This document provides an overview of various imaging modalities used for chest imaging including plain chest radiographs, computed tomography, MRI, nuclear medicine scans, ultrasound, and pulmonary angiography. It describes the technical aspects and clinical applications of each modality. Key points covered include how plain chest radiographs remain diagnostic in 80% of cases and involve standard views like PA and lateral. Computed tomography is further described as the main investigation used to evaluate most abnormal chest radiograph findings and certain scenarios like pulmonary embolism. [END SUMMARY]
Pulmonary Lobar Collapse:Essential Considerations 14 Dr. Muhammad Bin ZulfiqarDr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
This presentation is from 15th chapter of Grainger and Allison--Diagnostic Radiology A TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL IMAGING.
My aim behind all these presentation is to provide authentic images. As our all radiology revolve around images of diseases. We can put these ppts in our androids for study and references.
Pulmonary Lobar Collapse:Essential Considerations 14 Dr. Muhammad Bin ZulfiqarDr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
This presentation is from 15th chapter of Grainger and Allison--Diagnostic Radiology A TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL IMAGING.
My aim behind all these presentation is to provide authentic images. As our all radiology revolve around images of diseases. We can put these ppts in our androids for study and references.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
4. Computed Tomography
• Numerous
protocols/techniques
depending on clinical
history
• Helical/spiral versus high
resolution
• Contrast
– Renal failure
– Allergy
5. Computed Tomography
• Role of CT
– Main further investigation
for most CXR abnormality
(eg nodule/mass) or to
exclude disease with
normal CXR
– Main investigation for
certain scenarios (PE,
dissection, trauma)
6. MRI
• Multiple planes
• No radiation
• Common Indication
– Pancoast tumour
– Brachial plexus
– Cardiac
– Vascular (aorta)
• Usually targeted
examination (unlike
CT)
Coronal
7. Nuclear Medicine
• Variety of tests: functional rather than
anatomic
• V/Q specific to chest imaging
• Others: bone scan, gallium, WBC etc.
8. Ultrasound
• Limited use in thorax (non cardiac) due to
air in lungs
• Assess pleural effusions
• Mainly used for procedures
9. Chest Radiographs
• PA (posterior to anterior) and Lateral (left)
– Minimizes magnification of heart (heart closest to film)
• Portable (nearly always AP)
– Supine or Erect
• Specialized Views
– Lordotic
– Lateral decubitus (for effusions, pneumothorax)
10. Lordotic View
Better assess apices without bone overlap
11. 1
1: Adequate penetration of
4
a the mediastinum-is the
a thoracic spine seen?
2: Has the patient taken a good
inspiratory effort? About 8-10
7
posterior thoracic ribs should be
seen through the lungs
3: Is there any rotation of the
chest? Assessed by checking
10 the upper thoracic spinous
process (oval) in relation to the
medial ends of the clavicles
(lines ‘a’) - this CXR is rotated to
left
15. Chest Radiograph: Approach and
Normal Anatomy
THERE IS NO ONE APPROACH: BE SYSTEMATIC
• Bone and Soft Tissue including abdomen
• Heart
• Mediastinum-aorta, trachea
• Hila
• Pulmonary Vasculature
• Lungs
• Pleura
16. Sequence For X Ray Reading
5 Ds
• Detect
• Describe
• Differential Diagnosis
• Discuss
• Diagnosis
24. Pulmonary Artery
Left Lung
Coronal Image
PA
Lung “markings”
are
pulmonary arteries
and veins
25. • Spine Sign: Lungs
posteriorly should get
Scapula
darker as you go down
inspexp more inferiorly
Retrosternal
Airspace
Hilum
IVC
Pulmonary
Vessels
26. Case: (Look at the trachea)
Trachea is
Deviated by
large mass
(goiter)
27. Abnormal Cases
• Bone
• Cardiovascular
• Airspace Disease including Silhouette Sign
• Interstitial Disease and Pulmonary Edema
• Atelectasis
• Pulmonary Nodule
• Pleura and Diaphragm
• Mediastinal Mass
28.
29. ACINAR PATTERN (CXR)
Radiology: Round or elliptical ill-defined 4-8mm opacities in lung
Microscopic: Portion of lung distal to terminal bronchial (respiratory bronchial,
alveolar duct, alveolar sac and alveoli) is the acinus
CXR close up of acinar pattern
30. ACINAR PATTERN (CT SCAN)
Round or elliptical ill-defined 4-8mm opacities in
lung
CT scan of right upper lobe
showing typical acinar pattern
(arrow)
32. NODULAR PATTERN
Collection of innumerable small, linear and nodular opacities
together producing a net with small superimposed nodules.
CT
CXR
Close up of nodular pattern
33. EMPHYSEMA:
Abnormally expanded air spaces distal to terminal
bronchiole with destruction of walls of involved air
spaces..
BULLA: Gas containing avascularity of lung measuring 1cm or more in
diameter, 1mm thickness
Bulla CT of bulla
34. Pneumonia (consolidation)
• Air bronchograms would confirm an alveolar process.
• The lung volume should not be lost (may even be
increased).
• Usually all radiographic abnormalities should disappear
after 6 weeks of appropriate antibiotic therapy.
40. Consolidation and follow-up X-rays
• Recommendations are, repeat film at 1, 3 and 7 days to check for
the development of complications.
• Resolution of the X-ray signs always lags behind the clinical
findings
• The X-ray should therefore be repeated 4 weeks later to check for
resolution.
• If there is persistent consolidation at this stage, further investigation
is necessary to exclude an obstructive lesion.
41. SIGNS OF COLLAPSE
DIRECT SIGNS:
• Displacement of fissures
• Loss of aeration
• Vascular & bronchial signs
INDIRECT SIGNS:
• Mediastinal & Hilar displacement
• Elevation of Hemidiphragm
• Compensatory hyperinflation
72. Severe heart failure
• Severe pulmonary edema gives confluent
alveolar shadowing which spreads out from the
hilum giving a 'bat's wing' appearance.
• If this is the cause of generalized shadowing
then upper lobe blood diversion and Kerley B
lines should be present.
• In pulmonary edema hilum may appear
distended and the vessels close to the hilum
may be blurred.
73. Severe heart failure vs. non-
carcinogenic pulmonary edema
• In non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema the heart
size is likely to be normal and there will not
necessarily be sparing of the peripheries.