Child And adolescent

1. Erikson's Psycho-Social
Theory of Development
Banaag, Bridget
Gagalac, Mikaela
Villoria, Krish Ann

2. Erik Erikson
German-American Psychoanalyst
Erik Erikson first published his eight stage theory
of human develop- ment in his 1950 book,
Childhood and Society.
The stages were in- cluded in the chap- ter
entitled "The Eight Ages of Man". He expanded
and refined his theory in later books and
revisions,
Joan Erikson expounded on a 'ninth' stage after
Erik's death. This is found in her 1996 revisions
to The Life Cycle Completed: A Review.

3. Quote: "Healthy children will not fear life if their elders have
integrity enough not to fear death." - Erik Erikson
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is a very relevant,
highly regarded and meaningful theory. Life is a continuous
process involving learning and trials which help us to grow.
Erikson's enlightening theory guides us and helps to tell us why.
Erikson's Psycho-Social
Theory of Development

4. Introduction to the 8 Stages
1. Erikson's theory combines psychological and social aspects, influencing
personality development.
2. It builds upon Freud's theory, incorporating cultural and social elements.
3. Erikson's ideas developed over time, shaped by his own experiences.
4. The theory is simple yet profound, aiding personal development and
understanding behavior.
5. It's applicable in various contexts such as teaching, parenting, and
conflict resolution.
6. Erikson's model is termed as biopsychosocial or bio-psycho-social
theory.

5. Understanding the Stages
The Epigenetic Principle
1. The epigenetic principle highlights the predetermined unfolding
of personality.
2. Each stage involves a psychosocial crisis with opposing
emotional forces.
3. Successfully passing through a stage results in a virtue of
psychosocial strength.
4. Failure may lead to maladaptations and malignancies.
5. The stages are not sharply defined, with elements overlapping.

6. Transition and Interconnection
Overlapping Transition
1. Transition between stages is gradual and organic.
2. Mutuality and generativity are significant aspects, reflecting intergenerational effects.
Stage Overview
1. Trust vs. Mistrust: Establishing trust in infancy.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Developing independence in toddlerhood.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt: Exploring roles in early childhood.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority: Building competence in school age.
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion: Forming identity in adolescence.

7. Stage 1 - Infancy
(Trust vs. Mistrust)
1. Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Goal: Develop trust without eliminating capacity for
mistrust
3. Positive Outcome (Virtue): Hope - belief that things will
work out well
4. Maladaptive Tendencies:
• Sensory Overtrust: Overly trusting, gullible
• Withdrawal: Characterized by depression, paranoia, possibly
psychosis

8. Stage 2 - Early Childhood (Autonomy
vs. Shame and Doubt)
1. Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
2. Goal: Achieve autonomy while minimizing shame and doubt
3. Positive Outcome (Virtue): Willpower or determination
4. Maladaptive Tendencies:
• Impulsiveness: Acting without considering abilities
• Compulsiveness: Fear of mistakes, perfectionism

9. Stage 3 - Play Age (Initiative vs. Guilt)
1. Psychosocial Crisis:
Initiative vs. Guilt
2. Goal: Learn initiative
without excessive guilt
3. Positive Outcome
(Virtue): Purpose
4. Maladaptive Tendencies:
• Ruthlessness: Pursuit of goals
without regard for others
• Inhibition: Fear of trying, avoidance
of risks

10. Stage 4 - School Age (Industry
vs. Inferiority)
1. Psychosocial Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority
2. Goal: Develop industry while avoiding excessive
feelings of inferiority
3. Positive Outcome (Virtue): Competency
4. Maladaptive Tendencies:
• Narrow Virtuosity: Focus on one area without
broader interests
• Inertia: Fear of failure, avoidance of
challenges

11. Stage 5 - Adolescence
(Identity vs. Role Confusion)
1. Psychosocial Crisis: Identity vs. Role
Confusion
2. Goal: Achieve ego identity and avoid role
confusion
3. Positive Outcome (Virtue): Fidelity
4. Maladaptive Tendencies:
• Fanaticism: Extreme adherence to beliefs,
intolerance
• Repudiation: Rejection of adult roles,
withdrawal from society
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12. Stage 6 - Young Adulthood
(Intimacy vs. Isolation)
1. Psychosocial Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
2. Goal: Achieve intimacy with others, avoid isolation
3. Positive Outcome (Virtue): Mutuality of Love
4. Maladaptive Tendencies:
• Promiscuity: Superficial intimacy without depth
• Exclusion: Loneliness, withdrawal, hatred

13. Stage 7 - Adulthood
(Generativity vs. Stagnation)
1. Psychosocial Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation
2. Goal: Achieve generativity, contribute to future
generations
3. Positive Outcome (Virtue): Caring
4. Maladaptive Tendencies:
• Overextension: Overcommitment, neglect of self
• Rejectivity: Withdrawal from society, lack of
contribution

14. Stage 8 - Late Adulthood (Ego
Integrity vs. Despair)
1. Psychosocial Crisis: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
2. Goal: Develop ego integrity, face end of life without
despair
3. Positive Outcome (Virtue): Wisdom
4. Maladaptive Tendencies:
• Presumption: False sense of ego integrity without
facing difficulties
• Disdain: Contempt for life, negativity
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