The document discusses nutrition needs at different life stages: childhood, adolescence, and elderly. For childhood, it covers growth charts, common nutrition risks like iron and zinc deficiencies, and healthy eating patterns with 3 meals and snacks. Adolescence brings peer influences and potential for eating disorders. Alcohol provides calories but excessive consumption can damage health. The elderly are prone to loss of muscle mass and mobility issues, requiring programs that provide nutrition assistance.

1. Lifecycle Nutrition Childhood, Adolescence and Elderly Nutrition

2. Measuring Growth Growth charts Follow a child along a percentile Types of growth charts: Height for Age Weight for Height Head Circumference Boys and Girls BMI not a valid health indicator in growing children

4. Nutrition Risks for Early Childhood Nutrients of concern: Protein – high need for essential amino acids, RDA = 0.95-1.10 grams/kg body weight Iron – stores depleted between 4 and 6 months of age Zinc – critical for body growth Vitamin D – difficult to obtain enough from food, seasonal variation in production ability via sunlight exposure

5. Early Childhood Eating Patterns Three main meals separated by snacks Parents or caregivers are primary role models Novel foods 12 exposures before a child no longer considers a food to be “new” anymore Satiety Tiredness, hunger, excitement, consistency Healthy eating patterns begin early

6. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture. www.MyPyramid.gov

7. Nutrition Risks for Early Childhood Iron, vitamin deficiencies Food jags Excessive fluids Sweet, fat flavors Milk Constant snacking Choking

8. Adolescent Nutrition Generally low risk More peer influence, less parental influence Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa

9. Alcohol and Nutrition Alcohol = ethanol Provides 7 kcal/gram One serving of alcohol depends on the alcohol content of the beverage (about 15 grams of ethanol per serving) Wine (4 oz) Beer (12 oz) Liquor (1.5 oz) Alcoholism – disease defined by the American Medical Association as impairment of physical and metal faculties due to chronic and excessive alcohol consumption Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug worldwide

10. Alcohol and Nutrition U.S. Dietary Guidelines If you consume alcohol, do so in moderation So what is moderate alcohol consumption? 2 or fewer drinks/day for men 1 or fewer drinks/day for women NO alcohol intake is recommended during pregnancy due to risk of fetal alcohol syndrome

11. Alcohol and Nutrition Metabolism of alcohol Absorbed rapidly through stomach and small intestine Crosses cell membranes readily, including brain cells Is released in urine, sweat, by lungs (BAC/breathalyzer) Rate of metabolism differs based on: Alcohol dehydrogenase and gender Body size Ethnicity Chronic use

12. Table 16.5

13. Alcohol and Nutrition Physical effects: Liver toxicity and cirrhosis (fluid production/beer belly) Oral, esophageal, and stomach cancer Brain damage Other organ damage Fat accumulation (beer belly)

14. Alcohol and Nutrition Social effects: Risk to self and others Poor work and school performance Violence, property damage Relationship problems Depression Risk of passing on alcoholic behaviors to children

15. Elder Nutrition Source: Bobroff LB, Shelnutt KP. MyPyramid for older adults. 2007. University of Florida. http://enafs.ifas.ufl.edu/MyPyramid%20for%20Older%20Adults.html. Accessed 12-4-08. Reprinted with permission.

16. Elder Nutrition DETERMINE acronym D E T E R M I N E

17. Elder Nutrition Body composition changes Decreased lean body mass, increased body fat percentage  decrease in BMR Nutrition risk factors: Alcoholism Anorexia (poor appetite) Chronic disease Dysphagia Dentition Depression or dementia Decreased mobility, fine motor skills

18. Nutrition risk, cont.: Food procurement and preparation Diminished sense of smell and taste Long-term care facility Loss of spouse Polypharmacy Vision problems Financial hardship Surgery

19. Fig. 16.3.jpg

20. Nutrition Services in the Community Food Stamp Program Emergency Food Assistance Program Child and Adult Care Food Program (for daycare situations) Senior Nutrition Program Congregate Meals Program Home-Delivered Meals Program Senior Center Meals on Wheels