This research article examines strategies to improve uptake of preventive treatment for schistosomiasis among school-age children in Uganda. Serial cross-sectional surveys were conducted before and after a mass drug administration (MDA) program in 2012 that aimed to increase teacher motivation and supervision. The surveys found that self-reported uptake of preventive treatment increased from 28.2% at baseline to 48.9% after the MDA program implemented strategies like retraining teachers, providing incentives and strengthening supervision. However, prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection, children's knowledge of the disease, and reported side effects did not change. The increased treatment uptake was still lower than WHO recommendations and not enough to impact disease prevalence
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching...ijtsrd
Background Diarrhoea as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual . Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Objective The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrhoea among the mothers at selected urban community in Thatipur GwaliorM.P. Methods In this study quasi experimental with one group pre test post test design was adopted.30 Mothers of under five children was taken by Purposive sampling technique. Structured interview developed to measure the knowledge of mother regarding the diarrhoea. Data was collected by administering structured interview before and after the administration of STP. Result It revealed that post test score24.5 82.22 which is higher than pretest score 16.86 56.20 , the actual gain of knowledge score is 26.02 and computed ‘t’ value t29 =15.41 is more than tabled value t29 =2.05 at the level of 0.05.Therefore it indicated highly significant difference and effectivness of structured teaching programme through lesson plan and booklet, in increasing the knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding diarrhoea. Conclusion The study can be concluded that the Structure teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of the mothers under five children. Raj Amit Singh Gurjar | Harish Nagar | Bhoori Singh "A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Diarrhea among the Mothers at Selected Urban Community in Thatipur Gwalior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42399.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42399/a-quasiexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-diarrhea-among-the-mothers-at-selected-urban-community-in-thatipur-gwalior/raj-amit-singh-gurjar
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Studyjehill3
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Study
Julie Hettinger, Food for the Hungry
Nutrition Working Group Showcase
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
NCCR 2020: Conference Of Very Important Disease (COVID-19) | 24 - 26 August 2020
Young Investigator Awards Presentation
Mohammad Hasnan Ahmad
Nutritionist
Principal Investigator
Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research
Institute for Public Health
National Institutes of Health
Ministry of Health Malaysia
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4004505
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching...ijtsrd
Background Diarrhoea as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual . Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Objective The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrhoea among the mothers at selected urban community in Thatipur GwaliorM.P. Methods In this study quasi experimental with one group pre test post test design was adopted.30 Mothers of under five children was taken by Purposive sampling technique. Structured interview developed to measure the knowledge of mother regarding the diarrhoea. Data was collected by administering structured interview before and after the administration of STP. Result It revealed that post test score24.5 82.22 which is higher than pretest score 16.86 56.20 , the actual gain of knowledge score is 26.02 and computed ‘t’ value t29 =15.41 is more than tabled value t29 =2.05 at the level of 0.05.Therefore it indicated highly significant difference and effectivness of structured teaching programme through lesson plan and booklet, in increasing the knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding diarrhoea. Conclusion The study can be concluded that the Structure teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of the mothers under five children. Raj Amit Singh Gurjar | Harish Nagar | Bhoori Singh "A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Diarrhea among the Mothers at Selected Urban Community in Thatipur Gwalior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42399.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42399/a-quasiexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-diarrhea-among-the-mothers-at-selected-urban-community-in-thatipur-gwalior/raj-amit-singh-gurjar
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Studyjehill3
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Study
Julie Hettinger, Food for the Hungry
Nutrition Working Group Showcase
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
NCCR 2020: Conference Of Very Important Disease (COVID-19) | 24 - 26 August 2020
Young Investigator Awards Presentation
Mohammad Hasnan Ahmad
Nutritionist
Principal Investigator
Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research
Institute for Public Health
National Institutes of Health
Ministry of Health Malaysia
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4004505
Patterns and determinants of breast feeding among mother infant pairs in dera...Zubia Qureshi
Background: Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to determine the patterns and explore the determinants associated with breast feeding practices among the nursing women in Dera Ghazi Khan. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on randomly selected lactating mother infant pairs in Dera Ghazi Khan. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis was done by using SPSS, chi square test was applied to see the association between breast feeding practices and its determinants such as knowledge of breast feeding practices. Results: Majority 372 (93%) of mothers mentioned that they had ever breastfed the youngest child. About 292 (73%) mothers gave colostrum to the child, and 48 (12%) exclusively breastfed. Weaning babies before four month of age was practiced by 84 (21%) of the mothers, 120 (55%) mothers started weaning at 4-6 months of child age, while 72 (18%) started to give additional food after baby turned six months old. Out of total 276 (69%) mothers reported that they had knowledge regarding breast feeding. Significant association was found between knowledge of breastfeeding and initiation and Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) practices (p-values <0.05). Income, family type, mode of delivery and assistance for child were significantly associated with initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Breast feeding practices in the studied area were not up to the mark. There is a strong need to improve the breastfeeding practices by Behavior Change Communication. Keywords: Breast feeding; Early initiation; Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF); Colostrum; Supplementary feeding; Infants
Pediatric Screen Time Review - Journal Club Fatima Farid
Journal club session - review of a study conducted on the effects of screen time on a pediatric population, includes effective paper reviewing strategies.
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
Background: Behavior is one of the most important components in health. While the impacts of adolescent risky activities have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to health. This study examines the patterning of health behaviors among adolescents age of 10–19 years. Methods: Latent class analysis identified homogeneous, mutually exclusive “classes” (patterns) of eight, leading health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physicians’ visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and having a permanent tattoo. Results: Resulting classes include (1) healthy, (2) moderately healthy, and (3) unhealthy. The characteristic behaviors and tendencies of each class differed by gender. Conclsion: This study attempts to classify adolescents by their own health behavior without including parental attributes. While adolescents do not typically prescribe to predictable behaviors and actions, the emphasis on healthy behaviors by some suggests an individual awareness of behavioral impacts and importance of healthy lifestyle choices
The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Ec...ijtsrd
A qualitative education produces enlighten and vibrant people. Family experiences are very significant in influencing childrens performance in schools around the world. Research has shown that parental encouragement enhances, childrens academic performance especially by people with whom they communicate in their first stages of life. Against this background that this study was undertaken to examine the influence of family background on the academic performance of students in Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study was guided by three objectives which are to find out if there is a relationship between parental educational level and student’s academic performance in Economics determine the influence of parental income on students’ academic performance in Economics and to find out if there is any significant relationship between the parental level of motivation and students’ academic performance in Economics. This study is anchored on socialization theory. The study adopted a survey design to determine the influence of family background on students academic performance. The population of that study is the entire secondary school in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study randomly selected 80 students and 20 teachers in Port Harcourt Metropolitan. Descriptive statistics and simple percentages and tabulation were used for the data collected by way of a questionnaire. Chi square was used when evaluating the null hypotheses. The study above showed that the family background of students and their academic success in economics subject is significantly positive. Based on the study findings the following recommendations were made Social and economic policies should be introduced to give children with low economic status equal opportunities to support their childrens education. Parents should provide a home environment that supports and motivates children to achieve better education at school. This can be done by teaching your children at home to improve schoolwork and to provide the necessary learning material. Sunday Nsirimobi Ordu | Egbo Glad Ogechi "The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35767.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35767/the-influence-of-family-background-on-the-academic-performance-of-students-economics-in-port-harcourt-metropolis/sunday-nsirimobi-ordu
Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis...ijtsrd
Background Dental caries continues to be a major health issue for worldwide population which decreases individual’s quality of life. In children dental caries and gingivitis are major health problem due to lack of preventive efforts and change in dietary requirement. According to WHO, oral health awareness among children can be promoted through schools by improving good knowledge, attitude and behavior related to oral health that will be helpful for prevention and control of dental diseases among children. Hence there is a necessity to find out oral hygiene practices and occurrence of dental caries among school age children. With this background, researcher make a plan to conduct a survey with the following objective. Objective To assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among school age children in a selected community area. Methodology A quantitative approach with cross sectional descriptive design was used to assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among children. 195 school going children residing in rural area of Doiwala block were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by pretested questionnaire. Ethical permission was obtained from institutional ethical committee and informed consent was taken from study participants. Results The statistical finding shows that 184 94.36 mothers had not attend any education related to dental hygiene previously. Maximum mothers 97.95 have taught their child how to brush the teeth. It was surprising to note that 144 58.96 of children found to be suffering from dental caries. It was found that 38.79 of children were suffering with teeth pain. Very less 45 29.9 children had reported that they had visited dentist. There was significant association found between material use for remove food debris between the teeth’s and dental caries at p .001 . There was also significant association found between technique use for brushing teeth and dental caries p 0.003 . Conclusion The research findings showed that school age children give very less importance to oral hygiene. In this study we found greater need of health education and encouraging parents regarding children oral hygiene which can be beneficial to prevent dental caries among school going children. Mr. John Davidson | Ms. Mugdha Devi Sharan Sharma | Mr. Atul Kumar "Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis among School Age Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32964.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/32964/assess-the-oral-hygiene-practices-occurrence-of-dental-caries-and-gingivitis-among-school-age-children/mr-john-davidson
A project proposal for East Timor on improving health and nutrition for women...Kazuko Yoshizawa
The presentation outlines a project proposal aimed at capacity building in health and nutrition for Timor-Leste, developed through extensive consultation with the Ministry of Health, development partners, NGOs, and civil society. The primary objective of the project is to enhance the nutritional status of women and children who are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. The project proposal comprises four key areas that address the capacity gaps identified through stakeholder consultations and documented in published reports and strategies. By providing additional support and interventions, as well as strengthening existing structures, the proposed interventions would help to improve the nutrition status of children and women. The proposal further suggests that the capacity of Integrated Community Health Services (Sisca) could be enhanced to improve rural health services. Such improvements would help to address the existing disparities in health outcomes between rural and urban areas in Timor-Leste. Through the proposed interventions, the project aims to support the overall development of the health and nutrition sector in Timor-Leste. By addressing the identified capacity gaps, the project would help to build sustainable systems that can deliver effective health and nutrition services to the population.
In conclusion, the presentation explains a comprehensive project proposal that aims to improve the nutritional status of vulnerable women and children in Timor-Leste. The proposal is based on extensive consultation with stakeholders and would address capacity gaps identified through published reports and strategies. Through this project, it would be possible to enhance rural health services by strengthening the capacity of Integrated Community Health Services (Sisca) and supporting existing structures. Ultimately, the proposed interventions would contribute to the development of sustainable health and nutrition systems in Timor-Leste.
Background:
World Health Organization and Ministry of Health (Uganda) recommend use of microscopy for parasitological confirmation of malaria. Microscopy involves either Giemsa or Field’s staining techniques. Ministry of Health prefers and recommends use of Giemsa staining technique but most health facilities still use Field’s staining technique. The objective of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of Giemsa and Field’s staining techniques in order to inform malaria diagnosis policy and practice in Uganda.
Methods:
This was a cross sectional cost effectiveness analysis from the provider’s perspective covering the period between April 25, 2014 and June 15, 2014. The study involved 243 children below five years of age presenting at Acute Care Unit laboratory for malaria test before admission. Giemsa and Field’s staining techniques were compared with Polymerase Chain Reaction as the gold standard. Decision tree analytic model in Tree Age was used for the cost effectiveness analysis.
Results:
Field’s and Giemsa staining techniques cost US $ 0.030 and US $ 0.769 respectively. Correctly diagnosed cases were 227 and 230 for Field’s and Giemsa staining techniques respectively. The proportion of correctly diagnosed cases was 93.4% for Field’s and 94.7% for Giemsa. Incremental cost effectiveness ratio was 0.35 US $ per additional correctly diagnosed case.
Conclusion:
Field’s staining technique was more cost effective than Giemsa staining technique; provided a higher number of correctly diagnosed cases at a lower cost than Giemsa staining technique. Field’s staining technique is recommended as staining technique for malaria diagnosis at the Acute Care Unit of Mulago National Referral Hospital. This implies that even with introduction of more superior staining techniques for laboratory diagnosis of malaria, Field staining technique is still a cost effective technique to be used in resource limited settings with high malaria burden like Uganda and Africa at large.
Nursing Care Journal is interested in the special fields related to the topics of this Journal. Nursing care Journal discusses the latest research innovations and important developments in this field. Our target audience, readers and contributors are worldwide. Nursing and Health Care is an open access journal with rapid publication process, high quality manuscripts with innovative research which covers all the aspects of Nursing and Health Care. This Journal accepts original Research Articles, Review Articles, Case Reports, Mini Reviews, Rapid Communication, Opinions and Editorials on all the topics of nursing and health care.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Educ...ijtsrd
Adolescent age group is a very susceptible group. These children are in phase of transformation from children to adulthood. Most adolescence manages this transformation but many of them are indulged in behaviors like sexual experimentation, exploration and promiscuity, and through which lands in the problem of unmarried motherhood, abortions, STDs HIV infection, sexual abuse. India has the largest population of adolescents in the world about 243 million , among them 69.5 getting married before 20 years of age, about 2.47 cases of HIV infected persons in the country and with sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on education in selected Nursing College of Dehradun in Uttarakhand.The quantitative evaluative research approach was used. Setting Himalayan College of Nursing, Jolly grant, Dehradun, Sample consecutive sample of 44 General Nursing and Midwifery GNM students. Tool self structure questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding sex education was prepared. Intervention planned teaching programme on sex education.The finding of the study revealed that post test knowledge score is significantly higher than pre test knowledge score. The different between pre test and post test shows difference at the level of p 0.005. There was no significant association between pre test knowledge score and demographic variables. Rajesh Singh | Anjali Gupta | Deepika Badola | Poonam Chauhan | Anupriya Bisht | Upma George "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Education among GNM First Year Students in a Selected College of Nursing in Dehradun Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47494.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47494/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-sex-education-among-gnm-first-year-students-in-a-selected-college-of-nursing-in-dehradun-uttarakhand/rajesh-singh
A Longitudinal Study On Feeding Practices And Morbidity Patterns Of Infants I...iosrjce
Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and
development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve
the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher
compared to urban areas in India.
Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area .
Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine
Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3
months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding
practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.
Results: The incidence of episodes of morbidity was 2.78 per infant per year. Respiratory Tract Infections are
most common observed illness followed by diarrhea .Majority of the mothers (90%)
Were given colostrum ,50% were breast fed their babies with in 1 hour of delivery,60% were given
EBF(Exclusive Breast Feeding ). The illnesses are less common in first 6 months of infancy compared to
letter half of life .A Significant association between feeding practices and morbidities
Conclusion: Hence focusing education on faulty feeding practices and implementation of IMNCI(integrated
management of newborn and childhood illnesses ) at gross root level by health workers need to be emphasized
Evaluation of Immunization Coverage among Children between 12 - 23 Months of ...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction:Immunization is one of the well known and most effective method of preventing childhood diseases. Aims And Objectives:1) To describe socio-demographic profile of children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. 2) To Evaluate the factors affecting immunization status among children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional and descriptive type. Place of study was immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Study duration was from 1 September to 30 November 2016. Results: In the present study 110 Children were studied in which maximum number were 19 months of age. Majority were hindu (79.9%) male(63.6%) of Urban locality(92.7%). Education of the parents was found to be significantly associated with the immunization status of children. Conclusion: Increasing the literacy status of the parents can alone can bring a major difference in immunization coverage among Children.
Effect of Nesting on Posture Discomfort and Physiological Parameters of Low B...iosrjce
A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of “nesting” among low birth weight infants in
NICU of selected government hospital of Delhi. An experimental study was conducted in which low birth weight
infants (birth weight 1.00-2.5kg) were stratified into three groups based on their birth weight (1.0-1.5kg, 1.5-
2.0kg, 2.0-2.5kg). The samples consisted of 60 low birth weight infants; 30 in experimental group and 30 in
control group. Pre-test Post-test control group design was used in which nesting was provided in experimental
group 9 hours per day for 5 days. Posture, comfort and physiological parameters were assessed before and
during administration of nesting. A significant improvement in posture (t=12.64) was observed in experimental
group during application of nesting. A significant reduction in the discomfort was observed in experimental
group as compared to control group (t=10.65).Low birth weight infants exhibit comparatively stable
physiological parameters during the period of nesting.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowle...ijtsrd
Malnutrition and Tuberculosis chronic infectious disease are both problems of considerable magnitude in the most underdeveloped regions of the world. Malnutrition can leads to secondary immunodeficiency that increase the host susceptibility to infection. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on the knowledge and practice regarding dietary pattern among mothers of children with tuberculosis admitted in pediatric ward. Quasi experimental with two groups pre test post test design was used for 60 mothers at IPD and OPD of pediatric department and purposive sampling technique was used. Self structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge and checklist for practice. In post test experimental group mothers have 63.3 average knowledge, 26.6 poor knowledge and 10 good knowledge while in the control group, 53.3 poor knowledge, 46.6 average knowledge and non hove good knowledge. In experimental group mean score was 17.9 1.96 while in control group mean score was 11.8 2.99. At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.21 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . In post test experimental group, mothers have 53.3 good practice, 46.6 average practice and none have poor practice while in the control group, 63.33 average practice, 23.3 poor practice and 13.3 good practice. In experimental group mean score was 19.13 1.99 while in the control group, mean score was 14.06 2.85.At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.28 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . These finding reveals that the planned teaching program on dietary pattern was effective. Mrs. Anchal Tiwari | Mrs. Anugrah Charan | Dr. Sarika Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Dietary Pattern among Mothers of Children with Tuberculosis Admitted in Pediatric Ward at KGMU Hospital, Lucknowv" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38591.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/38591/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-program-on-the-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-dietary-pattern-among-mothers-of-children-with-tuberculosis-admitted-in-pediatric-ward-at-kgmu-hospital-lucknowv/mrs-anchal-tiwari
1Global Vaccination (attach this please with the previou.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Global Vaccination (attach this please with the previous sections)
WHO estimates that three million cases of disease could be avoided annually with an appropriate prevention by vaccination.
Immunization System in Malasyia (more info please add to US)
Religious Views of Vaccination (Malaysia)(please attach this with the previous sections)
Grabenstein (2013) noted that polio immunization is obligatory when disease risk is high and the vaccine shown to have benefits far outweighing its risks.
National Immunization Program (NIP)
The Malaysian National Immunization Program (NIP) was introduced in the early 1950s and it has been given free to the children for their protection against major childhood diseases. The immunization program offers protection against major childhood diseases that can be prevented with vaccines including diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, polio and some diseases caused by the human papillomavirus. This program is available at all government clinics across the country.
Parents are responsible for ensuring that their children are protected from dangerous infectious diseases that can be prevented with a vaccine. Below is the national immunization schedule to ensure your child receives the vaccination at the right time (Malaysian MOH, 2017).
Vaccine Safety Surveillance
National Centre of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) Monitoring, National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB) is responsible to monitor the safety of medicines and vaccines that are registered in Malaysia. NPCB is responsible for collecting all reporting adverse events related pharmaceutical products including vaccines. All reported adverse events will be documented and serious cases following vaccination will be investigated promptly to identify the cause of the adverse events. NPCB will make further investigation in terms of product quality and regulatory action will be taken based on the results of the investigation. Types of regulatory action that can be taken are the suspension of the product registration, product recall or cancellation of the product registration.
ADR reporting system has been introduced in Malaysia to enable health providers to participate in monitoring the safety of medicines and vaccines by reporting the adverse events. Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) has organized trainings to the health professionals on the importance of reporting of Adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) as described in the Guidelines for the Pharmacovigilance of Vaccines. Ongoing training will be conducted more actively to increase awareness among health care providers to report AEFI and importance of disseminating the information to parents/guardians.
Currently, the AEFI reporting system has been extended to the public whereby the parents/guardians of children who experience any adverse events can report to us by themselves (Malaysian MOH, 2017).
Immunization System in the US ...
EVALUATION OF VACCINE ADHERENCE AND ROLE OF A CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN PAEDIAT...PARUL UNIVERSITY
Background: Immunization is one of the decisive factors in preventing various life threatening diseases. Vaccines have thrived as one of the most successful healthy intervention on that have diminished the occurrence of various infectious diseases and improved the quality of life in the population. Although the vaccine coverage has been gradually increasing, the average total immunization coverage is far less than desired outcome. Objective: The objective of our study were to enhance the quantity of vaccine delivered in the paediatric care setting, to improve Awareness of vaccination at community level by a more active involvement of clinical pharmacist on vaccination errors and missed opportunities in paediatric care setting, to analyse the extent of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents to minimize vaccination errors and avoid vaccine misconception thereby improving vaccine adherence. Results: It is a prospective observational study was conducted on 253 paediatric subjects upto 3years of age for a period of six months in a secondary care hospital, Hyderabad. The study was divided into Pre- intervention and post-intervention phases and was performed using a KAP questionnaire. The socio- demographic details were collected by using data collection form and their knowledge, Attitude and practice levels were assessed by using KAP questionnaire regarding child vaccination. Out of 253 subjects were enrolled in the study, the percentage distribution of the respondents age showed that the age group of 25-29 were predominant. The respondents with single child were observed to be more with a frequency of 132 out of 253 who received complete awareness about vaccination. Majority of the respondents were under graduates which was the main reason for lack of knowledge on immunization. Of the total 253 study population, male child were 128(50.50%) and female child were 125(49.40%). In the study, the majority of the children were neonates (103) which is 40.71%. majority of children were immunized with polio (75.49%) and least was varicella (3.55%). Of the total population, delayed or missed vaccine was 72 out of 253 i.e. 28.40% which was observed in both the genders. Missed vaccine opportunities were mostly observed for PCV, Rotavirus, and MMR. Conclusion: This study lead to optimal disease prevention through vaccination in multiple population groups while maintaining high levels of Safety and the clinical pharmacist’s interventions certainly will be helpful in providing education on immunization and improving immunization rates in the underdeveloped and developing countries. KAP questionnaire can be used in future researches on immunization and allow for better understanding of relation between mothers knowledge and immunization of children.
Patterns and determinants of breast feeding among mother infant pairs in dera...Zubia Qureshi
Background: Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to determine the patterns and explore the determinants associated with breast feeding practices among the nursing women in Dera Ghazi Khan. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on randomly selected lactating mother infant pairs in Dera Ghazi Khan. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis was done by using SPSS, chi square test was applied to see the association between breast feeding practices and its determinants such as knowledge of breast feeding practices. Results: Majority 372 (93%) of mothers mentioned that they had ever breastfed the youngest child. About 292 (73%) mothers gave colostrum to the child, and 48 (12%) exclusively breastfed. Weaning babies before four month of age was practiced by 84 (21%) of the mothers, 120 (55%) mothers started weaning at 4-6 months of child age, while 72 (18%) started to give additional food after baby turned six months old. Out of total 276 (69%) mothers reported that they had knowledge regarding breast feeding. Significant association was found between knowledge of breastfeeding and initiation and Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) practices (p-values <0.05). Income, family type, mode of delivery and assistance for child were significantly associated with initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Breast feeding practices in the studied area were not up to the mark. There is a strong need to improve the breastfeeding practices by Behavior Change Communication. Keywords: Breast feeding; Early initiation; Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF); Colostrum; Supplementary feeding; Infants
Pediatric Screen Time Review - Journal Club Fatima Farid
Journal club session - review of a study conducted on the effects of screen time on a pediatric population, includes effective paper reviewing strategies.
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
Background: Behavior is one of the most important components in health. While the impacts of adolescent risky activities have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to health. This study examines the patterning of health behaviors among adolescents age of 10–19 years. Methods: Latent class analysis identified homogeneous, mutually exclusive “classes” (patterns) of eight, leading health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physicians’ visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and having a permanent tattoo. Results: Resulting classes include (1) healthy, (2) moderately healthy, and (3) unhealthy. The characteristic behaviors and tendencies of each class differed by gender. Conclsion: This study attempts to classify adolescents by their own health behavior without including parental attributes. While adolescents do not typically prescribe to predictable behaviors and actions, the emphasis on healthy behaviors by some suggests an individual awareness of behavioral impacts and importance of healthy lifestyle choices
The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Ec...ijtsrd
A qualitative education produces enlighten and vibrant people. Family experiences are very significant in influencing childrens performance in schools around the world. Research has shown that parental encouragement enhances, childrens academic performance especially by people with whom they communicate in their first stages of life. Against this background that this study was undertaken to examine the influence of family background on the academic performance of students in Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study was guided by three objectives which are to find out if there is a relationship between parental educational level and student’s academic performance in Economics determine the influence of parental income on students’ academic performance in Economics and to find out if there is any significant relationship between the parental level of motivation and students’ academic performance in Economics. This study is anchored on socialization theory. The study adopted a survey design to determine the influence of family background on students academic performance. The population of that study is the entire secondary school in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study randomly selected 80 students and 20 teachers in Port Harcourt Metropolitan. Descriptive statistics and simple percentages and tabulation were used for the data collected by way of a questionnaire. Chi square was used when evaluating the null hypotheses. The study above showed that the family background of students and their academic success in economics subject is significantly positive. Based on the study findings the following recommendations were made Social and economic policies should be introduced to give children with low economic status equal opportunities to support their childrens education. Parents should provide a home environment that supports and motivates children to achieve better education at school. This can be done by teaching your children at home to improve schoolwork and to provide the necessary learning material. Sunday Nsirimobi Ordu | Egbo Glad Ogechi "The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35767.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35767/the-influence-of-family-background-on-the-academic-performance-of-students-economics-in-port-harcourt-metropolis/sunday-nsirimobi-ordu
Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis...ijtsrd
Background Dental caries continues to be a major health issue for worldwide population which decreases individual’s quality of life. In children dental caries and gingivitis are major health problem due to lack of preventive efforts and change in dietary requirement. According to WHO, oral health awareness among children can be promoted through schools by improving good knowledge, attitude and behavior related to oral health that will be helpful for prevention and control of dental diseases among children. Hence there is a necessity to find out oral hygiene practices and occurrence of dental caries among school age children. With this background, researcher make a plan to conduct a survey with the following objective. Objective To assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among school age children in a selected community area. Methodology A quantitative approach with cross sectional descriptive design was used to assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among children. 195 school going children residing in rural area of Doiwala block were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by pretested questionnaire. Ethical permission was obtained from institutional ethical committee and informed consent was taken from study participants. Results The statistical finding shows that 184 94.36 mothers had not attend any education related to dental hygiene previously. Maximum mothers 97.95 have taught their child how to brush the teeth. It was surprising to note that 144 58.96 of children found to be suffering from dental caries. It was found that 38.79 of children were suffering with teeth pain. Very less 45 29.9 children had reported that they had visited dentist. There was significant association found between material use for remove food debris between the teeth’s and dental caries at p .001 . There was also significant association found between technique use for brushing teeth and dental caries p 0.003 . Conclusion The research findings showed that school age children give very less importance to oral hygiene. In this study we found greater need of health education and encouraging parents regarding children oral hygiene which can be beneficial to prevent dental caries among school going children. Mr. John Davidson | Ms. Mugdha Devi Sharan Sharma | Mr. Atul Kumar "Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis among School Age Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32964.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/32964/assess-the-oral-hygiene-practices-occurrence-of-dental-caries-and-gingivitis-among-school-age-children/mr-john-davidson
A project proposal for East Timor on improving health and nutrition for women...Kazuko Yoshizawa
The presentation outlines a project proposal aimed at capacity building in health and nutrition for Timor-Leste, developed through extensive consultation with the Ministry of Health, development partners, NGOs, and civil society. The primary objective of the project is to enhance the nutritional status of women and children who are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. The project proposal comprises four key areas that address the capacity gaps identified through stakeholder consultations and documented in published reports and strategies. By providing additional support and interventions, as well as strengthening existing structures, the proposed interventions would help to improve the nutrition status of children and women. The proposal further suggests that the capacity of Integrated Community Health Services (Sisca) could be enhanced to improve rural health services. Such improvements would help to address the existing disparities in health outcomes between rural and urban areas in Timor-Leste. Through the proposed interventions, the project aims to support the overall development of the health and nutrition sector in Timor-Leste. By addressing the identified capacity gaps, the project would help to build sustainable systems that can deliver effective health and nutrition services to the population.
In conclusion, the presentation explains a comprehensive project proposal that aims to improve the nutritional status of vulnerable women and children in Timor-Leste. The proposal is based on extensive consultation with stakeholders and would address capacity gaps identified through published reports and strategies. Through this project, it would be possible to enhance rural health services by strengthening the capacity of Integrated Community Health Services (Sisca) and supporting existing structures. Ultimately, the proposed interventions would contribute to the development of sustainable health and nutrition systems in Timor-Leste.
Background:
World Health Organization and Ministry of Health (Uganda) recommend use of microscopy for parasitological confirmation of malaria. Microscopy involves either Giemsa or Field’s staining techniques. Ministry of Health prefers and recommends use of Giemsa staining technique but most health facilities still use Field’s staining technique. The objective of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of Giemsa and Field’s staining techniques in order to inform malaria diagnosis policy and practice in Uganda.
Methods:
This was a cross sectional cost effectiveness analysis from the provider’s perspective covering the period between April 25, 2014 and June 15, 2014. The study involved 243 children below five years of age presenting at Acute Care Unit laboratory for malaria test before admission. Giemsa and Field’s staining techniques were compared with Polymerase Chain Reaction as the gold standard. Decision tree analytic model in Tree Age was used for the cost effectiveness analysis.
Results:
Field’s and Giemsa staining techniques cost US $ 0.030 and US $ 0.769 respectively. Correctly diagnosed cases were 227 and 230 for Field’s and Giemsa staining techniques respectively. The proportion of correctly diagnosed cases was 93.4% for Field’s and 94.7% for Giemsa. Incremental cost effectiveness ratio was 0.35 US $ per additional correctly diagnosed case.
Conclusion:
Field’s staining technique was more cost effective than Giemsa staining technique; provided a higher number of correctly diagnosed cases at a lower cost than Giemsa staining technique. Field’s staining technique is recommended as staining technique for malaria diagnosis at the Acute Care Unit of Mulago National Referral Hospital. This implies that even with introduction of more superior staining techniques for laboratory diagnosis of malaria, Field staining technique is still a cost effective technique to be used in resource limited settings with high malaria burden like Uganda and Africa at large.
Nursing Care Journal is interested in the special fields related to the topics of this Journal. Nursing care Journal discusses the latest research innovations and important developments in this field. Our target audience, readers and contributors are worldwide. Nursing and Health Care is an open access journal with rapid publication process, high quality manuscripts with innovative research which covers all the aspects of Nursing and Health Care. This Journal accepts original Research Articles, Review Articles, Case Reports, Mini Reviews, Rapid Communication, Opinions and Editorials on all the topics of nursing and health care.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Educ...ijtsrd
Adolescent age group is a very susceptible group. These children are in phase of transformation from children to adulthood. Most adolescence manages this transformation but many of them are indulged in behaviors like sexual experimentation, exploration and promiscuity, and through which lands in the problem of unmarried motherhood, abortions, STDs HIV infection, sexual abuse. India has the largest population of adolescents in the world about 243 million , among them 69.5 getting married before 20 years of age, about 2.47 cases of HIV infected persons in the country and with sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on education in selected Nursing College of Dehradun in Uttarakhand.The quantitative evaluative research approach was used. Setting Himalayan College of Nursing, Jolly grant, Dehradun, Sample consecutive sample of 44 General Nursing and Midwifery GNM students. Tool self structure questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding sex education was prepared. Intervention planned teaching programme on sex education.The finding of the study revealed that post test knowledge score is significantly higher than pre test knowledge score. The different between pre test and post test shows difference at the level of p 0.005. There was no significant association between pre test knowledge score and demographic variables. Rajesh Singh | Anjali Gupta | Deepika Badola | Poonam Chauhan | Anupriya Bisht | Upma George "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Education among GNM First Year Students in a Selected College of Nursing in Dehradun Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47494.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47494/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-sex-education-among-gnm-first-year-students-in-a-selected-college-of-nursing-in-dehradun-uttarakhand/rajesh-singh
A Longitudinal Study On Feeding Practices And Morbidity Patterns Of Infants I...iosrjce
Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and
development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve
the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher
compared to urban areas in India.
Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area .
Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine
Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3
months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding
practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.
Results: The incidence of episodes of morbidity was 2.78 per infant per year. Respiratory Tract Infections are
most common observed illness followed by diarrhea .Majority of the mothers (90%)
Were given colostrum ,50% were breast fed their babies with in 1 hour of delivery,60% were given
EBF(Exclusive Breast Feeding ). The illnesses are less common in first 6 months of infancy compared to
letter half of life .A Significant association between feeding practices and morbidities
Conclusion: Hence focusing education on faulty feeding practices and implementation of IMNCI(integrated
management of newborn and childhood illnesses ) at gross root level by health workers need to be emphasized
Evaluation of Immunization Coverage among Children between 12 - 23 Months of ...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction:Immunization is one of the well known and most effective method of preventing childhood diseases. Aims And Objectives:1) To describe socio-demographic profile of children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. 2) To Evaluate the factors affecting immunization status among children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional and descriptive type. Place of study was immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Study duration was from 1 September to 30 November 2016. Results: In the present study 110 Children were studied in which maximum number were 19 months of age. Majority were hindu (79.9%) male(63.6%) of Urban locality(92.7%). Education of the parents was found to be significantly associated with the immunization status of children. Conclusion: Increasing the literacy status of the parents can alone can bring a major difference in immunization coverage among Children.
Effect of Nesting on Posture Discomfort and Physiological Parameters of Low B...iosrjce
A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of “nesting” among low birth weight infants in
NICU of selected government hospital of Delhi. An experimental study was conducted in which low birth weight
infants (birth weight 1.00-2.5kg) were stratified into three groups based on their birth weight (1.0-1.5kg, 1.5-
2.0kg, 2.0-2.5kg). The samples consisted of 60 low birth weight infants; 30 in experimental group and 30 in
control group. Pre-test Post-test control group design was used in which nesting was provided in experimental
group 9 hours per day for 5 days. Posture, comfort and physiological parameters were assessed before and
during administration of nesting. A significant improvement in posture (t=12.64) was observed in experimental
group during application of nesting. A significant reduction in the discomfort was observed in experimental
group as compared to control group (t=10.65).Low birth weight infants exhibit comparatively stable
physiological parameters during the period of nesting.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowle...ijtsrd
Malnutrition and Tuberculosis chronic infectious disease are both problems of considerable magnitude in the most underdeveloped regions of the world. Malnutrition can leads to secondary immunodeficiency that increase the host susceptibility to infection. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on the knowledge and practice regarding dietary pattern among mothers of children with tuberculosis admitted in pediatric ward. Quasi experimental with two groups pre test post test design was used for 60 mothers at IPD and OPD of pediatric department and purposive sampling technique was used. Self structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge and checklist for practice. In post test experimental group mothers have 63.3 average knowledge, 26.6 poor knowledge and 10 good knowledge while in the control group, 53.3 poor knowledge, 46.6 average knowledge and non hove good knowledge. In experimental group mean score was 17.9 1.96 while in control group mean score was 11.8 2.99. At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.21 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . In post test experimental group, mothers have 53.3 good practice, 46.6 average practice and none have poor practice while in the control group, 63.33 average practice, 23.3 poor practice and 13.3 good practice. In experimental group mean score was 19.13 1.99 while in the control group, mean score was 14.06 2.85.At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.28 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . These finding reveals that the planned teaching program on dietary pattern was effective. Mrs. Anchal Tiwari | Mrs. Anugrah Charan | Dr. Sarika Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Dietary Pattern among Mothers of Children with Tuberculosis Admitted in Pediatric Ward at KGMU Hospital, Lucknowv" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38591.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/38591/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-program-on-the-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-dietary-pattern-among-mothers-of-children-with-tuberculosis-admitted-in-pediatric-ward-at-kgmu-hospital-lucknowv/mrs-anchal-tiwari
1Global Vaccination (attach this please with the previou.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Global Vaccination (attach this please with the previous sections)
WHO estimates that three million cases of disease could be avoided annually with an appropriate prevention by vaccination.
Immunization System in Malasyia (more info please add to US)
Religious Views of Vaccination (Malaysia)(please attach this with the previous sections)
Grabenstein (2013) noted that polio immunization is obligatory when disease risk is high and the vaccine shown to have benefits far outweighing its risks.
National Immunization Program (NIP)
The Malaysian National Immunization Program (NIP) was introduced in the early 1950s and it has been given free to the children for their protection against major childhood diseases. The immunization program offers protection against major childhood diseases that can be prevented with vaccines including diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, polio and some diseases caused by the human papillomavirus. This program is available at all government clinics across the country.
Parents are responsible for ensuring that their children are protected from dangerous infectious diseases that can be prevented with a vaccine. Below is the national immunization schedule to ensure your child receives the vaccination at the right time (Malaysian MOH, 2017).
Vaccine Safety Surveillance
National Centre of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) Monitoring, National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB) is responsible to monitor the safety of medicines and vaccines that are registered in Malaysia. NPCB is responsible for collecting all reporting adverse events related pharmaceutical products including vaccines. All reported adverse events will be documented and serious cases following vaccination will be investigated promptly to identify the cause of the adverse events. NPCB will make further investigation in terms of product quality and regulatory action will be taken based on the results of the investigation. Types of regulatory action that can be taken are the suspension of the product registration, product recall or cancellation of the product registration.
ADR reporting system has been introduced in Malaysia to enable health providers to participate in monitoring the safety of medicines and vaccines by reporting the adverse events. Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) has organized trainings to the health professionals on the importance of reporting of Adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) as described in the Guidelines for the Pharmacovigilance of Vaccines. Ongoing training will be conducted more actively to increase awareness among health care providers to report AEFI and importance of disseminating the information to parents/guardians.
Currently, the AEFI reporting system has been extended to the public whereby the parents/guardians of children who experience any adverse events can report to us by themselves (Malaysian MOH, 2017).
Immunization System in the US ...
EVALUATION OF VACCINE ADHERENCE AND ROLE OF A CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN PAEDIAT...PARUL UNIVERSITY
Background: Immunization is one of the decisive factors in preventing various life threatening diseases. Vaccines have thrived as one of the most successful healthy intervention on that have diminished the occurrence of various infectious diseases and improved the quality of life in the population. Although the vaccine coverage has been gradually increasing, the average total immunization coverage is far less than desired outcome. Objective: The objective of our study were to enhance the quantity of vaccine delivered in the paediatric care setting, to improve Awareness of vaccination at community level by a more active involvement of clinical pharmacist on vaccination errors and missed opportunities in paediatric care setting, to analyse the extent of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents to minimize vaccination errors and avoid vaccine misconception thereby improving vaccine adherence. Results: It is a prospective observational study was conducted on 253 paediatric subjects upto 3years of age for a period of six months in a secondary care hospital, Hyderabad. The study was divided into Pre- intervention and post-intervention phases and was performed using a KAP questionnaire. The socio- demographic details were collected by using data collection form and their knowledge, Attitude and practice levels were assessed by using KAP questionnaire regarding child vaccination. Out of 253 subjects were enrolled in the study, the percentage distribution of the respondents age showed that the age group of 25-29 were predominant. The respondents with single child were observed to be more with a frequency of 132 out of 253 who received complete awareness about vaccination. Majority of the respondents were under graduates which was the main reason for lack of knowledge on immunization. Of the total 253 study population, male child were 128(50.50%) and female child were 125(49.40%). In the study, the majority of the children were neonates (103) which is 40.71%. majority of children were immunized with polio (75.49%) and least was varicella (3.55%). Of the total population, delayed or missed vaccine was 72 out of 253 i.e. 28.40% which was observed in both the genders. Missed vaccine opportunities were mostly observed for PCV, Rotavirus, and MMR. Conclusion: This study lead to optimal disease prevention through vaccination in multiple population groups while maintaining high levels of Safety and the clinical pharmacist’s interventions certainly will be helpful in providing education on immunization and improving immunization rates in the underdeveloped and developing countries. KAP questionnaire can be used in future researches on immunization and allow for better understanding of relation between mothers knowledge and immunization of children.
Kailash Nagar Research article publicationKailash Nagar
A STUDY TO ASSESS EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING PROGRAMME
ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING DENTAL HYGIENE
AMONG UPPER PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SELECTED
GOVERNMENT SCHOOL, KHEDA, DISTRICT.
Factors Influencing Immunization Coverage among Children 12- 23 Months of Age...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
IDOSR JSR 8(2) 40-57.Evaluation of the Awareness and Practice of HIV Positive...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Awareness and Practice of HIV Positive Mothers towards Infant Feeding Options at Serere Health Center IV, Serere District
Omoding, Basil
School of Nursing, Kampala International University, Uganda
________________________________________ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge and practice of HIV positive mothers towards infant feeding options at Serere Health Center IV, Serere District. The study design was a cross sectional and descriptive research. The research used both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The study involved a total of 30 respondents. HIV positive mothers were not fully knowledgeable about infant feeding options as only half of the respondents 15 (50%) had heard of infant feeding options for HIV positive mothers and obtained information about infant feeding options from health workers. However, most of the respondents 17 (56.7%) were not knowledgeable about the available mixed feeding options and 16 (53.3%) respondents were not aware of the importance of infant feeding options which was perhaps not surprising as most 17 (57%) had never been sensitized by health workers about infant feeding options. Respondents also had poor practices towards the use of infant feeding options and most of them 13 (43.3%) selected their current feeding option because it was cheap, 11 (36.7%) said it was readily accessible while 6 (20%) said it was culturally appropriate. However, majority of respondents 25 (83.3%) were laughed at or criticized for using infant feeding options by 12 (48%) friends, 7 (28%) community members and 6 (24%) relatives yet 25 (83.3%) reported that fear of being laughed at prevented use of using infant feeding options. Furthermore, all respondents 30 (100%) reported facing challenges in using infant feeding options including 14 (46.7%) lack of support by family members and friends, 10 (33.3%) baby not feeding well and 6 (20%) unnaturalness of some methods. We therefore, recommend national sensitization programs about MTCT of HIV as well as how this could be reduced and prevented through adequate and effective use of replacement infant feeding options, supporting health facilities offering EMTCT programs with subsidized infant feeding options such as formula in an effort to improve uptake and utilization of this safe replacement infant feeding option.
Keywords: Infant feeding, Serere District, feeding options, infant formula.
Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Hepatitis among Mothers of Schoo...ijtsrd
Acute viral hepatitis is the most common parenchymal liver disease seen in community. It is a worldwide problem including India. It occurs mainly due to unhygienic practices, unsafe water and poor environmental sanitation. It is common in children there was a need to educate this group focusing on primary prevention. one group pre test and post test design. and non probability convenient sampling technique was used and sample consisted of 30 mothers of school children Data analysis and interpretation was done using inferentional statistics It was observed that the post test mean scores was 78.36 and standard deviation was 20.723 which was significantly higher than the pretest mean value is 33.83 and standard deviation is 20.01 The t test value was 0.198 at P=0.5 level. Thus the findings of the study signify that structured teaching programme was effective in enhancing the knowledge of hepatitis. The researcher concluded that, the present study concluded that structured teaching programme on prevention of viral hepatitis was an effective method for providing moderate to adequate knowledge among school children to enhance their knowledge regarding prevention of viral hepatitis. Mrs P. Umalakshmi "Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Hepatitis among Mothers of School Children, Chennai" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63421.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/63421/effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-program-on-hepatitis-among-mothers-of-school-children-chennai/mrs-p-umalakshmi
KNOWLEDGE GAPS IN MALARIA MANAGMENT IN CAMEROON.pptxFidelityP
Malaria is a vector borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Until the late 19th Century, the contributory agent for malaria was largely unknown.
Malaria is one of the commonest infections, disproportionately affecting children and pregnant women
In 2019, an estimated 409,000 people died of malaria. Most (274,000) were young children, and 94% of the infections and deaths occurred in Africa. (WHO, 2019)
Children under five years are one of the most vulnerable groups affected by malaria. Severe anaemia, hypoglycaemia and cerebral malaria are features of severe malaria more commonly seen in children than in adults.
According to the WHO 2016 report, the global prevalence of malaria among under-five children was 16%. In the same year, the prevalence in Ethiopia was 0.6%.
Malaria is the most widespread endemic disease in Cameroon, responsible for 2.7 million reported cases, and absenteeism from school and work annually. It continues to be a major public health problem and is the first cause of infant-child morbidity and mortality with a mortality rate in children under five, estimated at 40%.
Much is being done to curb and eradicate malaria infection by the government, USAID and more.
Factors contributing to malnutrition among HIV positive children aged between...iosrjce
The objective of the study was to identify factors contributing to malnutrition among HIV positive
children aged between 6 and 60 months. The study utilized a non experimental descriptive design. It was a
hospital based study conducted at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospital pediatric wards. A total of 30 children and
30 caregivers were recruited through convenience sampling. The children had a confirmed diagnosis of
malnutrition, confirmed HIV positive, aged between 6 and 60 months and had to have a present caregiver
during data collection. There were no dropouts. The main outcome measure were anthropometric measurements
of the children namely; height, weight and mid upper arm circumference and the various stressors contributing
to malnutrition. Twenty-two (73.33%) children were males and 8 (26.66%) were females. Contributing factors
to malnutrition identified were presence other illnesses such as diarrhea, pneumonia, tuberculosis and
kwashiorkor, 19 (63.33%), low socioeconomic status (earned less than USD$100 dollars per month), 16
(53.33%), coming from a family with more than 5 dependants 11 (36.67%), not being on ART 15 (50%), and
birth weight below or equal to 2500g 6 (20%). The major contributing factors to malnutrition were
extrapersonal stressors (54.83) interpersonal stressors (30.28%) and intrapersonal stressors (29.76%).
Ijsrp p8825 Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (...Elizabeth kiilu
Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV services in selected hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya:A qualitative Study
Critical appraisal of child health policies, programs, guidelines and their i...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
Critical Appraisal of Child Health Policies, Programs, Guidelines and Their Implementation Strategies and Review the Current Status of National Context
Critical appraisal of child health policies, programs, guidelines and their i...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
Critical Appraisal of Child Health Policies, Programs, Guidelines and Their Implementation Strategies and Review the Current Status of National Context.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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2. Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends
treatment programs for schistosomiasis to target school-
age children who could be reached through the primary
school system, in collaboration with the education sec-
tor [1]. This method is considered affordable and cost-
effective [2,3]. The goal is to provide regular treatment
to at least 75% of school-age children at risk of morbid-
ity [4,5]. Successful schistosomiasis control programs
have been implemented in many countries [4-9]. Varying
levels of success have been reported in many developing
countries where regular chemotherapy with praziquantel
is implemented as the main strategy for schistosomiasis
control [9-13].
In Uganda, the national program for the control of
schistosomiasis adopted the WHO recommendations in
2003 and has since implemented school-based MDA
with praziquantel in high burden communities [14].
Realization of the public health benefits of MDA, such
as reduction in prevalence, intensity of infection and
morbidity attributable to schistosomiasis, will depend on
achieving and maintaining high annual treatment co-
verage. However, previous studies in Uganda have re-
ported a very low uptake of praziquantel in some areas
[11,15,16]. A baseline of the present study conducted in
primary schools of Jinja district showed that less than
30% of school children took praziquantel during the
2011 MDA [11]. Thus, measures are needed to increase
uptake of MDA in Uganda. Following the very low up-
take in 2011, the Ugandan national program attempted
to remedy the situation by adopting new strategies for
distribution of praziquantel. This paper reports the ef-
fects of the new strategy implemented in 2012 on levels
of uptake, children’s knowledge on schistosomiasis pre-
vention and prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis
before and after implementation.
Methods
Study design
Serial cross-sectional surveys were carried out in 2011
and 2012 in Jinja district. A survey before the 2011
MDA (hereafter referred to as the baseline) was con-
ducted in September 2011, six months after the 2010
MDA. Another survey was conducted in July 2012, three
weeks after the 2012 MDA (hereafter referred to as the
follow-up survey). Both surveys employed similar me-
thods of data collection.
Study setting
The surveys were carried out in the 12 primary schools
of Walukuba division, Jinja district of south-eastern
Uganda, where schistosomiasis is highly endemic. This
setting has been described elsewhere [11].
Implementation of MDA in the primary schools during
the 2011 MDA
During the 2011 MDA, praziquantel was distributed to
children on a grade basis, whereby, each grade (year of
study) was invited at a time, to receive treatment that
was distributed from one pre-arranged central place in
each school. The teachers distributed the drug to the
children using a standard dose pole and recorded the
treatment in the registers. The fear of treatment, lack of
teacher support to distribute treatment, and lack of
knowledge about schistosomiasis transmission and pre-
vention were some of the major reasons for the low up-
take of praziquantel during the 2011 MDA [11]. Lack of
funds to conduct trainings, cover teachers’ allowances
and to facilitate support supervision were deemed re-
sponsible for this state of affairs.
Strategies to improve uptake of praziquantel in 2012
MDA
Prior to the MDA in 2012, all teachers responsible for
distributing and recording treatment in the respective
schools received a one days’ refresher training in drug
distribution and recording and a small allowance of 2
US $ per teacher. In addition, all the school teachers re-
ceived T-shirts with inscriptions “NTD control program”
on the front and “Get rid of neglected diseases for better
health” at the back. Based on the assumption that there
are about 12 teachers in each primary school, a total of
12 T-shirts were distributed to each school. In addition,
all members of the district health team and the health
inspectorate staff also received T-shirts. Furthermore,
supervision of MDA by the district health staff was
strengthened through provision of transport allowances
to facilitate the staff to visit the schools and provide
technical support to the teachers during drug distribu-
tion. This facilitation was provided by the vector control
division, Ministry of Health with support from USAID.
It was anticipated that the re-training, strengthened super-
vision and provision of such incentives to the teachers
would uplift their enthusiasm to distribute the drugs to
the children and increase uptake.
Sample size
The uptake of praziquantel used to estimate the sample
size for this study was derived from the baseline study
[11]. It was assumed that after increasing teacher moti-
vation and strengthening supervision, the uptake would
increase by 10%. At 90% power and 95% confidence in-
terval (CI), the sample size required to detect this in-
crease for cross sectional studies is 483 in the follow-up
survey according to STATA 10.0 (TX, USA). This sam-
ple size was adjusted by 5% non-response to 507. A de-
sign effect of 2 was applied to obtain a minimum sample
size of 1,014. In this study, 1,020 children were randomly
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3. selected from the 12 primary schools to participate in
the follow-up survey.
Sampling and data collection
The study employed similar sampling and data collec-
tion methods as those used in the baseline study. The
children were randomly selected from grade (year) 4–6
in the 12 primary schools. The number of children to
participate in the study from each school and grade was
determined by probability proportional to size of the
school and grade population. The grade registers, where
the names of the children are arranged in alphabetical
order, were used as the sampling frame. Systematic sam-
pling was used to select the number of children from
each grade to participate in the face to face interviews
using a structured questionnaire and undergo a stool
examination for S. mansoni infection.
Measures
Children were questioned about their socio-demogra-
phic characteristics, whether they took praziquantel at
the last MDA and whether they experienced any prob-
lems after swallowing the drug. Uptake of praziquantel
was measured through self-report and was defined as
having received and swallowed praziquantel tablets at
the last MDA. In addition, knowledge of schistosomiasis
transmission and prevention was measured on a score
scale of 1–3. The children were asked to mention the dif-
ferent ways through which the infection can be acquired
and prevented, including taking preventive treatment.
Various correct options of the disease transmission and
prevention methods were listed on the questionnaire and
for each of the correct responses, a score of 1 was awar-
ded. Children who mentioned at least one correct method
of transmission and two correct methods of prevention
scored an aggregate of 3 and were regarded as having cor-
rect knowledge of schistosomiasis transmission and con-
trol. The prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection
was determined by examining one stool sample on two
consecutive days from each child using the Kato-Katz
faecal thick smear technique [17].
Statistical analysis
Analysis was done at the school level to obtain school-
specific uptake of praziquantel, prevalence and intensity
of S. mansoni infection. Mean and standard deviation
(S.D) were used to describe continuous data. Within-
school clustering was adjusted for using the cluster ro-
bust option and robust standard errors were used. 95%
CI was used for all the analyses. Chi-square test was
used to compare uptake levels, prevalence of infection,
knowledge of schistosomiasis transmission and preven-
tion and occurrence of side effects between the baseline
and follow-up surveys. Kruskal Wallis test was used to
compare intensity of infection between the two surveys.
STATA 10.0 (TX, USA) was used for analysis.
Quality control
We pre-visited the study primary schools to obtain up-
dated sampling frames. Experienced research assistants
conducted the interviews. These were trained in data
collection methods. Data was checked for completeness
and accuracy before leaving the school premises. The
principal investigator closely supervised the research as-
sistants during data collection.
Ethical considerations
Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from
Makerere University College of Health Sciences Higher
Degrees, Research and Ethics Committee and the Uganda
National Council for Science and Technology. Permission
to conduct the study in the schools was obtained from the
school management. Informed consent was obtained from
parents of the children selected to participate in the study.
Assent was obtained from the children. Children identi-
fied with S. mansoni and/or soil-transmitted helminth
(STH) infections were treated with praziquantel and/or
albendazole. Confidentiality was maintained by using a
coding system.
Results
Demographic characteristics
Overall, a total of 2,030 children were interviewed and
their stool examined for S. mansoni infection: 1,010 du-
ring the baseline survey and another 1,020 during the
follow-up survey. The mean age was 11.6 years (S.D 1.8)
and 11.5 years (S.D 1.7) (p = 0.92) at the baseline and
follow-up surveys, respectively. The proportion of fe-
males was 55.0% and 53.2% during the baseline and
follow-up surveys, respectively (p = 0.55). Table 1 shows
that the baseline and follow-up samples were compa-
rable in terms of sex, age, and prevalence and intensity
of infection with schistosomiasis.
Self-reported uptake of praziquantel
A significant increase was observed in the proportion of
children who reported to have taken praziquantel from
28.2% (95% CI 25.4%-30.9%) at baseline to 48.9% (95% CI
45.8%-52.0%) at the follow-up survey (p < 0.001). Uptake
at baseline and follow-up survey ranged from 11.2% to
69.0% and from 13.3% to 60.9%, respectively (Table 2).
Uptake among schools that reported moderate uptake at
baseline (≥ 50%) did not increase. In schools 4 and 5, up-
take decreased from 69.0% to 39.4% and from 64.5% to
41.4%, respectively. In school 9, uptake did not change. In
the rest of the schools with an uptake of less than 50% at
baseline, uptake increased in 7 (77.8%) of the schools at
follow-up.
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4. Prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection
Prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection was un-
changed between the baseline and follow-up surveys
with 35.0% (95% CI: 25.4%-37.9%) and 32.6% (95% CI:
29.6%-35.5%) (p = 0.25) and 156.7 epg (95% CI: 116.9-
196.5) and 133.1 epg (95% CI: 99.0-167.2) (p = 0.38),
respectively. Substantial variations in prevalence (and
intensity) of S. mansoni infection across the 12 schools
were observed at baseline and follow-up surveys and
ranged from 16.3% (10.1 epg) to 96.8% (1,419.1 epg) and
from 20.7% (18.3 epg) to 78.9% (778.5 epg), respectively
(Tables 3 and 4). Significant decrease in prevalence of in-
fection was observed in schools 4, 5 and 6 between the
two surveys. Intensity of infection significantly reduced in
school 5 but increased in schools 11 and 12 between the
two surveys (Table 4).
Occurrence of side effects and knowledge of
schistosomiasis transmission and control
Comparison of other parameters at baseline and follow-
up included the occurrence of side effects attributable to
praziquantel and knowledge of schistosomiasis transmis-
sion and prevention. There was no change in the pro-
portion of children who reported to have experienced
side effects after swallowing the drugs at follow-up (46.6%,
95% CI: 42.1%-51.2%) from the baseline (49.8%, 95% CI:
43.8%-55.8%) (p = 0.55). Similarly, there was no change in
the proportion of children who had correct knowledge of
schistosomiasis transmission and control at follow-up
(44.1%, 95% CI: 41.0%-47.2%) from the baseline (45.9%,
95% CI: 42.7%-48.9%) (p = 0.42).
Discussion
The self-reported uptake of praziquantel among school-
age children increased from 28.2% to 48.9% between the
two surveys. There was no change in prevalence and in-
tensity of S. mansoni infection as well as in levels of
knowledge on schistosomiasis transmission and control
and occurrence of side effects attributable to uptake of
praziquantel.
Although the increase in uptake of praziquantel was
statistically significant, it is unlikely to have public health
impact as observed by the persistent high prevalence
and intensity of infection with schistosomiasis in the
schools. The observed increase in self-reported uptake
may be attributable to the high level of engagement be-
tween the district health team and the teachers during
MDA as well as the provision of incentives including fa-
cilitation allowances and T-shirts to the school teachers
prior to MDA. Such incentives have been found useful
in motivating drug distributors [18]. In addition, im-
provement in self-reported uptake could have been as a
Table 1 Comparison of the included children at baseline and follow-up surveys
Variable Baseline (N = 1,010) Follow-up (N = 1,020) P value
Mean age in years (S.D) 11.6 (1.8) 11.5 (1.7) 0.92
Number of female children (%) 555 (55.0%) 543 (53.2%) 0.55
Prevalence of S. mansoni in % (n) 35.0% (354) 32.6% (332) 0.50
Intensity of S. mansoni (epg) 156.7 133.1 0.38
Table 2 Self-reported uptake of praziquantel at baseline and follow-up surveys
School (no) Baseline (N = 1,010) Follow-up (N = 1,020) P value
n Uptake % uptake (95% CI) n Uptake % uptake (95% CI)
1 70 12 17.1 (2.08–48.4) 75 44 58.7 (43.2–73.7) 0.011
2 61 16 26.2 (7.27–52.3) 70 39 55.7 (39.6–72.2) 0.047
3 75 19 25.3 (9.14–51.2) 70 44 62.9 (47.8–77.6) 0.006
4 55 38 69.0 (51.3–82.4) 71 28 39.4 (21.5–59.4) 0.017
5 31 20 64.5 (40.7–84.6) 73 30 41.4 (22.6–59.4) 0.109
6 104 26 25.0 (11.5–47.8) 100 45 45.0 (29.6–60.0) 0.093
7 107 25 23.4 (9.35–45.1) 100 53 53.0 (38.6–66.7) 0.014
8 107 12 11.2 (0.21–38.4) 92 56 60.9 (46.7–73.5) 0.002
9 82 48 58.5 (43.2–72.4) 71 42 59.2 (43.2–74.4) 0.946
10 104 17 16.3 (3.70–43.4) 101 55 54.5 (40.5–68.0) 0.006
11 110 28 25.5 (10.6–44.9) 98 13 13.3 (1.90–45.4) 0.377
12 104 24 23.1 (9.77–46.7) 99 50 50.5 (35.5–64.5) 0.025
Total 1,010 285 28.2 (22.9–33.6) 1,020 499 48.9 (44.4–53.4) <0.001
Muhumuza et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2013, 13:590 Page 4 of 8
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5. result of a more intensive follow-up by the district health
team and the presence of researchers in the schools dur-
ing the pre-visits and drug distribution. Such measured
improvements in an aspect of behaviour due to the sub-
jects’ awareness that they are being studied, the so-called
“Hawthorne effect”, have been reported in other studies
[19,20]. It is worrying that schools with moderate uptake
at baseline did not improve and even declined at follow-
up. A possible explanation is that concerted efforts to
improve uptake, such as the supervision of teachers by
the district health team during MDA, were concentrated
on schools with very low uptake at baseline. This ob-
servation suggests that modification of the conven-
tional school-based MDA programs may possibly improve
drug uptake and further studies are needed to test this
hypothesis.
The efficacy of praziquantel against S. mansoni infec-
tion is indisputable [3,8,21-23]. With improved uptake,
one would expect a reduction in prevalence and inten-
sity of the infection. Indeed, significant reductions in
prevalence were observed in schools (4, 5 and 6) with
high uptake levels. It is important to note that this is not
a cohort study which follows the same children from
baseline to follow-up. In the present study, the two study
populations in the two different time-points are not
completely identical. The persistent high infections des-
pite the increased uptake of praziquantel could be attri-
butable to the fact that the realized level of uptake is
Table 3 Prevalence of S. mansoni infection at baseline and follow-up
School (no) Baseline (N = 1,010) Follow-up (N = 1,020) P value
n % prevalence (95% CI) n % prevalence (95% CI)
1 70 24.3 (14.8–36.0) 75 22.7 (13.7–33.7) 0.82
2 61 19.7 (10.5–31.8) 70 21.4 (12.5–32.9) 0.81
3 75 36.0 (25.2–47.9) 70 30.0 (19.6–32.9) 0.44
4 55 94.5 (84.8–98.9) 71 78.9 (67.5–87.6) 0.01
5 31 96.8 (83.2–99.9) 73 56.2 (44.0–67.8) <0.001
6 104 55.8 (45.6–65.5) 100 24.0 (16.0–33.5) <0.001
7 107 35.5 (26.5–45.3) 100 29.0 (20.3–38.9) 0.39
8 107 30.0 (21.4–39.5) 92 20.7 (12.9–30.4) 0.13
9 82 34.2 (24.0–45.4) 71 38.0 (26.8–50.3) 0.63
10 104 19.2 (12.1–28.1) 101 30.7 (21.8–40.7) 0.06
11 110 21.0 (13.7–29.7) 98 30.6 (21.6–40.7) 0.11
12 104 16.3 (9.80–24.8) 99 22.2 (14.4–31.7) 0.29
Total 1,010 35.0 (25.4–37.9) 1,020 32.6 (29.6–35.5) 0.25
Table 4 Intensity of S. mansoni infection at baseline and follow-up
School (no) Baseline (N = 1,010) Follow-up (N = 1,020) P value
n GM intensity (95% CI) n GM intensity (95% CI)
1 70 42.7 (10.5–74.9) 75 30.9 (−3.8–65.6)) 0.62
2 61 22.6 (7.3–37.9) 70 40.8 (0.8–80.8) 0.42
3 75 35.7 (17.7–53.7) 70 18.3 (9.1–27.5) 0.09
4 55 1255.5 (798.3–1712) 71 778.5 (435.4–1103.5) 0.08
5 31 1419.1 (746.2–2092) 73 541.5 (274.4–808.6) 0.004
6 104 119.2 (61.6–176.8) 100 87.8 (27.4–148.2) 0.46
7 107 64.3 (27.5–101.1) 100 53.0 (25.9–80.1) 0.63
8 107 55.3 (22.7–87.9) 92 22.0 (9.8–34.2) 0.08
9 82 53.1 (7.5–98.7) 71 111.6 (−16.8 –239.9) 0.37
10 104 58.9 (−15.2–133.0) 101 36.1 (19.7–52.5) 0.56
11 110 11.7 (5.9–17.6) 98 34.6 (18.4–50.8) 0.01
12 104 10.1 (3.8–16.2) 99 35.0 (11.9–58.0) 0.03
Total 1010 156.7 (116.9–196.5) 1,020 133.1 (99.0–167.2) 0.38
GM (Geometric mean) intensity is among the positive cases only.
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6. lower than is recommended by the WHO and appa-
rently too low to affect the prevalence and intensity of
schistosomiasis among the children. Another factor that
could have contributed to the sustained high prevalence
and intensities of infection despite the increase in uptake
level is that praziquantel is not effective against juvenile
schistosomes [24]. The observed eggs may have been a
result of immature schistosomes developing into egg lay-
ing adult worms during the follow-up period. In this
study, 67% of the schools are located within a 5 km ra-
dius from lake victoria. Children from schools located
closer to the lake frequently visit the lake to fetch water,
bathe, to wash, and to swim [25] and therefore get in-
fected with schistosomiasis when they get into contact
with contaminated water. This explains the variations in
prevalence and geometric mean intensity across the dif-
ferent schools.
The fear of side effects of praziquantel, lack of know-
ledge about schistosomiasis transmission and prevention
and lack of teacher support to take preventive treatment
were highlighted as some of the major factors associated
with the low uptake among school-age children as re-
ported in the ealier paper from this study [11]. In the
follow-up of this study, approximately 50% of the chil-
dren who received treatment reported to have developed
side effects and as such, resistance to swallow the treat-
ment is perhaps inevitable as majority indicated that
they would not swallow the drug during the subsequent
MDA. Praziquantel causes transient side-effects of the
gastro-intestinal and central nervous system including
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache
and dizziness, especially when the drug is taken on an
empty stomach [23,26,27]. To mitigate the side-effects,
the drug should be taken with food [26]. However, most
children in rural areas do not take any meals while at
school [28] and some take treatment on empty stomachs
and experience the side-effects [2,22,29]. Considerable
reduction in occurrence of side-effects has been reported
in countries where praziquantel was administered with
food [2,10]. Therefore, implementing measures for miti-
gating the side effects attributable to praziquantel, such
as providing food during MDA, may improve uptake of
the drug among school children. High coverage of prazi-
quantel treatment among school children was achieved
by the national control program in Sierra Leone, where
a special feeding program for the children to mitigate
the side effects was provided [10].
Knowledge of schistosomiasis transmission and con-
trol was evidently lacking in more than 50% of the
children interviewed, a manifestation of the insufficient
health education provided prior to and during MDA.
During MDA, distribution of praziquantel takes prece-
dence with diminutive, if any, health education on the
infection transmission and control. In the absence of this
knowledge and with lack of a clear understanding of the
rationale of preventive treatment, there is a risk that the
targeted populations may resist the treatment [16,30].
Improved compliance to treatment for schistosomiasis
has been reported among school children with adequate
knowledge of schistosomiasis transmission and preven-
tion [11,30-32]. In this study, there was a considerable
variation in levels of knowledge of schistosomiasis trans-
mission and prevention across the primary schools that
ranged from 12.8% to 73.2% at baseline and from 27% to
69% at follow-up. This variation in levels of knowledge
of schistosomiasis transmission and prevention could ex-
plain the differences in uptake levels of treatment, and
prevalence and intensity of infection across the primary
schools in the two different time-points. Health educa-
tion programs for providing school children with infor-
mation about transmission and prevention are required
if sustained drop in prevalence and intensity of S. man-
soni infection among school children is to be achieved.
It is urged that with chemotherapy, prevalence and in-
tensity of decrease when health education is concur-
rently implemented [30,33].
Study limitations
The lack of a comparison group makes it difficult to at-
tribute the observed increase in uptake to strengthened
supervision and teacher motivation strategy. Moreover,
because data on self-reported uptake were derived from
interviews, it is possible that the children could have
provided desirable answers. However, the comparison of
our findings with those of previous studies in other set-
tings lend credibility to our observations and suggest
that the observed increase in uptake could have ensued
from the strengthened supervision by the district health
team and teacher motivation to distribute the drugs
[32,33]. The second limitation is the relatively low in-
trinsic capacity of the Kato-Katz technique to recover
parasite eggs from specimens of low infection inten-
sities compared to other parasitological methods [34,35].
To increase its sensitivity during the study, two samples
were taken from each child and two slides were prepared
per fecal sample.
Conclusions
Strengthening supervision and increasing teacher moti-
vation to distribute treatment is an important but not
sufficient strategy for improving uptake of praziquantel.
Uptake must be further increased to significantly reduce
levels of transmission of infection. The strategies for im-
proving uptake could be health education and/or mea-
sures to mitigate the side effects of the drug, such as
provision of a snack during MDA. Randomized con-
trolled trial studies should be undertaken to evaluate
such interventions.
Muhumuza et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2013, 13:590 Page 6 of 8
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/13/590
7. Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
SM, AK, FN and AO participated in the design of the study. SM participated
in data collection. SM and FN performed the statistical analysis. SM drafted
the article. All authors reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank the research assistants Akankwasa Angel, Nabweteme Angella,
Ampurire Joy, Bafumba Grace, Osire Peter, Kagwalo Geofrey, Nakaye Alice,
Kembabazi Diane, Alaboro Mary, Ssekiwano Samson, Funga Moses,
Tiriyeitu Samuel, Sserwadda Ivan, Isabirye Hamuza and Bayenda Gilbert who
participated in data collection. We acknowledge the cooperation of the staff
of Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Uganda, especially Dr Tukahebwa
Edrida, Turinawe Wilber and Nsimire Ephrance for their support in the
laboratory work of the study. We are grateful to DANIDA for funding the study.
Author details
1
School of Medicine, Child Health and Development Center, Makerere
University, Kampala, Uganda. 2
School of Public Health, Makerere University,
Kampala, Uganda. 3
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for
Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark.
Received: 23 July 2013 Accepted: 10 December 2013
Published: 13 December 2013
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doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-590
Cite this article as: Muhumuza et al.: Increasing teacher motivation and
supervision is an important but not sufficient strategy for improving
praziquantel uptake in Schistosoma mansoni control programs: serial
cross sectional surveys in Uganda. BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:590.
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