatal Outcome In Pregnancy Induced Hypertensive Mothers – A Tertiary Care ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Speaker Presentation from U.S. News Healthcare of Tomorrow leadership summit, Nov. 1-3, 2017 in Washington, DC. Find out more about this forum at www.usnewshot.com.
The Thai National HIV Guidelines Working Group updated treatment guidelines for pediatric HIV in March 2010. Key aspects include:
1) ART should be initiated in infants <12 months regardless of symptoms and all children with CDC stage B/C or WHO stage 3/4 disease. CD4-guided thresholds are provided for mildly symptomatic children.
2) The preferred first-line regimen for children <3 years is AZT+3TC+NVP. For children >3 years it is AZT+3TC+EFV. Consider TDF+3TC+EFV for adolescents weighing >40kg.
3) The preferred second-line regimen for first-line failure comprises 2NRTI+LPV/r.
Inalazione di corpi estranei nei bambini. meta analisi della letteraturaMerqurio
Foreign body inhalation continues to be a cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, requiring prompt treatment. The paper reviews epidemiological data on foreign body inhalation in children from multiple single-center retrospective studies and meta-analyses from Europe and North America. It aims to synthesize these data to better understand the distribution of foreign bodies and improve prevention and treatment of these emergencies. Several studies report that foreign body inhalation most often affects boys under 5 years old, with choking being the most common symptom. Common objects inhaled include peanuts and plastic or radiolucent materials.
This document provides an overview of newborn screening, which tests newborns for genetic and metabolic disorders. It discusses the purpose of newborn screening to detect conditions early before symptoms present, allowing for immediate treatment. Conditions screened vary by location but can include phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, and others. Proper blood collection from the heel between 24-48 hours and use of filter paper cards is described. Laboratory tests for conditions include mass spectrometry and chromatography. Early detection and treatment prevents intellectual disabilities and death for many disorders.
This document summarizes Filippo Bovo's thesis on a gauge theory approach to pairing and superconductivity in high-temperature cuprate superconductors. The thesis:
1) Develops a t-J model and uses a spin-charge decomposition to derive a low-energy effective action,
2) Studies how the formation of holon pairs contributes to transport properties within this model using a Kubo formula approach, and
3) Finds good agreement between the model's predictions for the real part of the optical conductivity in the strange metal and pseudogap phases and experimental data.
- This randomized controlled trial studied the effect of erythropoietin treatment in 941 extremely preterm infants between 24 and 27 weeks gestation. Infants received either erythropoietin or placebo intravenously for 6 doses then subcutaneously until 32 weeks postmenstrual age.
- The primary outcome of death or severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years was not significantly different between the erythropoietin and placebo groups. No meaningful differences in serious adverse events were found.
- Unlike previous studies, this larger trial found that high-dose erythropoietin treatment did not reduce the risk of death or improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants compared to placebo.
This study analyzed data from a 30-year longitudinal study of over 500 women in New Zealand to examine the association between pregnancy outcomes and later mental health issues. The study found that after adjusting for potential confounding factors, women who had an abortion had rates of mental health disorders that were about 30% higher than those who did not have an abortion. No consistent associations were found between other pregnancy outcomes like miscarriage or live birth and increased risk of mental health problems. The authors concluded that the evidence suggests abortion may be associated with a small increase in risk of mental disorders.
Comparative Study on Perinatal Depression among Normal and High Risk Pregnant...ijtsrd
Background Mental health is a crucial part of overall wellbeing. It is estimated that 7 to 20 women are suffering from depression during pregnancy. Depression mainly affects the women during perinatal period. If it is not treated properly in early stage of pregnancy it leads to post partum depression and can affect fetal development also. Methods Quantitative approach with non experimental comparative research design was adopted to study the perinatal depression among normal and high risk pregnant women. The study was conducted in antenatal OPD of IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Hundred normal pregnant women and 100 high risk pregnant women were selected purposively. The tools used to collect the data were 1. Socio demographic questionnaire, 2. Beck depression Inventory. The data were entered and analysed in SPSS version 20. Result Almost one third from normal 32 and high risk pregnant women 36 had mild mood disturbances. Equal and 5 of women from normal and high risk pregnant women had border line clinical disturbance and equal and 2 of normal and high risk pregnant women had moderate depression. It can be interpreted that almost one third of women had different levels of depression. There was no difference found in the level of depression between normal and high risk pregnant women. Conclusion Depression during pregnancy is the major health problem among reproductive aged women. If it is not treated properly in early stage of pregnancy, it becomes post partum depression and can affect fetal development also. So, health care professional shall be expert in the assessment and screening of antenatal mother about depression during each antenatal visit and take appropriate as required. B. Gomathi | Nibedita Sahoo | Bimal Kumar Biswal | Triptimai Biswal | Shreya Chatarjee "Comparative Study on Perinatal Depression among Normal and High-Risk Pregnant Women" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46340.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46340/comparative-study-on-perinatal-depression-among-normal-and-highrisk-pregnant-women/b-gomathi
Growth and development in a case of congenital hypothyroidismIJARIIT
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) ranks very high among the most common disorders treated in a paediatric
endocrinology clinic. In the Western world, CH is detected in 1:3,500 to 1:4,000 newborns (1) by the neonatal thyroid screening
(NTS) programme. The main goal of NTS commenced in the 1970s is an early diagnosis of CH and prompt initiation of ongoing
thyroxine replacement therapy, to be administered regularly for the affected infants. This measure is aimed to avoid the inevitable
outcome of permanent neurological handicap in untreated children or in whom the onset of treatment was considerably delayed.
When treated early, CH is also one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation. In this regard, while
emphasizing the role of NTS in early diagnosis, it is worthy of note that the incidence of CH reported from NTS carried out in
various centers in India is much higher, viz., 1:1,200 to 1:1,500 newborns. (2). Naturally, it follows that NTS must be universally
available in India to identify all affected infants by prompt diagnosis to begin regular replacement therapy in the initial two
weeks of life (3).
Behavioural, educational and respiratory outcomesdanirra20123
This document summarizes the results of a follow-up study that examined potential long-term effects of antenatal betamethasone administered prior to elective caesarean section. The study found no significant differences in behavior, cognitive development, academic achievement, or rates of asthma and allergies between children whose mothers received betamethasone compared to controls. Specifically, questionnaire responses showed no differences in strengths and difficulties scores. Similarly, school performance assessments and rates of conditions like wheezing were comparable between the groups. The study concludes that a single course of antenatal betamethasone does not result in adverse long-term outcomes and could be considered for elective c-sections from 37-38 weeks to
This document reports on a study that assessed the prevalence of asthma symptoms among elementary and middle school students in Kurdistan Province, Iran. A questionnaire was distributed to 4,000 students aged 6-7 and 13-14 years, with a 97% response rate. The prevalence of wheezing in the past 12 months was found to be 26.5% overall. The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was 3.9%. There were statistically significant differences in prevalence rates between different cities in the province. The study found a relatively high prevalence of wheezing and asthma among students in Kurdistan province compared to other similar studies.
Study of Neonatal Outcome with Low Apgar Score in Term Neonatesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Pre...paperpublications3
Abstract: Prematurity used to be a major cause of infant deaths. The premature babies need improved medical and nursing techniques by highly competence nursing team.
Material and Methods: This descriptive hospital based study was conducted at Soba university hospital, Khartoum state in the period from January to March 2014. The study aimed at assessing the knowledge and practices of pediatric nurses in neonatal intensive care unit concerning nursing management of preterm babies. The sample size compromised of 50 nurses that constituted the total coverage of study population during the period of the study. Data were collected using structured interview questionnaire and observation check list designed f or the study. The data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results:The results obtained that the majority of nurses were knowledgeable about the characteristics of preterm babies, causes of prematurity, immediate nursing care of preterm, signs of hypothermia were adequate (100%, 92%, 100%,100% respectively). Half of them (50%) identify the breathing pattern of preterm baby. The nurses clinical performance were inadequate where 70% of them recorded pulse rate only when recorded the baby pulse.100% did not wear mask, 80% find a difficulty on selecting appropriate vein for sampling . Also 48% of nurses gave feeding incorrect and 60% of them did not aspirate gastric contents before feeding.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pediatric nurses had adequate knowledge about prematurity, but they were lacking in their clinical skills to manage the preterm baby. So the study recommended continuous training programs for the nurses to refresh their knowledge and practices towards management of preterm babies to ideal standards.Keywords: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge, Practices Regarding Nursing Management, Premature Babies.
Title: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Premature Babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Soba University Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan
Author: Widad Ibrahim A/gadir A/moula, Ietimad Ibrahim Abd Elrahman kambal
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
The document discusses newborn screening for metabolic disorders using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). It begins with the story of Tyler Wayne who died from undiagnosed galactosemia. It then explains that MS/MS allows for early detection of treatable metabolic disorders before symptoms appear, preventing complications. The document outlines the process and benefits of newborn screening as well as the status of screening programs in various countries including the UAE.
Newborn Screening and Severe Combined Immune DeficiencyDr. Allen Cherer
The document discusses newborn screening for Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID), the most serious form of primary immunodeficiency. It describes how SCID is present at birth and results in life-threatening infections if not treated early. The use of the T cell receptor excision circle assay in newborn screening programs allows for early diagnosis of SCID before infections develop. Studies have shown that stem cell transplants before 3.5 months of age can cure 94% of infants with SCID if detected through newborn screening. Nearly all states now screen newborns for SCID given the life-saving benefits of early detection and treatment.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding A...ijtsrd
ADHD attention deficit hyperactive disorder is a condition of the brain that makes it difficult for children to control their behavior .It is one of the most common chronic conditions of childhood. It affects 4 12 of school aged children about 3 times more boys than girls are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactive disorder. ADHD attention deficit hyperactive disorder is a disorder make by an ongoing pattern of inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. In this study a descriptive research design was used to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding attention deficit hyperactive disorder among 3rd year nursing students in a selected college of nursing in Lucknow with a view to develop an information booklet. Study result revealed that the majority of the subjects had good knowledge i.e. 50 , 30 of the subjects had average knowledge and 20 had poor knowledge regarding ADHD. Majority of the subjects 28 70 belong to the age group of 19 21 years, followed by 12 30 of the student belong to the age group of 22 24 year. In this study 5 12.50 were male and remaining 35 87.50 were female. The mean of knowledge score is 11.4 with SD 3.20415.The chi square test depict that education status of father and gender is associated with knowledge score, else no demographic variable shows any significant association with their demographic variable. In attitude score majority of the student 65 belong to the attitude score 21 40 had average attitude, 30 student belong to the attitude score 41 50 had good attitude and 5 student belong to the attitude score 1 20 had poor attitude regarding ADHD.The study results conclude that majority of the student has good knowledge and average attitude regarding ADHD. This study shows that there is a significant association between the level of knowledge with their demographic variables i.e. gender and father education .In attitude score there is a significant association between the level of knowledge and gender and age of 3rd year nursing student and there is no significant association between other demographic variables. Hence the curriculum needs to include behavior therapy for the health benefit of the students. The benefits of this study are that, by participating in the study, the students become aware of their existing knowledge and attitude regarding ADHD. Rajesh Singh | Adarsh Yadav | Basanti Kumari | Jyoti Patel | Khushi Verma | Rupal Gautam "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46482.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46482/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-level-of-knowledge-and-attitude-regarding-attention-deficit-hyperactive-disorder-adhd/rajesh-singh
Low birthweight delivery prevalence and associated factors as seen at a terti...Michael Olafusi
This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) deliveries at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria over 4 years. The key findings were:
- The prevalence of LBW deliveries was 8.3%. Most LBW babies were preterm (68.4%) or small for gestational age (53.6%).
- The predominant factors associated with LBW delivery were nulliparity, low parity (1-2), maternal age 25-35 years, hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, and short birth spacing (1-2 years).
- Effective family planning and antenatal services, particularly targeting low parity women aged 25-35 years with short inter-pregn
Neonatal Outcome In Pregnancy Induced Hypertensive Mothers – A Tertiary Care ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Speaker Presentation from U.S. News Healthcare of Tomorrow leadership summit, Nov. 1-3, 2017 in Washington, DC. Find out more about this forum at www.usnewshot.com.
The Thai National HIV Guidelines Working Group updated treatment guidelines for pediatric HIV in March 2010. Key aspects include:
1) ART should be initiated in infants <12 months regardless of symptoms and all children with CDC stage B/C or WHO stage 3/4 disease. CD4-guided thresholds are provided for mildly symptomatic children.
2) The preferred first-line regimen for children <3 years is AZT+3TC+NVP. For children >3 years it is AZT+3TC+EFV. Consider TDF+3TC+EFV for adolescents weighing >40kg.
3) The preferred second-line regimen for first-line failure comprises 2NRTI+LPV/r.
Inalazione di corpi estranei nei bambini. meta analisi della letteraturaMerqurio
Foreign body inhalation continues to be a cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, requiring prompt treatment. The paper reviews epidemiological data on foreign body inhalation in children from multiple single-center retrospective studies and meta-analyses from Europe and North America. It aims to synthesize these data to better understand the distribution of foreign bodies and improve prevention and treatment of these emergencies. Several studies report that foreign body inhalation most often affects boys under 5 years old, with choking being the most common symptom. Common objects inhaled include peanuts and plastic or radiolucent materials.
This document provides an overview of newborn screening, which tests newborns for genetic and metabolic disorders. It discusses the purpose of newborn screening to detect conditions early before symptoms present, allowing for immediate treatment. Conditions screened vary by location but can include phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, and others. Proper blood collection from the heel between 24-48 hours and use of filter paper cards is described. Laboratory tests for conditions include mass spectrometry and chromatography. Early detection and treatment prevents intellectual disabilities and death for many disorders.
This document summarizes Filippo Bovo's thesis on a gauge theory approach to pairing and superconductivity in high-temperature cuprate superconductors. The thesis:
1) Develops a t-J model and uses a spin-charge decomposition to derive a low-energy effective action,
2) Studies how the formation of holon pairs contributes to transport properties within this model using a Kubo formula approach, and
3) Finds good agreement between the model's predictions for the real part of the optical conductivity in the strange metal and pseudogap phases and experimental data.
Este documento describe diferentes métodos para medir la relación entre dos variables, incluyendo la covarianza, el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson mide la relación lineal entre dos variables cuantitativas, mientras que el coeficiente de Spearman se utiliza para variables ordinales. Ambos coeficientes oscilan entre -1 y 1, donde valores cercanos a 1 indican una fuerte relación positiva y valores cercanos a -1 indican una fuerte relación negativa.
This study investigated the effects of a leprosy elimination campaign (LEC) on case finding in Baneh, Iran in 2012. As part of the LEC, public education was conducted, families of former leprosy patients were visited, and 76 individuals with prolonged exposure were examined. Of those, 50 were referred for further examination and 5 underwent bacteriological testing. However, the tests found no new cases of leprosy. The study concludes that while LECs are effective for finding hidden cases, the method requires significant resources and may not be cost-effective for areas like Baneh that are in the later stages of eliminating leprosy.
Seledina Nieves es una halterófila ecuatoriana que ganó la medalla de oro en los Juegos Panamericanos de 2007 y clasificó a los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012 al ganar el torneo preolímpico. En Londres 2012 quedó en octavo lugar en la categoría de más de 75 kg al lograr un total de 255 kg. En los Juegos Bolivarianos de 2013 ganó una medalla de oro, plata y bronce.
Este documento ofrece consejos sobre cómo buscar y gestionar información en la web de manera efectiva. Describe diferentes técnicas como usar frases exactas, restricciones de palabras o frases, rangos de fechas, buscar en diferentes tipos de archivos para el mismo tema, sitios específicos como sitios oficiales o gubernamentales, buscar definiciones y otras formas avanzadas de búsqueda.
Las Catacumbas de París consisten en una red subterránea de túneles y cuartos que originalmente fueron minas de piedra caliza. A finales del siglo XVIII, las minas fueron convertidas en un cementerio común debido al exceso de restos humanos en los cementerios de la ciudad. Actualmente, los huesos de aproximadamente seis millones de parisinos se almacenan en las catacumbas formando murallas decoradas con placas que identifican su procedencia. Solo una pequeña sección de las más de 300 kil
This document describes the Global China Connection (GCC) network, which connects professionals with an interest in China. The GCC network includes university chapters, committees focused on certain China-related issues, and social networking platforms. It facilitates member initiatives like conferences, international delegations, and projects in China. The network also offers professional development opportunities for members, such as internships, career resources, and skills workshops. Additionally, it helps members share their work and events through media platforms like the GCC Insights publication, social media marketing, and a global knowledge network.
This document provides a list of 6 URLs from academic databases and books on the topic of scoliosis. The URLs are from CAT.inist.fr, europa.sim.ucm.es, dialnet.unirioja.es, and books.google.com and cover information about scoliosis like causes, symptoms, treatments from academic papers and books.
Yuge is a mobile app and website that allows users to discover unique local shops in Barcelona. It uses a recommendation engine and smart map to highlight shops based on a user's interests. The platform currently features over 500 shops in Barcelona's city center across categories like art, fashion, home goods, books, food and more. Merchants can create a free profile on Yuge or pay monthly fees starting at 19.95 euros for additional services like professional photoshoots and placement in the app's recommended section.
Los principales yacimientos de petróleo y gas de Argentina se encuentran en las provincias de Neuquén, Chubut y Salta. La cuenca neuquina es la zona más importante. Argentina ha perforado 260 pozos en Vaca Muerta y ha aumentado su producción de petróleo y gas en los últimos años. El país tiene reservas de 457 millones de metros cúbicos de petróleo y 763 mil millones de metros cúbicos de gas.
The Indo-American Journal of Life Sciences and BioTechnology is a premier online platform that serves as a nexus for cutting-edge research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. Our site fosters the exchange of innovative ideas, scholarly articles, and breakthrough discoveries in these dynamic fields. With a commitment to promoting scientific excellence, the journal provides a global forum for researchers, academics, and industry professionals to share their insights and advancements. Navigate through a wealth of diverse content, ranging from molecular biology to bioprocess engineering, as we strive to advance knowledge and propel the frontiers of life sciences and biotechnology. Join us in the pursuit of scientific excellence and stay abreast of the latest developments in this ever-evolving landscape.
The Indo American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a leading scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research at the intersection of life sciences and biotechnology. With a focus on fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, this journal provides a platform for cutting-edge research and innovations in areas such as molecular biology, genetics, bioinformatics, and bioprocessing. Featuring rigorous peer-reviewed articles, the journal serves as a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, and professionals in the field, promoting the dissemination of knowledge and the development of groundbreaking technologies that contribute to the advancement of life sciences and biotechnology.
Prevalence of genitalia malformation in Iranian children findings of a nation...amir mohammad Armanian
This document discusses the results of a nationwide study in Iran that examined the prevalence of ambiguous genitalia and undescended testes in school students. The study found that on average, the prevalence of ambiguous genitalia was 0.04% nationally, with some regional variation. The prevalence of undescended testes was 0.13% on average nationwide. While the prevalence of genital abnormalities was not high, early detection is still important for medical and psychological reasons.
This document provides an introduction to the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) program in India, which aims to screen over 270 million children aged 0-18 for defects, diseases, deficiencies, and developmental delays. It does this through mobile health teams that screen children in anganwadis and schools. Children identified with issues are referred to primary or community health centers, or district early intervention centers for further examination and treatment if needed. The district early intervention centers are located in district hospitals and have medical professionals and facilities to assess children for conditions like hearing, vision, motor and cognitive impairments. The goal of the program is to identify health issues in children early and ensure they receive
This study evaluated the management of pediatric tuberculosis (TB) cases in Afghanistan. The researchers reviewed documents from 15 district hospitals and 8 provincial hospitals in selected provinces. Key issues identified included a low rate of TB suspects among outpatients (0.4%) and children under 5 (even lower), low performance in managing suspects (only 68.5% received further exams), low use of other diagnostic methods, a high early defaulter rate (14%), and insufficient contact management coverage (74%). The study indicates Afghanistan's national TB program needs plans to improve quality of diagnosis, management of suspects, and contact management for pediatric TB cases.
Austin Public Health is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Public Health.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances & happenings in all areas of Public Health. Austin Public Health accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of public health.
Austin Public Health strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the women pregnancy healthy status and behaviors in Eastern-Azerbaijan province referred to the treatment health centers in 2012. The present study was a cross-section study. So 30
married women between 15-49 years old have been taken up randomly for family adjustment and mother health and pregnancy care. A questionnaire including the demographic features and other questions about the status and behavior of the
pregnancy health affairs were used to collect the results. The obtained data of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The results that showed 63.8% had itching or the vaginal stimuli and 34.9% (52 ones) had bad-smelling secretions and
36.9% (55 ones) had intense pain around the abdominal area. The investigation of these infectious diseases through sexual path showed that about 0.5% (3 ones) are challenging with these mentioned disorders. The results of the barrenness showed that about 8.7% (52 ones) tried to get pregnant but they did not get pregnant.
Maternal perception about neonatal jaundice in eastern nepal a qualitative studydineshdharel13
The perception of mothers regarding recognition, seriousness, causes and treatment of jaundice in their newborn babies mostly reflected their own misconceptions about this common neonatal problem. The experience of mothers caring for children with jaundice in their neonatal period along with the influence of their family and society evidently shaped their perceptions about neonatal jaundice.
This study evaluated the prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms in children and adolescents in Kurdistan Province, Iran. A total of 3,890 students aged 6-7 and 13-14 years old completed questionnaires based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. The results found that 29.7% reported sneezing or a runny nose in the past 12 months, with a higher prevalence in boys aged 13-14 years. Based on physician diagnosis, 9.37% had allergic rhinitis, which was more common in boys at both school levels and significantly higher in boys aged 13-14 years. The study concluded the prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms in this region
Screening Tool for Developmental Disorders in ChildrenApollo Hospitals
Developmental problems are a diverse group of conditions that affect and limit children and their life-chances. A ready reference for a Paediatrician would be the first six chapters of the latest edition (18th) of the Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (The Field of Pediatrics, Growth & Development, Psychological Disorders, Social Issues, Children with Special Health Needs and Nutrition and Human Genetics and Metabolic Diseases).
This document summarizes a study that examined mothers' actions and treatment preferences for febrile illnesses in under-five-year-old children in Osun State, Nigeria. 150 mothers of febrile children across 7 health institutions participated in interviews. Results showed that most mothers took initial home care and bought drugs from chemists as a first response. While fever prompted treatment, many mothers lacked knowledge of proper drug dosages. Treatment preferences increased from herbs to chemists to hospitals as lines of treatment. Mothers with lower education were more likely to use herbs initially. The study concluded that training is needed for mothers on appropriate drug use and treatment of febrile illnesses in children.
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document summarizes a qualitative study examining the psychological consequences of infertility among Iranian women seeking infertility treatment. The study identified 4 main themes: 1) Cognitive reactions to infertility like mental engagement and psychological turmoil. 2) Cognitive reactions to treatment including turmoil, reduced self-esteem, and feelings of failure. 3) Emotional reactions to infertility such as fear, anxiety, loneliness, grief, and regret. 4) Emotional reactions to treatment including fear, fatigue, grief, and hopelessness. The study found Iranian infertile women face significant psychological problems from infertility and its treatment, which are often not adequately addressed in the Iranian cultural and medical context.
The study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding emergency contraception among 366 female students in Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. The key findings were:
1) About 90.7% of respondents had heard of emergency contraception. Three-fourths (75.7%) had good knowledge and over half (64.9%) had a positive attitude.
2) Older age was significantly associated with greater awareness. Those over 18 were more likely to have good knowledge compared to younger students.
3) Age and ethnicity also influenced attitude - younger students and non-Tigre ethnic groups were less likely to have a positive attitude.
4) While knowledge and attitude were high, the study
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in an urban Pakistani population, as well as identify associated risk factors. The study found a diabetes prevalence of 13.14%, with higher rates in males (15.41%) than females (12.31%). Impaired fasting glucose prevalence was 5.61%. Risk of diabetes increased with age, family history of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and higher waist circumference. The main findings were an increased burden of type 2 diabetes in Pakistan associated with modifiable risk factors like obesity, family history, and hypertension.
This cross-sectional study investigated the developmental stage of 900 children with disabilities registered at primary health care clinics in Malaysia. Data was collected from 2004-2005 using the Schedule of Growing Scale II to assess children's development across eight skill areas. Results found more boys than girls were affected, with mean developmental scores generally increasing with age. Children with delayed speech scored highest while those with cerebral palsy scored lowest. Significant differences were seen between ethnic groups for delayed speech and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Prevalence and predictors of mental health among farmworkers in Southeastern ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of mental health problems among 1,855 farmworkers in Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. The overall prevalence of mental health problems was 31.5%, with women (35%) reporting higher rates than men (28.2%). Logistic regression analyses identified several significant predictors of mental health problems for both men and women, including poor general health, chronic diseases, traumatic life events, and economic hardship. Additional gender-specific predictors included factors like settlement type, disability of a child, and lack of access to a family physician for women, as well as seasonal work patterns and pesticide exposure for men. The findings highlight the need for improved mental health services and an integrated approach to healthcare for this population.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowled...ijtsrd
Background UP, India’s most popular state recorded the most diarrhoeal deaths. 22.21 deaths nationwide over five year to 2017. Method A quantitative evaluative approach using questionnaire on diarrhoea. Pre experimental one group pre test and post test design was used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 samples from the selected Anganwadi in Lucknow. Initially researcher got permission for study from concern authorities. Pre test done followed by structured teaching program on prevention and home management of diarrhoea for 50 min followed by 10 min session of question and answer. A post test was conducted after 2 weeks of structured teaching program. The tools used for data collection, part 1 demographic variables, part 2 assessing knowledge on home management of diarrhoea. Results the pre test mean value of knowledge 23±1.9 was lesser than post test mean value 23.62±1.75. The effectiveness of STP, the obtained, “t- test value is 9.469. which is found to be greater than the, “t- table value p=0.000 0.01 level at 29df. Since the obtained t value is significant at p 0.01 level, therefore research hypotheses H1 is accepted. It is inferred that, there is significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge regarding diarrhoea among mothers of under five year children. Conclusion The study concludes that the structured teaching program was very effective in providing knowledge prevention and home management of diarrhoea among mothers. Beena Sharma | Razia Sultan | Deeksha Verma | Purnima Goswami | Prity Verma | Sweta Gupta | Miss Sony Verma | Miss. Alka Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Home Management of Diarrhorea among the Mothers of Under Five Year Children in Selected Anganwadi Lucknow" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46350/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-program-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-and-home-management-of-diarrhorea-among-the-mothers-of-under-five-year-children-in-selected-anganwadi-lucknow/beena-sharma
This document outlines a proposed study to assess mothers' knowledge of the causes of seizures in children under five years old in Alappuzha, India. It will use a descriptive research design and qualitative research approach to study mothers in local communities. The study will assess their knowledge of seizure causes and associations with demographic factors using a developed assessment tool. Seizures are common in children under five, and understanding caregiver knowledge is important given their role in a child's health.
1. General Endocrinology
doi: 10.4183/aeb.2015.299
Acta Endocrinologica (Buc), vol. XI, no. 3, p. 299-305, 2015
299
Comparison of IQ between patients with treated congenital
hypothyroidism and healthy children in the Kurdish population -
A historical cohort
S. Nili1
, E. Ghaderi2
, N. Ghotbi2
, F. Vafai Baneh3,*
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences - 1
Disease Prevention, 2
Center for Social Determinants of Health,
3
Mental Health Department of Mental and Social Health and Addiction, Sanandaj, Islamic Republic of Iran
*Correspondence to: Farogh Vafai Baneh MD, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Mental Health Department of Mental and Social
Health and Addiction, Health deputy, Abidar Ave, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, 6618634683, Islamic Republic of Iran, E-mail: fwafaei@yahoo.com
Abstract
Background. Prevalence of congenital hypothyro-
idism is about one per 414 live births in Kurdistan Province,
a western province in Iran. Recently, a surveillance system
(diagnosis, report and treatment) was developed to control
the disease in Iran.
Aim. This study aimed to compare the IQ of children
with congenital hypothyroidism with normal children in this
province, where the disease is highly prevalent.
Subjects and Methods. This retrospective cohort
study was conducted on 100 children with congenital
hypothyroidism under continuous treatment with thyroxine
and a group of 100 healthy infants. Two tests of Goodenough
draw-a-man test and Proteus Mazes were used to measure
IQ. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 16 and multiple
regression.
Results. The average IQ of the patient group treated
for 42 months with thyroxine and healthy group were 103.4
(±16.9) and 103.4 (±15.4), respectively (p=0.989). There
was no statistically significant difference between the IQ
of children with transient and permanent hypothyroidism.
In multivariate analysis, the only effective factor on IQ was
mothers’ education.
Conclusion. There was no statistically significant
difference between the IQ of children with congenital
hypothyroidism who have been treated with thyroxine and
the IQ of healthy children. So, there is appropriate quality
of care for patients who are living in this province where the
disease is highly prevalent.
Key words: congenital, hypothyroidism, mental
retardation, Iran.
Introduction
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the
major preventable causes of mental retardation which
has no symptoms at birth. The disease may be due
to different factors including: disorders in partial or
complete development of thyroid glands, dysfunctions
caused by inappropriate thyroid replacement in fetus
(Ectopic Gland), iodine deficiency in residential area,
use of certain drugs such as anti-thyroid drugs by
pregnant women, and hereditary disorders resulting in
inability in making thyroid hormones(1-5).
According to national iodine deficiency
control program in Iran, iodine added to salt that can
be taken with food but supplement to pregnant women
or other groups not provided. Also pregnant women
not evaluated about thyroid function, routinely. So it is
probable that in iodine deficiency area, hypothyroidism
in newborn was prevalent.
The prevalence of CH varies in different
regions. The disease prevalence has been reported to
be one per 1000 live births in France (6), one per 800
live births in Greece (7), one per 2372 live births in the
United States of America (8), and one per 2640 live
births in India (9).
In Iran, several studies conducted about
prevalence of CH (10-12), so that the prevalence of
disease has been reported to be one per 1000 live births
in Tehran, one per 370 live births in Isfahan (13-14), one
per 303 live births in Kashan (15) and one per 1433 live
births in Shiraz (11). In Kurdistan Province, a western
province in Iran which is located in a mountainous
region, the population is mainly from Kurd ethnicity
and the prevalence of the disease is about one per 414
live births (16). About 51.8% of students had urine
iodine level less than 9.7mcg/dL (Iodine deficiency) in
recent survey in Kurdistan province.
The first screening program for congenital
hypothyroidism diseases in large populations was
carried out in Quebec, Canada in 1974. Nowadays,
congenital hypothyroidism disease screening programs
are conducted systemically in industrialized countries
(17). In Iran, congenital hypothyroidism screening
program has been started since September 2005 by the
2. S. Nili et al.
300
Ministry of Health and Medical Education and it was
carried out in the country by the health care system
(18). Early diagnosis and treatment of disease prevents
brain disorders in neonates with hypothyroidism. The
average IQ of patients with congenital hypothyroidism
was 76 before screening program, however, after
treatment it increased to 104 which was comparable to
the IQ score of normal children which was 106 (19).
Since preventing the loss of IQ is a key indicator
in assessing neonatal hypothyroidism screening
program, and as Kurdistan Province is one of the high-
risk provinces in the world with a high prevalence of
disease, appropriate administration of the program and
suitable treatment are of great importance. This study
aimed to compare the IQ of children with congenital
hypothyroidism with that of healthy children in this
province, where the disease is highly prevalent. The
results can determine the quality of care for these
patients.
Materials and Methods
Participants
This retrospective cohort study was conducted
on neonates with congenital hypothyroidism (exposure
group) and also a group of screened healthy infants
(non-exposure group). In the program of screening
neonatal hypothyroidism, on the third to the fifth day
after birth few drops of blood are obtained from the heel
of newborn by a Lancet and are poured on a filter paper;
after drying, which usually takes three hours, they are
sent to newborn screening laboratories in the center
of provinces through express post. After conducting
tests and measuring TSH level, newborns with a TSH
level of less than 5 mU/L are diagnosed as healthy,
otherwise the suspected cases are called for further
tests. When TSH level is from 5 to 9.9, second paper
filters are taken; however, when TSH level is more than
10, newborns shall be referred to focal points for serum
tests to prove or reject the disease. The ideal time to
start treatment is from about the second week to the
third week after birth. Treatment of patients starts with
doses of 10 to 15 μg/kg of levothyroxine. After three
years of treatment, to determine whether the disease
is transient or permanent, the treatment for patients is
discontinued for two to four weeks, and the tests are
repeated. In the case of achieving normal results in the
tests, it can be concluded that the disease is transient
and the treatment must be discontinued; otherwise, the
disease is permanent and the patient must take drugs
until the end of life (20).
Congenital hypothyroidism screening program
in Iran has been incorporated all over the country since
2005. Data of patients and other screened neonate are
registered in each city and the special forms designed
for this program are the same all over the country and
they are completed on a regular basis. In this study,
children with congenital hypothyroidism who had been
detected and treated from the beginning of the program
and were more than 42 months of age, were selected as
the exposed group through census sampling. The same
number of children of the same sex, the same age, and
from the same region who had normal hypothyroidism
screening test was enrolled in the study as the unexposed
group.
Thestudywasapprovedbytheethicscommittee
of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. After
selecting the participants, their parents were contacted
and after explaining the objectives of the study, parents
were asked to allow the researchers to visit them at their
home. Before visiting them at home, patient’s records
were reviewed and the required data were recorded to
correct the defects. Then a blinded psychologist visited
patients’ homes and the evaluated IQ as main outcome.
Measurement tools
To measure IQ in both groups of participants,
the two tests of Goodenough draw-a-man test and
Proteus Mazes were used. All tests in both groups of
participants were conducted by one psychologist.
Goodenough Draw-a-man test is used for
children 3 years to 15 years old. To score the drawing
51 items must be assessed one by one in the painting;
one score is given for every observed item and then
the table of scores is used to calculate child’s mental
age. Reliability of the majority of signs in Goodenough
draw-a-man test has been above 80% (21-22). The
correlation coefficient for IQ is 0.83 for interscorer
reliability and 0.92 for intrascorer reliability(23-24).
The test retest coefficients on children four to eight
years old, with an interval of two to three weeks, have
been reported to be from 53% to 87% (25).
Proteus mazes are a simple tool to assess
nonverbal intelligence, planning capacity, visual and
motor coordination, and the perceptual organization
of an individual. In this study, Proteus mazes types
1965 which have 13 mazes were used. The scores of
this test are significantly correlated with test scores of
planning item in Wisconsin card sorting test and TAT
test (26). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for this test has
been reported as 81% (27). There is no time limitation
for executing this test. Child’s IQ is calculated using
3. IQ after thyroxine treatment of congenital hypothyroidism
301
a table which is provided to standardize this test.
Goodenough draw a man test and Proteus mazes test
have a correlation between 25% and 27% (28).
Statistical Analysis
After collecting the data, they were entered into
SPSS 11.5 software. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test
were used to compare qualitative variables between the
two groups of the study and independent t test was used
for comparing quantitative values. Then, to determine
the factors affecting IQ, multiple regressions test was
used. The significance level of less than 0.25 in the
univariate analysis was considered as the inclusion
criteria to enter variables into regression model. Two
regression models were designed: The first one was
to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism on IQ while
controlling potential confounders and the second one
was to evaluate the effect of the type of hypothyroidism
on IQ while controlling potential confounding factors.
When hypothyroidism has an impact on IQ, it indicates
the difficulty in treating patients and in their medical
instructions.
Results
In this study 100 children with congenital
hypothyroidism and 100 healthy children were
studied. A total of 53 patients (53%) of those with
hypothyroidism were male and the rest were female;
26 patients (26%) were from rural areas. Of all, 28
patients (28%) in congenital hypothyroidism group
and 33 children (33%) in the healthy children group
were born through caesarean. Seven patients (7%) in
congenital hypothyroidism group and five children
(5%) in the healthy children group had a family history
of mental retardation; 12 patients (12%) in congenital
hypothyroidism group and six children (6%) in the
healthy children group were left handed which showed
no significant statistical difference. A total of 45
mothers of healthy children (45%) and 62 mothers
of patients (62%) were illiterate or were at primary
education level (p=0.025).
The mean birth weight was 3123.3 gram
(±512.1) in patients and 3226.5 gram (±453.8) in the
healthy children group (p=0.133). The mean birth
height was 49.8 centimetres (±2.5) in the patient group
and 50 (±2.3) centimetres in the healthy children
group (p=459). In terms of IQ, the average IQ of the
patient group was 103.4 (±16.9) and the average IQ of
the healthy children group was 103.4 (±15.4), so the
difference was not statistically significant (p=0.989)
(Table 1). Prevalence of IQ<85 in patient group and
healthy children were 7% and 14% respectively but this
difference was not statistically significant (p=0.106).
P_valueCongenital HypothyroidNormalVariable
0.1333123.3 (±512.1)3226.5 (±453.8)Weight in newborn
0.45949.8 (±2.5)50 (±2.3)Height (cm)
Mother’s Education (level)
0.025
62 (62%)45 (45%)Illiterate and Primary
23 (23%)26 (26%)High school
15 (15%)29 (29%)Diploma and college
0.92034.6 (±1.4)34.6 (±1.5)Head Circumference
Delivery
0.443
72 (72%)67 (67%)NVD
28 (28%)33 (33%)C.S
0.22024 (24%)17 (17%)Family relation of parents
0.5527 (7%)5 (5%)History of Mental Retard in the Family
0.75694 (94%)95 (95%)Breast feeding
0.13812 (12%)6 (6%)Left Handedness
Smoking
0.492
2 (2%)5 (5%)Active
23 (23%)24 (24%)Passive
75 (75%)71 (71%)No
0.0082 (1-6)1 (1-6)Birth Order
0.173500 (100-5000)500 (150-4500)Family Income (Thousand Tomans)
0.10921 (21%)32 (32%)Preschool
0.12527.8 (±6.2)26.5 (±5.1)Mother’s age
0.01032.9 (±7.3)30.6 (±5.3)Father’s Age
-18.4(±10.45)-Mean age of treatment (day)
0.989103.4 (±16.9)103.4 (±15.4)Mean IQ
Table 1. Comparison of study’s variable between normal and congenital hypothyroid groups
4. S. Nili et al.
302
A total of 70 patients (70%) were suffering
from permanent congenital hypothyroidism. The Birth
ranking of patients with transient hypothyroidism was
higher than those with permanent hypothyroidism.
There was no statistically significant difference
between the IQ of children with transient and
permanent hypothyroidism. The mean serum TSH
was 28.1 (±24.8) mU/L in patients with transient
hypothyroidism and 75.8 (±78) mU/L in patients with
permanent hypothyroidism (p=0.008), however there
was no statistically significant difference between T4
concentrations in the two groups (Table 2).
Table 3 shows that the presence of
hypothyroidism did not affect the IQ of children with
congenital hypothyroidism compared with the IQ of
healthy children. The only effective factor was mothers’
education, so that the literacy of mothers increased
children’s IQ. Moreover, there was no difference
between the IQ of people with permanent and transient
congenital hypothyroidism, nevertheless mothers’ age
and mother’s literacy was associated with higher IQ.
Discussion
Theresultsshowedthattherewasnostatistically
significant difference between the IQ of children with
congenital hypothyroidism who were treated and the
IQ of healthy children. Additionally, there was no
significant difference between the IQ of people with
permanent and transient congenital hypothyroidism.
It can be said that there is appropriate quality of care
for patients who are living in this province where the
disease is highly prevalent. In this study the underlying
factors that can affect IQ were also controlled to assess
the effects of treatment better.
Physicians use a variety of treatment methods
for children with congenital hypothyroidism. Although,
national guidelines have set some instructions to
control all patients in a focal point, it is likely that a
change would be made in treatment before referring
P_value
Permanent congenital
hypothyroid
Transient congenital
hypothyroid
Variable
Sex
0.694
15 (50%)38 (54.3%)Male
15 (50%)32 (45.7%)Female
Mother’s Education (level)
0.115
16 (46.7%)48 (68.6%)Illiterate and Primary
10 (33.3%)13 (18.6%)High school
6 (20%)9 (12.9%)Diploma and college
Residency
0.081
26 (86.7%)48 (68.6%)Urban
4 (13.3%)22 (31.4%)Rural
0.4383184.3 (±575.5)3097.1 (±484.6)Newborn’s Weight
0.03950.6 (±2.7)49.4 (±2.4)Height (cm)
0.08234 (±1)34.8 (±1.4)Head Circumference (cm)
Delivery
0.771
21 (70%)51 (72.9%)NVD
9 (30%)19 (27.1%)C.S
0.9197 (23.3%)17 (24.3%)Family relation of parents
0.4253 (10%)4 (5.7%)History of Mental Retards in the Family
0.06426 (86.7%)68 (97.1%)Breast feeding
0.7494 (13.3%)8 (11.4%)Left Handedness
Smoking
0.679
1 (3.3%)1 (1.4%)Active
8 (26.7%)15 (21.4%)Passive
21 (70%)54 (77.1%)No
0.0101 (1-6)2 (1-5)Birth Order
0.415500 (200-5000)500 (100-1000)Family Income (thousand Tomans)
0.04710 (33.3%)11 (15.7%)Preschool
0.45427.1 (±6.3)28.1 (±6.3)Mother’s age (years)
0.42132 (±8.6)33.3 (±6.4)Father’s Age (years)
0.423105.5 (±17.9)102.6 (±16.5)Mean IQ
0.00875.8 (± 78)28.1 (±24.8)Serum TSH (mU/L)
0.6547.5 (±6.8)6.8 (±6.2)T4 (ug/dL)
Table 2. Comparison of study’s variable between permanent and transient congenital hypothyroid groups
5. IQ after thyroxine treatment of congenital hypothyroidism
303
to the focal point which may adversely affect IQ. The
best level of IQ is achieved only when the treatment
of infant is initiated on-time and early and appropriate
metabolic controls is sustained throughout the duration
of treatment; this is possible only when the treatment is
carried out fully based on national protocols.
In this study, the average IQ of the patient
group and healthy group were 103.4 (±16.9) and 103.4
(±15.4%), respectively, and therefore no statistically
significant difference was observed (p=0.989); other
studies have obtained similar results (29-31). However,
according to the results of a study, after adjusting
socioeconomic status and sex, IQ score of patients was
significantly lower than that of the control group (101.7
vs. 111.7 and P <0.0001) (32).
Mothers of congenital hypothyroidism children
have lower level of literacy than no exposed group in
univariate analysis (Table 1); so level’s education may
beassociatedwithnutritionalfactorsorotherriskfactors
of CH. Since IQ of children may associate with mother’s
literacy level, we controlled probable confounding
effect of it on IQ with multivariate analysis. In this
study, there was no significant relationship between
the IQ of children with transient or permanent types of
congenital hypothyroidism. However, in a study, the
mean verbal, non-verbal, and total IQ of control group
was significantly higher than those in both groups of
patients with transient or permanent hypothyroidism.
In patients with permanent hypothyroidism, there was
a negative relationship between verbal, non-verbal,
and total IQ with TSH and starting age of treatment.
In patients with transient hypothyroidism there was a
significant negative relationship between verbal IQ (r
= -0.4) and total IQ (r = -0.38) with the starting age
of treatment (r = -0.46) (33). In another studies, total,
verbal, and non-verbal IQ among people with transient
type were lower than those among normal people
(78.3±11.1 versus 90.9±14.2; p<0.05, 84.4±15.4 versus
96.2±14.8 (p>0.05), and 75±8.5 versus 89.2±12.5
(P<0.01) (34-35).
In this study, there was no relationship between
the TSH and T4 levels and IQ scores, which is similar to
the results of other studies (36). However, according to
a study, patients with severe congenital hypothyroidism
had lower total, verbal, and non-verbal IQ scores
than healthy subjects, while patients with mild and
moderate congenital hypothyroidism were comparable
with the normal population (37). According to some
other studies, T4 levels had an impact on IQ scores of
patients with congenital hypothyroidism (38-39).
The patients, who were assessed in this study,
started their treatment with doses of 10 to 15μg/kg/
day and the result was to maintain a normal IQ. This
is also confirmed by other studies (35-36, 39). In this
study, following the national protocols, treatment was
started prior to 28th
days of age and therefore infant
hypothyroidism did not have a significant negative
effect on newborns’ IQ; similar results have been
observed in other studies, as well (35-37, 40).
Other studies noted the positive effects of
starting treatment before the 21st
days of age which
rises IQ scores (38). In addition, in a research conducted
Variables
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients t P_ Value
95% Confidence Interval for
Beta
Beta Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound
Constant 75.813 26.455 - 2.866 0.005 23.599 128.027
Hypothyroid 1.119 2.481 0.034 0.451 0.652 -3.777 6.016
Literacy of Mother 9.259 2.675 0.281 3.461 0.001 3.978 14.539
Left Handedness 2.888 4.571 0.047 0.632 0.528 -6.133 11.909
Mother’s Age 0.190 0.279 0.065 0.681 0.497 -0.361 0.741
Birth Order -0.504 1.542 -0.032 -0.327 0.744 -3.548 2.540
Family Income (logarithm) 3.187 4.777 0.052 0.667 0.506 -6.242 12.616
Constant 117.982 48.903 - 2.413 0.018 20.519 215.446
Literacy of Mother 14.161 4.617 0.381 3.067 0.003 4.958 23.363
Mother’s Age 1.079 0.457 0.364 2.362 0.021 0.169 1.990
Birth Order -3.531 2.433 -0.221 -1.451 0.151 -8.381 1.319
Family Income (logarithm) -7.876 9.234 -0.107 -0.853 0.396 -26.280 10.527
Type of Hypothyroidism 1.277 5.116 0.031 0.249 0.804 -8.921 11.474
Serum TSH 0.021 0.043 0.059 0.490 0.626 -0.065 0.107
Table 3. Multiple Regression model for the evaluation of relation between Hypothyroidism and IQ
Model 1 (R2=0.092) shows that the presence of hypothyroidism did not affect the IQ of children with congenital hypothyroidism compared with the IQ
of healthy children. The only effective factor was mothers’ education, so that the literacy of mothers increased children’s IQ. Model 2 (R2=0.188) shows
that there was no difference between the IQ of people with permanent and transient congenital hypothyroidism, nevertheless mothers’ age and mother’s
literacy was associated with higher IQ.
6. S. Nili et al.
304
by Rovet et al. (41), psychometric tests were used for
children 6.4 kg/day with a dose of 9 μg/kg/day. Verbal
IQ was 98.6 versus 106.3 IQ (P<0.01), non-verbal IQ
was 103.8 versus 108.2 (P>0.05), and total IQ was 100
versus 107.6 (P<0.01), respectively. Selva et al. (42)
provided a report on regional screening program in
North West America and showed that the IQ of children
who begin treatment with levothyroxine with a dosage
of 50 μg/kg/day had about 11 grade of IQ higher
than others. It can be concluded that, the quality of
treatment in Kurdistan is appropriate, and practitioners
appropriately follow the recommended dosage and
starting time of treatment. One of the strengths of our
study was that we assessed all possible items that might
be a confounding factor while assessing the effects of
hypothyroidism on IQ. Therefore we examined the
effect of other factors on IQ.
This study also had some limitations.
Unfortunately, due to immigration and changes in their
locations and addresses, it was not possible to access all
patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism (130 patients)
and only 100 were available.
In conclusion, there was no statistically
significant difference between the IQ of children with
congenital hypothyroidism who were treated and the
IQ of healthy children. So, there is appropriate quality
of care for patients who are living in this province
where the disease is highly prevalent.
Acknowledgment
This study was the result of a research project
which was approved by the Research deputy of Kurdistan
University of Medical Sciences and has been conducted
under their financial support. We would like to appreciate
those who paid special attention to this project.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest concerning this article.
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