Adoption can be legal as well as illegal in India(Only Legal adoption recognized and Valid).
Under Indian law adoption is legal coalition between the party willing for adoption and a child,
Subject matter of ‘personal law’ where Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh by religion can make a legal adoption.
No separate adoption laws for Muslims, Christians and Parsis, so they have to approach court under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 for legal adoption.
According to section 2(aa) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Act, 2006, “adoption means the process through which the adopted child is permanently separated from his biological parent and becomes the legitimate child of his adoptive parents with all right, privileges and responsibility that are attached to the relationship”.
It is basically a way to present information related to juvenile act , delinquency , reasons , solutions to it and act and latest statistics related to juvenile crimes and case and statements of famous personalities on this serious issue.It is presented by by students of Kanoria College BBA third year students.
And plz if u like it plz comment and clip the slides.
It is basically a way to present information related to juvenile act , delinquency , reasons , solutions to it and act and latest statistics related to juvenile crimes and case and statements of famous personalities on this serious issue.It is presented by by students of Kanoria College BBA third year students.
And plz if u like it plz comment and clip the slides.
The christian Marriage Act 1872, introduction and essential conditions for marriage,and requirements for marriage ,and definitions of Church,minor,age group and timings for marriage ,schedules and parts of marriage act were explained as per the The Indian Christian Marriage Act,1872.Witness and location of marriage,pars and schedules of the act solemnization of marriage with clergyman,minister of religion was explained.marriage certificate,corrections and Record books in church were explained.
The girls have not vanished overnight. Decades of sex determination tests and female foeticide that has acquired genocide proportions are finally catching up with states in India.
This is only the tip of the demographic and social problems confronting India in the coming years. Skewed sex ratios have moved beyond the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. With news of increasing number of female foetuses being aborted from Orissa to Bangalore there is ample evidence to suggest that the next census will reveal a further fall in child sex ratios throughout the country.
The decline in child sex ratio in India is evident by comparing the census figures. In 1991, the figure was 947 girls to 1000 boys. Ten years later it had fallen to 927 girls for 1000 boys.
Since 1991, 80% of districts in India have recorded a declining sex ratio with the state of Punjab being the worst.
States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana have recorded a more than 50 point decline in the child sex ratio in this period.
Despite these horrific numbers, foetal sex determination and sex selective abortion by unethical medical professionals has today grown into a Rs. 1,000 crore industry (US$ 244 million). Social discrimination against women, already entrenched in Indian society, has been spurred on by technological developments that today allow mobile sex selection clinics to drive into almost any village or neighbourhood unchecked.
The PCPNDT Act 1994 (Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act) was modified in 2003 to target the medical profession - the ‘supply side’ of the practice of sex selection. However non implementation of the Act has been the biggest failing of the campaign against sex selection
According to the latest data available till May 2006, as many as 22 out of 35 states in India had not reported a single case of violation of the act since it came into force. Delhi reported the largest number of violations – 76 out of which 69 were cases of non registration of birth! Punjab had 67 cases and Gujarat 57 cases.
But the battle rages on.
The christian Marriage Act 1872, introduction and essential conditions for marriage,and requirements for marriage ,and definitions of Church,minor,age group and timings for marriage ,schedules and parts of marriage act were explained as per the The Indian Christian Marriage Act,1872.Witness and location of marriage,pars and schedules of the act solemnization of marriage with clergyman,minister of religion was explained.marriage certificate,corrections and Record books in church were explained.
The girls have not vanished overnight. Decades of sex determination tests and female foeticide that has acquired genocide proportions are finally catching up with states in India.
This is only the tip of the demographic and social problems confronting India in the coming years. Skewed sex ratios have moved beyond the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. With news of increasing number of female foetuses being aborted from Orissa to Bangalore there is ample evidence to suggest that the next census will reveal a further fall in child sex ratios throughout the country.
The decline in child sex ratio in India is evident by comparing the census figures. In 1991, the figure was 947 girls to 1000 boys. Ten years later it had fallen to 927 girls for 1000 boys.
Since 1991, 80% of districts in India have recorded a declining sex ratio with the state of Punjab being the worst.
States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana have recorded a more than 50 point decline in the child sex ratio in this period.
Despite these horrific numbers, foetal sex determination and sex selective abortion by unethical medical professionals has today grown into a Rs. 1,000 crore industry (US$ 244 million). Social discrimination against women, already entrenched in Indian society, has been spurred on by technological developments that today allow mobile sex selection clinics to drive into almost any village or neighbourhood unchecked.
The PCPNDT Act 1994 (Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act) was modified in 2003 to target the medical profession - the ‘supply side’ of the practice of sex selection. However non implementation of the Act has been the biggest failing of the campaign against sex selection
According to the latest data available till May 2006, as many as 22 out of 35 states in India had not reported a single case of violation of the act since it came into force. Delhi reported the largest number of violations – 76 out of which 69 were cases of non registration of birth! Punjab had 67 cases and Gujarat 57 cases.
But the battle rages on.
Laws , rules & regulations governing adoptions in india by dr alka mukherjee ...alka mukherjee
ADOPTION IN INDIA
The custom and practice of adoption in India dates back to the ancient times. Although the act of adoption remains the same, the objective with which this act is carried out has differed. It usually ranged from the humanitarian motive of caring and bringing up a neglected or destitute child, to a natural desire for a kid as an object of affection, a caretaker in old age, and an heir after death.[iii]
But since adoption comes under the ambit of personal laws, there has not been a scope in the Indian scenario to incorporate a uniform law among the different communities which consist of this melting pot. Hence, this law is governed by various personal laws of different religions.
Adoption is not permitted in the personal laws of Muslims, Christians, Parsis and Jews in India. Hence they usually opt for guardianship of a child through the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890.
Indian citizens who are Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, or Buddhists are allowed to formally adopt a child. The adoption is under the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956 that was enacted in India as a part of the Hindu Code Bills. It brought about a few reforms that liberalized the institution of adoption.
Position of humans under different personal laws Shreya Chaurasia
People of India belong to different religions and faiths. They are governed by different sets of personal laws in respect of matters relating to family affairs i.e. marriage, divorce, succession, etc. Indian personal law is fairly complex, with each religion adhering to its specific laws. Separate laws govern Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and followers of other religions. But not much progress has been made towards achieving the ideal of a uniform civil code which still remains a distant dream.
Position of humans is different under Hindu, Muslim, Christian as well as other personal laws with respect to Marriage, Divorce, Maintenance, Succession etc.
Legitimacy, Legitimation and Adoption under Private International Lawcarolineelias239
For matters concerning children, and their succeeding rights over parental property is being questioned on the basis of legitimacy or illegitimacy. Legitimation is allowed to convert the status of illegitimacy ti legitimate. Adoption also assures the welfare of the children.
Intricacies involved in the Child Custody and Guardianship in Hindus, Muslims, Christians and parsis residing in India. Under which circumstances Court can order Custody of a Child to any parent and Gaurdianship of a Child.
Legal Arrangements Regarding the Adoption of Children in Indonesiainventionjournals
The adoption of a child to be one way to get custody of the child. Indonesian law gives freedom to every citizen of both Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals to adopt a child to meet all the applicable procedures in order to ensure the survival of children and prevent children from the loss of the future.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Leaders are often faced with ethical conundrums(a confusing and difficult problem or question). So how can they determine when they’re inching toward dangerous territory? There are three main psychological dynamics that lead to crossing moral lines.
There’s omnipotence: when someone feels so aggrandized and entitled that they believe the rules of decent behavior don’t apply to them.
Consider cultural numbness: when others play along and gradually begin to accept and embody deviant norms.
Finally, when people don’t speak up because they are thinking of more immediate rewards, we see justified neglect.
Generally most people mean well, but simply execute their job poorly sometimes and sometimes, there are BAD bosses. We must learn “to Work "on Bad Boss
According to dictionary.com, “to work” something or someone is to put them into effective operation, to operate that thing or person for productive purposes.
Put your Bad Boss into effective operation to get whatever you want in your job or career by learning your boss’s secret desire and secret fear
Two biggest issues of Bad Boss are:
They can negatively impact our work performance.
They can make life miserable
We often hear “being difficult.” about Bad Boss. It’s hard to know exactly where the difficulty lie. All we know is it is difficult to work successfully with this person.
An incompetent person is someone who is
Functionally inadequate or
Insufficient in Knowledge, Skills, Judgment, or Strength
Mindset is a mental attitude that determines how we interpret and respond to situations.
Dweck has found that it is your mindset that plays a significant role in determining achievement and success.
A mindset refers to whether you believe qualities such as intelligence and talent are fixed or changeable traits.
People with a fixed mindset believe that these qualities are inborn, fixed, and unchangeable.
Those with a growth mindset, on the other hand, believe that these abilities can be developed and strengthened by way of commitment and hard work.
Story of Katalin Karikó, a researcher who won the Nobel prize for medicine for her work on modifying the RNA molecule to avoid triggering a harmful immune response is a classical example of mindset.
Yet, her life was full of rejection and doubt.
Her achievement had much to do with her mindset.
A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence.
A theory presents a concept or idea that is testable.
In science, a theory is not merely a guess.
A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon.
In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Hence study of Psychology theory is essential for SSB and all types of Interviewas it helps us to understand our own developmental psychology.k
Personality theorists should study normal individuals
All behavior is interactive
The person must be studied in terms of interactions with their environment
The brain is the locus of personality
There is a biological basis to personality
Definition of Personality
1- Personality is an abstraction formulated by a theorist.
2- It refers to series of events that ideally span over life time from childhood to adulthood
3-It reflects novel, unique, recurrent and enduring patterns of behaviours – his education and training .
4- Personality is located in brain- imagination, perception
5.Personality comprises the person’s central organizing and governing processes, whose function is to
Resolve conflicts,
Satisfy needs, and
Plan for future goals.
” Emotions are complex psychological states involving three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response”
"Discovering Psychology," by Don Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury
In 1972, psychologist Paul Ekman suggested that there are six basic emotions that are universal throughout human cultures: fear, disgust, anger, surprise, joy, and sadness.
In the 1980s, Robert Plutchik introduced another emotion classification system known as the wheel of emotions. This model demonstrated how different emotions can be combined or mixed together, much like the way an artist mixes primary colors to create other colors.
Plutchik proposed eight primary emotional dimensions: joy vs. sadness, anger vs. fear, trust vs. disgust, and surprise vs. anticipation.
These emotions can then be combined to create others, such as happiness + anticipation = excitement.
In 1999, Ekman expanded his list to include a number of other basic emotions, including embarrassment, excitement, contempt, shame, pride, satisfaction, and amusement
Anger is an intense emotion you feel when
Something has gone wrong or
Someone has wronged you.
It is typically characterized by feelings of
Stress,
Frustration, and
Irritation.
Anger is a perfectly normal response to frustrating or difficult situations.
Anger only becomes a problem when
It’s excessively displayed and
Begins to affect your daily functioning and the way you relate with people.
Anger can range in intensity, from a slight annoyance to rage.
It can sometimes be excessive or irrational.
In these cases, it can be hard to keep the emotion in check and could cause you to behave in ways you wouldn’t otherwise behave.
Cognitive distortions are
Negative or irrational patterns of thinking.
Simply ways that Impostor Syndrome convinces us to believe things that aren’t really true.
Inaccurate thought patterns that
Reinforce our negative self perception and
Keep us feeling bad about ourselves
These negative thought patterns can play a role in
Diminishing our motivation,
Lowering our self-esteem
Contributing to problems like
Anxiety,
Depression, and
Substance use.
Trauma Bonding is the attachment an abused person feels for their abuser, specifically in a relationship with a cyclical pattern of abuse.
Is created due to a cycle of abuse and positive reinforcement
After each circumstance of abuse, the abuser professes love, regret, and trying to make the relationship feel safe and needed for the abused person.
Hence Abused
Finds leaving an abusive situation confusing and overwhelming
Involves positive and/or loving feelings for an abuser
Also feel attached to and dependent on their abuser.
Emotional abuse involves controlling another person by using emotions to Criticize , Embarrass ,Shame ,Blame or
Manipulate .
To be abusive there must be a consistent pattern of abusive words and bullying behaviours that Wear down a person’s Self-esteem and Undermine Their mental health.
Most common in married relationships,
Mental or emotional abuse can occur in any relationship—including among
Friends
Family members and
Co-workers
Attachment-related patterns that differ between individuals are commonly called "attachment styles."
There seems to be an association between a person’s attachment characteristics early in life and in adulthood, but the correlations are far from perfect.
Many adults feel secure in their relationships and comfortable depending on others (echoing “secure” attachment in children).
Others tend to feel anxious about their connection with close others—or prefer to avoid getting close to them in the first place (echoing “insecure” attachment in children).
Borderline personality disorder, characterized by a longing for intimacy and a hypersensitivity to rejection, have shown a high prevalence and severity of insecure attachment.
Attachment styles in adulthood (similar to attachment patterns in children):
Secure
Anxious-preoccupied (high anxiety, low avoidance)
Dismissing-avoidant (low anxiety, high avoidance)
Fearful-avoidant (high anxiety, high avoidance)
Conduct disorder is an ongoing pattern of behaviour marked by emotional and behavioural problems.
Ways in which Children with conduct disorder behave are
Angry,
Aggressive,
Argumentative, and
Disruptive ways.
It is a diagnosable mental health condition that is characterized by patterns of violating
Societal norms and
Rights of others
It's estimated that around 3% of school-aged children have conduct disorder and require professional treatment .
It is more common in boys than in girls.
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder that typically emerges in childhood, between ages 6 and 8, and can last throughout adulthood.
ODD is more than just normal childhood tantrums
Frequency and severity of ODD causes difficulty at home and at school.
Children with ODD also struggle with learning problems related to their behavior.
Two types of oppositional defiant disorder:
Childhood-onset ODD:
Present from an early age
Requires early intervention and treatment to prevent it from progressing into a more serious conduct disorder
Adolescent-onset ODD:
Begins suddenly in the middle- and high-school years, causing conflict at home and in school
There have been at least 13 different types of intelligence that have been identified so far.
These different ways of being smart can help people perform in different areas from their personal life, business, to sports and relationships.
Attachment is an emotional bond with another person. John Bowlby described attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.“
Earliest bonds formed by children (with caregivers) have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life and Attachment so developed
Serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival.
Are innate drive Children are born with and is a product of evolutionary processes
Emerges and are regulated through the process of natural selection,
Are characterized by clear behavioural and motivation patterns.
Nurturance and responsiveness were the primary determinants of attachment.
Children who maintained proximity to an attachment figure were more likely to
Receive comfort and protection, and
More likely to survive to adulthood.
e-RUPI is a person and purpose-specific cashless e-voucher designed to guarantee
that the stored money value reaches its intended beneficiary and can only be used for
the specific benefit or purpose for which it was intended. The idea is to create a minimal
logistics, leak-proof delivery mechanism for a wide range of government Direct Benefit
Transfer (DBT) programs across the country. The digital e-voucher platform can also
be used by organizations who wish to support welfare services through e-RUPI instead
of cash
The term ‘Moonlighting’ became popular in America when people started working a second job in addition to their regular 9-to-5 jobs. Since the rise of the work-from-home concept during the pandemic, employees got free time after work hours. While some took up their hobby in their free time, others started searching for part-time jobs. Especially in the IT industry, employees took up two jobs simultaneously and took advantage of the remote working model. This concept of working for two companies/organisations is referred to as moonlighting.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. “There are no unwanted children, just unfound
families.”
3. INTRODUCTION TO CHILD ADOPTION IN TWENTY FIRST
CENTURY
Adoption has always been a sacred act performed by the humans.
Def ( Merriam-Webster legal dictionary )“to take voluntarily (a child of
other parents) as one’s own child especially in compliance with formal
legal procedures”.
Adoption can be legal as well as illegal in India(Only Legal adoption recognized
and Valid).
Under Indian law adoption is legal coalition between the party willing
for adoption and a child,
Subject matter of ‘personal law’ where Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh by
religion can make a legal adoption.
No separate adoption laws for Muslims, Christians and Parsis, so they
have to approach court under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 for legal
adoption.
According to section 2(aa) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Amendment Act, 2006, “adoption means the process through
which the adopted child is permanently separated from his biological
parent and becomes the legitimate child of his adoptive parents with all
4. WHO IS ALLOWED TO ADOPT A CHILD IN INDIA?
In India,
An Indian whether he is married or single,
Non-Resident Indian (NRI), or
A person belonging to any nationality (foreigner) may adopt a child.
The guidelines and documentation process for each group of adoptive
parents may differ.
5. WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO ADOPT A CHILD IN INDIA?
Under THE HINDU ADOPTIONS AND MAINTENANCE ACT, 1956 following
category of people can make adoptions:
“Any male Hindu (including Buddhist, Jain or Sikh by religion) who is
of sound mind, not a minor and is eligible to adopt a son or a
daughter”.
But if such male has living spouse at a time of adoption then he can adopt
a child only with a consent of his wife (unless she has been declared
incompetent to give her consent by the court).
“Any female Hindu (including Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh by religion) who
is not married, or if married, whose husband is not alive or her marriage
has been dissolved or her husband has been declared incompetent by
the court has the capacity to take a son or daughter in adoption”.
6. WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO ADOPT A CHILD IN INDIA?
Conditions for adoption by Hindu couples or single parent
1. “In case of adoption of a son by any Hindu male or female, there
should not be any living son in the succeeding three generation of
the party (whether by legitimate blood relationship or by adoption)
at the time of adoption.
2. In case of adoption of a daughter by any Hindu male or female,
they should not have any daughter or son’s daughter at the time of
adoption.
3. Where there is an adoption of a daughter by a male then the adoptive
father should be at least twenty-one years older than the child.
4. Where there is an adoption of a son by a female than the adoptive
mother should be at least twenty-one years older than the child”.
7. WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO ADOPT A CHILD IN INDIA?...
Personal laws of Muslim, Christian, Parsis and Jews do not recognise
complete adoption so if a person belonging to such religion has a desire to
adopt a child can take the guardianship of a child under section 8 of the
Guardians and Wards Act, 1890.
This statute only makes a child a ward, not an adoptive child.
According to this statute, the movement child turns to the age of 21,
he is no longer consider as a ward and treated as individual identity.
In “Mohammed Allahadad Khan v. Muhammad Ismail” it was held that
there is nothing in the Mohammedan Law similar to adoption as recognized
in the Hindu System.
Acknowledgement of paternity under Muslim Law is the nearest approach
to adoption.
8. WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO ADOPT A CHILD IN INDIA?...
However, an adoption can take place from an orphanage by obtaining
permission from the court under Guardians and Wards Act.
Christians can take a child in adoption under the Guardians and Wards
Act, 1890 only under foster care.
Once a child under foster care becomes major, he is free to break away all
his connections from his adoptive parents.
Intercountry adoption: No separate act that governs adoption by foreign
citizens or NRIs but it is covered under Guidelines Governing Adoption of
Children, 2015.
Misuse or illegal use of the children through adoption is prevented.
As per the Supreme Court Guidelines for intercountry adoption a foreign
parent can adopt an Indian child before he/she completes the age of 3
years.
In the absence of any concrete Act on intercountry adoption, the provisions
of Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 will be followed for adoption.
In case of adoption of abandoned, abused and surrendered children all
intercountry adoptions shall be done only as per the provisions THE
9. WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO ADOPT A CHILD IN INDIA?...
Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 remains silent about the adoption of
orphans, abandoned and surrendered children.
Chapter VIII of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,
2015 deals with adoption in such category of the child.
Section 58 of this Act defines that any Indian citizen of India, irrespective of
their religion, if interested to adopt an orphan or abandoned or surrendered
child, may apply for the same to a Specialised Adoption Agency, in the
manner as provided in the adoption regulations framed by the Authority.
Section 57 of this Act deals with Eligibility of prospective adoptive parents.
As per this Section, the adoptive parents should be physically fit,
financially sound, mentally alert and highly motivated to adopt a child for
providing a good upbringing to him and both partners must consent for the
adoption.
A single or divorced person can also adopt in accordance with the
provisions of adoption regulations framed by the Authority but a single
male is not allowed to adopt a girl child.
10. WHO CAN BE ADOPTED?
As per the Hindu law following child may be adopted namely-
The child can either be a girl or a boy if he/she is a Hindu.
He/ She has not been adopted before.
The age of the child is below 15 years.
The child should not be married.
As per the Guardianship law and The Juvenile Justice (Care and protection
of children) ACT, 2015 following child may be adopted namely-
Who is not a Hindu?
Who is minor (not completed the age of 18 years).
An orphan or abandoned or surrendered child.
11. WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY PROCEDURE FOR A VALID
ADOPTION?
Under The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 the party willing for
adoption can make application to Child Welfare Agency.
Registration can be done either an Adoption Coordinating Agency
(ACA) found in each state’s capital city, or an agency certified by the
Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) in New Delhi.
After this, the agency conducts a preliminary interview with the adopting
couple in order to understand their intention and motivation behind adoption.
Once the party decides which child are they going to adopt they file the
petition at the court of apt jurisdiction, where court hearing takes place
regarding adoption (the court is required to dispose the adoption case within
2 months).
Once the Court issues the decree, the adoption is finalized.
Under The Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890 the party seeking
guardianship has to file application to the Court where they provide complete
information on them, reasons behind to become guardian of a child and other
information asked in the application.
After admitting the application, the court will set the date of hearing where it will
hear and view evidence, requirements and considering the interests of a minor,
12. WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY PROCEDURE FOR A VALID
ADOPTION?
There is a directive that adoption proceedings have to be completed within
two hearings, and the petition has to be disposed of within two months of the
filing of the petition.
The certified copy of the order has to be obtained by the agency within 10
days. The agency must also obtain the birth certificate of the child, with the
names of the adoptive parents.
13. OTHER ASPECT OF ADOPTION
HOW MUCH TIME DOES THE ENTIRE PROCESS TAKE?
Adopting a child in India is a long process.
Earlier, parents who wished to adopt would go to the nearest agency and
register. The agency would match preferences of the couple with the
children available. The match may or may not happen, and would take
months, even years.
Now, all adoption agencies have to upload details and the Central
Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) software will match
preferences across the country. This has lessened the duration of an
adoption.
WHAT WILL BE THE AGE OF THE BABY I CAN ADOPT? WHAT IS THE
MOST COMMON RANGE?
Under Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act,1956 a child who has completed
the the age of fifteen years shall not be given in adoption unless there is a
custom or usage applicable to the parties who is willing to make an adoption
which permits them to adopt a child above the age of fifteen years.
Under The Guardians and Wards Act any child who had not completed 18
14. OTHER ASPECT OF ADOPTION
CAN I SPECIFY THE GENDER AND THE AGE OF KID I WANT TO
ADOPT?
An adoptive parent is allowed to ask for a child, as per their preferences.
For example a parent may ask for a child of a certain age, gender (if it is the
first child in the family), skin colour, religion, special features, health
condition, etc. However, greater the specifications, more difficult it is to find a
child who conforms to them.
WILL I BE GIVEN MANY OPTIONS TO CHOOSE FROM?
Since India has an overpopulation problem, with so many unwanted children,
there are various options for the adoptive parents. Depending on the
adoptive parent’s desired details, children are scrutinised to find a suitable
match. When a child with the desired characteristics is found, she is shown
to the prospective parents. In case the parents are unhappy with the
selection, about two more children with the same characteristics may be
presented to the parents.
15. OTHER ASPECT OF ADOPTION
CAN A PERSON ADOPT A CHILD IF HE ALREADY HAS A CHILD?
Yes. The gender of the child becomes a factor here. The Hindu Adoption and
Maintenance Act, 1956 (HAMA, under which Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists
and Arya Samaj adopt) allows only to adopt a child of the opposite gender to
the adoptive parent which they already have. There is no such problem under
the other 2 adoption laws, namely the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 and
the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 which has enabled many Indians to adopt a
child of the same gender.
IS THERE A MINIMUM INCOME NEEDED FOR ADOPTING A CHILD?
As per CARA, couples must have a minimum average monthly income of Rs.
3000. Lower income may be considered considering other assets and
support systems e.g. one’s own house etc.
16. CONCLUSION
An adoption is a pious act so it should be performed by the people at a large
scale because India is a country where there is too much population and
there is a huge number of unwanted children.
In the past few years, agencies and adoptive parents have noted a growing
preference for the girl child over boys in India’s adoption system. Adoption is
one of the ways to control and prevent female foeticide and infanticide
problem raging in India. And what could be better to give a good and
standard life to a child who really need it.