This study examined the influence of environmental knowledge, attitudes, environmental concern, and social influence on the green purchase intentions of American and Chinese consumers. A survey was conducted in Shanghai, China with 200 American and 200 Chinese consumers. The results found a significant relationship between the independent variables and green purchase intention. Significant differences were also found between the individualistic American consumers and collectivistic Chinese consumers, except for environmental concern. The study provides recommendations for marketers based on the findings.
This document discusses a study that examined how demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity affect a person's willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly products. The study found that willingness to pay differs across these groups. People who rated concern for waste as highly important were more willing to spend extra on eco-friendly options. The findings suggest developing tailored education strategies could encourage more consumers to purchase sustainable products, thereby creating a healthier environment for current and future generations.
This document summarizes a research paper presented at the 2013 WEI International Academic Conference in Istanbul, Turkey. The research paper examines the relationship between factors that affect green purchase intentions among consumers in Pakistan. Specifically, it analyzes the impact of environmental concern, social influence, self-image, and man-nature orientation on green purchase intention. The statistical analysis found that environmental concern did not impact green purchasing intention, while social influence, self-image, and man-nature orientation did influence green purchase intention. The document provides context on green consumerism and discusses relevant literature on green purchase intention and the factors analyzed in the research.
Rokka et al-2008-international_journal_of_consumer_studiesAli Mohsin
This document discusses a study that examines whether consumers value environmentally friendly packaging when choosing consumer products. The study uses a choice-based conjoint analysis to understand consumer preferences for attributes like packaging, brand, price and convenience for functional drink products. The results show that consumers have different preferences and can be segmented into groups. Contrary to some previous studies, the largest segment, about one-third of consumers, valued environmentally labeled packaging as the most important criteria in their product choices. The findings suggest the environmental dimension is increasingly important to consumers when making product choices.
This document describes an empirical study conducted on consumer preferences and attitudes towards green packaging of foods and beverages in India. The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative research methods. For the qualitative research, historical data and artifacts were analyzed to understand the reasons governing consumer behavior. Based on this, 11 independent variables that may impact consumer preferences were identified.
A questionnaire with 44 questions was then developed and distributed online to 151 respondents in tier 1 and 2 cities to collect primary quantitative data. The data was analyzed to measure the impact of the identified variables on consumer attitudes and preferences. Key findings included that consumer attitude is highly dependent on environmental concern, perceived consumer effectiveness, and governmental laws and policies. Consumer preference was found to highly depend on price,
This study aimed to replicate previous research examining how status and political orientation influence pro-environmentalism and green product selection. The researchers found that priming participants with thoughts of status did not make them more likely to select green products over conventional options, failing to replicate past findings. Additionally, liberals did not score higher on an environmental questionnaire than conservatives. The inability to replicate prior results suggests the need for further replication research to validate original study conclusions.
1) The document discusses a study that examines the influence of social norms (descriptive and injunctive norms) and attitude on the actual purchasing behavior of sustainable fashion products.
2) It reviews literature showing that social norms and attitude have been found to positively influence purchase intentions of sustainable products. Purchase intention is also expected to positively influence actual purchasing behavior.
3) The study aims to measure the relationships between social norms, attitude, purchase intention, and actual buying behavior of sustainable fashion products among consumers in Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia.
Mr project(attitude towards eco products)subho1988
The document reports on a study conducted to examine consumer attitudes towards eco-friendly products sold at Dilli Haat market in New Delhi. The study used a questionnaire with Likert scale questions to collect data from 60 respondents split evenly between male and female. Descriptive statistics and independent t-tests were used to analyze the data and compare attitudes between male and female respondents.
The document discusses how competition and status-seeking behaviors can be leveraged to promote pro-environmental behaviors. It argues that people are motivated by gaining status within social groups, and will adopt green behaviors if they believe it will increase their status. By making environmentalist behaviors more conspicuous and tying them to social norms, marketing messages can encourage competition over who is most pro-environmental. This framework is proposed as an alternative to traditional social marketing that has had limited success in changing behaviors.
This document discusses a study that examined how demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity affect a person's willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly products. The study found that willingness to pay differs across these groups. People who rated concern for waste as highly important were more willing to spend extra on eco-friendly options. The findings suggest developing tailored education strategies could encourage more consumers to purchase sustainable products, thereby creating a healthier environment for current and future generations.
This document summarizes a research paper presented at the 2013 WEI International Academic Conference in Istanbul, Turkey. The research paper examines the relationship between factors that affect green purchase intentions among consumers in Pakistan. Specifically, it analyzes the impact of environmental concern, social influence, self-image, and man-nature orientation on green purchase intention. The statistical analysis found that environmental concern did not impact green purchasing intention, while social influence, self-image, and man-nature orientation did influence green purchase intention. The document provides context on green consumerism and discusses relevant literature on green purchase intention and the factors analyzed in the research.
Rokka et al-2008-international_journal_of_consumer_studiesAli Mohsin
This document discusses a study that examines whether consumers value environmentally friendly packaging when choosing consumer products. The study uses a choice-based conjoint analysis to understand consumer preferences for attributes like packaging, brand, price and convenience for functional drink products. The results show that consumers have different preferences and can be segmented into groups. Contrary to some previous studies, the largest segment, about one-third of consumers, valued environmentally labeled packaging as the most important criteria in their product choices. The findings suggest the environmental dimension is increasingly important to consumers when making product choices.
This document describes an empirical study conducted on consumer preferences and attitudes towards green packaging of foods and beverages in India. The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative research methods. For the qualitative research, historical data and artifacts were analyzed to understand the reasons governing consumer behavior. Based on this, 11 independent variables that may impact consumer preferences were identified.
A questionnaire with 44 questions was then developed and distributed online to 151 respondents in tier 1 and 2 cities to collect primary quantitative data. The data was analyzed to measure the impact of the identified variables on consumer attitudes and preferences. Key findings included that consumer attitude is highly dependent on environmental concern, perceived consumer effectiveness, and governmental laws and policies. Consumer preference was found to highly depend on price,
This study aimed to replicate previous research examining how status and political orientation influence pro-environmentalism and green product selection. The researchers found that priming participants with thoughts of status did not make them more likely to select green products over conventional options, failing to replicate past findings. Additionally, liberals did not score higher on an environmental questionnaire than conservatives. The inability to replicate prior results suggests the need for further replication research to validate original study conclusions.
1) The document discusses a study that examines the influence of social norms (descriptive and injunctive norms) and attitude on the actual purchasing behavior of sustainable fashion products.
2) It reviews literature showing that social norms and attitude have been found to positively influence purchase intentions of sustainable products. Purchase intention is also expected to positively influence actual purchasing behavior.
3) The study aims to measure the relationships between social norms, attitude, purchase intention, and actual buying behavior of sustainable fashion products among consumers in Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia.
Mr project(attitude towards eco products)subho1988
The document reports on a study conducted to examine consumer attitudes towards eco-friendly products sold at Dilli Haat market in New Delhi. The study used a questionnaire with Likert scale questions to collect data from 60 respondents split evenly between male and female. Descriptive statistics and independent t-tests were used to analyze the data and compare attitudes between male and female respondents.
The document discusses how competition and status-seeking behaviors can be leveraged to promote pro-environmental behaviors. It argues that people are motivated by gaining status within social groups, and will adopt green behaviors if they believe it will increase their status. By making environmentalist behaviors more conspicuous and tying them to social norms, marketing messages can encourage competition over who is most pro-environmental. This framework is proposed as an alternative to traditional social marketing that has had limited success in changing behaviors.
Organic food industry is trending with blooming profits and market revenues. Many reasons have emerged for this growth in the industry: health conscious consumers, more awareness due to globalization, increased access to newer products and health variants of conventional food, environment protection and animal welfare concerns, and ethical motives. The practice of companies targeting the ‘ecological consumers’ who can
pay a premium for organic food is more than what it was five years ago. The increase in eco-friendly people along with the shift from a ‘producer-oriented market’ to a ‘consumer-oriented market’ is signalling an increase in the demand of organic food. Extant research has shown varied results in terms of health
consciousness, food safety concerns, gender differences, and ecological awareness. However, there are limitations and gaps in them like small sample size, rural and suburban difference, varied age differences, and vague assumptions to list a few.
In the current research, these gaps are fulfilled by testing a sample of over 4000 participants on the effects of subjective-norms, moral-norms, gender difference, and attitude on intentions to purchase organic tomatoes. The findings suggested that people tend to act based on their subjective-norms more than their moral-norms. In short, people would intend to buy more organic food if they see others (whom they value) buy it. Another interesting finding of this study highlighted the close difference between men and women for intention to purchase organic tomatoes. Even though women had a higher result to buy organic food, men were not far behind. Lastly, attitude of the population was tested. As many researchers have previously noted, the attitude has a large effect on intention behaviour. Companies that are looking to capture the ecological
consumers should look out to these findings and plan their marketing activities opportunistically to increase their revenues and profits.
The document summarizes a research study that examined factors influencing Chinese consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions towards green products. The study found that:
1) Environmental concerns, beliefs about the effectiveness of green products, and perceptions of green products' functional benefits positively influence consumers' attitudes.
2) Consumers' attitudes partially or fully mediate the influence of these factors on purchase intentions.
3) Awareness of government policy did not significantly impact attitudes or purchase intentions.
The study provides insights but has limitations due to its sample and geographic scope. Future research could explore attitudes across more cities and demographics and consider the impacts of knowledge and specific price levels.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of green marketing. It defines green marketing as marketing activities designed to generate exchanges that satisfy human needs and wants while minimizing detrimental environmental impacts. The document discusses why green marketing is important given limited resources and unlimited wants. It also examines some common reasons why firms adopt green marketing, including viewing it as an opportunity, a moral obligation, in response to government regulations or competition, or to reduce costs.
This document summarizes a study on eco-labeling practices in consumer goods in Bangladesh. The study found that eco-labeling is growing in response to increased environmental awareness and the emergence of green markets. Survey results showed that some consumers consider environmental impacts and look for eco-labels when shopping. However, there is still a gap between eco-labeling policies and practices in Bangladesh. The document recommends raising consumer awareness, encouraging voluntary environmental initiatives, using environmental appeals in advertising, and better integrating environmental justice and ecosystem services into eco-labeling programs.
Greendex 2009: Consumer Choice and the EnvironmentProjetoBr
Produzido pela National Geogrephic e a GlobeScaon, pesquisa on-line recolheu respostas de 17 mil consumidores de 17 países sobre habitação, uso de transportes, alimentação e bens de consumo.
Organic Food Purchase Intention: Examining the Influence of Religion on Consu...Premier Publishers
This study investigates the role of religion in organic food consumption in Indonesia, the country with the world’s largest Muslim population. A central benefit of consuming organic food is its various health benefits produced using green methods. Besides protecting health, organic food is good for the environment. This study investigates health consciousness, eco-knowledge, eco-labelling, and price sensitivity as variables that influence attitudes toward organic food and consumers’ organic food purchase intention. Results are compared between Muslim and non-Muslim in 526 respondents. The major data analysis performed was structural equation modeling using linear structural relations (LISREL) software. This study found that health consciousness, eco-knowledge, eco-labelling, and price sensitivity significantly influence attitudes toward organic food and purchase intention; however, the results differed based on religion. Muslim respondents showed greater concern for the environment such as eco knowledge and eco labelling, while non-Muslims were more concerned with personal issues such as health consciousness and pricing.
Survey of Household Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses a survey of household solid waste management in Malaysia. The survey examined household awareness and practices related to waste collection and minimization. Key findings include:
- Most respondents (74%) were aware that waste management had been privatized, though many did not know the name of the concessionaire. Knowledge of collection schedules was lower, with only 43% aware that collection occurred twice weekly.
- Respondents generally had good knowledge of waste issues and health consequences but complained that collection schedules were often not adhered to. Lack of awareness, knowledge and enforcement were seen as major causes of waste problems.
- Facilities and services for waste minimization like reuse, recycling and composting were felt
Tort resit essay 2018 should you be deferred or referred in thiSALU18
The document discusses restrictions that courts have placed on those who can claim nervous shock from negligent conduct. It examines the development of these restrictions in tort law. The document instructs the reader to write a 2000 word essay discussing the development of the restrictions on those who can claim nervous shock.
Organic Agriculture: Consumers Attitudes and Behavioral Change in the context...AI Publications
Unintentional ingestion of pesticides is common in societies. Yet the consequences are multiplying in a disastrous way. Organic agriculture [OA] roles at preserving the environment and the health of the consumer. The objective of this study is to analyze the attitudes and purchase intentions of the consumer through the theory of Ajzen's planned behaviour. A total of 318 consumers were interviewed in the localities of Loum, Njombé-Penja and Mbanga using a mix questionnaire. The Likert model, 5-point scale was used to measure attitudes. The results obtained reveal that positive attitudes lead to purchasing intentions among consumers in relation to organic products (Mean = 40.5283; Standard Deviation. = 5.89638) to the detriment of conventional products (Mean = 22.7484; Standard Deviation. = 5.57707). This significant difference is in favour of organic products (F (1 318) = 1.812; p ˂ 0.05). In fact, intention is the intermediate variable between attitudes and observed behaviours.
This document summarizes a research paper on consumer behavior towards eco-friendly products. The objectives are to investigate consumer attractiveness to eco-friendly FMCG products and their willingness to pay higher prices. It also aims to analyze how environmental concerns impact purchasing decisions and provide recommendations. The literature review discusses how increased environmental awareness has led to demand for greener products and eco-friendly consumption patterns. Some consumers are willing to pay more for eco-friendly options while others prefer cheaper alternatives. The study collected data through surveys to understand awareness and purchasing influences regarding green products.
Public Participation and Lay Knowledge in Environmental Governance: A Case St...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper analyzes the debate of public participation within environmental governance process. In doing so, significance of local knowledge in climate change adaptation process has been evaluated. An adaptation project from the coastal areas of Bangladesh has been selected to reveal more specific result and to focus the study in a very specific angle. Local knowledge has been proved as a vital factor within the adaptation planning for coastal areas in the face of threat posed by climate change. Insights from similar studies has been drawn and evaluated. Finally public participation within the broader domain of environmental governance has been found inevitable.
Is the urban Indian consumer ready for clothing with eco-labels?Pradipta Sen
This document summarizes a research study that investigated whether urban Indian consumers would be interested in and willing to pay more for clothing with eco-labels. It provides background on eco-labels and the textile industry in India. The study surveyed consumers in major Indian cities to identify different segments based on their environmental consciousness, views on certification, and willingness to pay more for eco-labeled clothing. The results suggest there is a segment of Indian consumers who are positively motivated toward eco-labeled garments and willing to pay a premium.
This document summarizes research on farmer adoption of conservation practices. It reviews over 170 studies on barriers and motivations for adoption published between 1982 and 2017. Both quantitative and qualitative research is analyzed. Key findings include that economic factors like costs and profitability are consistently found to influence adoption decisions. Other consistent motivators include attitudes like environmental stewardship and seeking information. Barriers include lack of time and distrust of information sources. The review finds that adoption is influenced by a complex interplay of factors and more research is still needed to fully understand farmer decision making related to conservation.
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to identify consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. The study administered a survey to over 900 consumers measuring demographics, environmental knowledge, values, attitudes, and behaviors. The results found that females were more environmentally concerned than males. Attitudes were also very good predictors of willingness to pay more. However, the research relied on self-reported data rather than observing actual purchasing behavior. Conducting a similar study using real purchase data could provide more accurate insights.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of green marketing. It defines green marketing and discusses why it has become increasingly important. Organizations are adopting green marketing for various reasons, including seeing it as an opportunity, a sense of moral obligation, pressure from governments and competitors, and cost-related factors. However, green marketing claims can be misleading if not properly substantiated. The document provides examples and discusses some of the problems organizations may face with green marketing efforts.
Sefewu emmanuel selorm.consumer green behavior in ghanaian soft drink industryEmmanuel Sel. Sefewu
This document summarizes a research project examining consumer green behavior in the Ghanaian soft drink industry among Coca-Cola consumers. The research aimed to identify factors influencing consumer green behavior and the demographic profile of Coca-Cola consumers. It involved an online survey of 90 University of Winneba students. The research found that environmental knowledge, attitude, pro-environmental behavior and purchasing power were key factors influencing green behavior. It also found that Coca-Cola consumers were predominantly youthful females who have consumed Coca-Cola for over 10 years and view it positively. The research concluded consumers were willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products that promote health and ethics.
This document discusses the potential for political ecology and landscape approaches to productively engage with each other or form an "unhappy marriage". It outlines key principles of each approach - landscape approaches focus on integrated, multi-functional landscapes through negotiated consensus, while political ecology examines power imbalances and uneven social impacts. The document argues that landscape approaches could benefit from political ecology's analysis of inequality and power, while political ecology needs practical solutions; together they may form a "practical political ecology" or "political landscape approach" to address complex environmental problems at multiple scales.
Organic food industry is trending with blooming profits and market revenues. Many reasons have emerged for this growth in the industry: health conscious consumers, more awareness due to globalization, increased access to newer products and health variants of conventional food, environment protection and animal welfare concerns, and ethical motives. The practice of companies targeting the ‘ecological consumers’ who can
pay a premium for organic food is more than what it was five years ago. The increase in eco-friendly people along with the shift from a ‘producer-oriented market’ to a ‘consumer-oriented market’ is signalling an increase in the demand of organic food. Extant research has shown varied results in terms of health
consciousness, food safety concerns, gender differences, and ecological awareness. However, there are limitations and gaps in them like small sample size, rural and suburban difference, varied age differences, and vague assumptions to list a few.
In the current research, these gaps are fulfilled by testing a sample of over 4000 participants on the effects of subjective-norms, moral-norms, gender difference, and attitude on intentions to purchase organic tomatoes. The findings suggested that people tend to act based on their subjective-norms more than their moral-norms. In short, people would intend to buy more organic food if they see others (whom they value) buy it. Another interesting finding of this study highlighted the close difference between men and women for intention to purchase organic tomatoes. Even though women had a higher result to buy organic food, men were not far behind. Lastly, attitude of the population was tested. As many researchers have previously noted, the attitude has a large effect on intention behaviour. Companies that are looking to capture the ecological
consumers should look out to these findings and plan their marketing activities opportunistically to increase their revenues and profits.
The document summarizes a research study that examined factors influencing Chinese consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions towards green products. The study found that:
1) Environmental concerns, beliefs about the effectiveness of green products, and perceptions of green products' functional benefits positively influence consumers' attitudes.
2) Consumers' attitudes partially or fully mediate the influence of these factors on purchase intentions.
3) Awareness of government policy did not significantly impact attitudes or purchase intentions.
The study provides insights but has limitations due to its sample and geographic scope. Future research could explore attitudes across more cities and demographics and consider the impacts of knowledge and specific price levels.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of green marketing. It defines green marketing as marketing activities designed to generate exchanges that satisfy human needs and wants while minimizing detrimental environmental impacts. The document discusses why green marketing is important given limited resources and unlimited wants. It also examines some common reasons why firms adopt green marketing, including viewing it as an opportunity, a moral obligation, in response to government regulations or competition, or to reduce costs.
This document summarizes a study on eco-labeling practices in consumer goods in Bangladesh. The study found that eco-labeling is growing in response to increased environmental awareness and the emergence of green markets. Survey results showed that some consumers consider environmental impacts and look for eco-labels when shopping. However, there is still a gap between eco-labeling policies and practices in Bangladesh. The document recommends raising consumer awareness, encouraging voluntary environmental initiatives, using environmental appeals in advertising, and better integrating environmental justice and ecosystem services into eco-labeling programs.
Greendex 2009: Consumer Choice and the EnvironmentProjetoBr
Produzido pela National Geogrephic e a GlobeScaon, pesquisa on-line recolheu respostas de 17 mil consumidores de 17 países sobre habitação, uso de transportes, alimentação e bens de consumo.
Organic Food Purchase Intention: Examining the Influence of Religion on Consu...Premier Publishers
This study investigates the role of religion in organic food consumption in Indonesia, the country with the world’s largest Muslim population. A central benefit of consuming organic food is its various health benefits produced using green methods. Besides protecting health, organic food is good for the environment. This study investigates health consciousness, eco-knowledge, eco-labelling, and price sensitivity as variables that influence attitudes toward organic food and consumers’ organic food purchase intention. Results are compared between Muslim and non-Muslim in 526 respondents. The major data analysis performed was structural equation modeling using linear structural relations (LISREL) software. This study found that health consciousness, eco-knowledge, eco-labelling, and price sensitivity significantly influence attitudes toward organic food and purchase intention; however, the results differed based on religion. Muslim respondents showed greater concern for the environment such as eco knowledge and eco labelling, while non-Muslims were more concerned with personal issues such as health consciousness and pricing.
Survey of Household Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses a survey of household solid waste management in Malaysia. The survey examined household awareness and practices related to waste collection and minimization. Key findings include:
- Most respondents (74%) were aware that waste management had been privatized, though many did not know the name of the concessionaire. Knowledge of collection schedules was lower, with only 43% aware that collection occurred twice weekly.
- Respondents generally had good knowledge of waste issues and health consequences but complained that collection schedules were often not adhered to. Lack of awareness, knowledge and enforcement were seen as major causes of waste problems.
- Facilities and services for waste minimization like reuse, recycling and composting were felt
Tort resit essay 2018 should you be deferred or referred in thiSALU18
The document discusses restrictions that courts have placed on those who can claim nervous shock from negligent conduct. It examines the development of these restrictions in tort law. The document instructs the reader to write a 2000 word essay discussing the development of the restrictions on those who can claim nervous shock.
Organic Agriculture: Consumers Attitudes and Behavioral Change in the context...AI Publications
Unintentional ingestion of pesticides is common in societies. Yet the consequences are multiplying in a disastrous way. Organic agriculture [OA] roles at preserving the environment and the health of the consumer. The objective of this study is to analyze the attitudes and purchase intentions of the consumer through the theory of Ajzen's planned behaviour. A total of 318 consumers were interviewed in the localities of Loum, Njombé-Penja and Mbanga using a mix questionnaire. The Likert model, 5-point scale was used to measure attitudes. The results obtained reveal that positive attitudes lead to purchasing intentions among consumers in relation to organic products (Mean = 40.5283; Standard Deviation. = 5.89638) to the detriment of conventional products (Mean = 22.7484; Standard Deviation. = 5.57707). This significant difference is in favour of organic products (F (1 318) = 1.812; p ˂ 0.05). In fact, intention is the intermediate variable between attitudes and observed behaviours.
This document summarizes a research paper on consumer behavior towards eco-friendly products. The objectives are to investigate consumer attractiveness to eco-friendly FMCG products and their willingness to pay higher prices. It also aims to analyze how environmental concerns impact purchasing decisions and provide recommendations. The literature review discusses how increased environmental awareness has led to demand for greener products and eco-friendly consumption patterns. Some consumers are willing to pay more for eco-friendly options while others prefer cheaper alternatives. The study collected data through surveys to understand awareness and purchasing influences regarding green products.
Public Participation and Lay Knowledge in Environmental Governance: A Case St...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper analyzes the debate of public participation within environmental governance process. In doing so, significance of local knowledge in climate change adaptation process has been evaluated. An adaptation project from the coastal areas of Bangladesh has been selected to reveal more specific result and to focus the study in a very specific angle. Local knowledge has been proved as a vital factor within the adaptation planning for coastal areas in the face of threat posed by climate change. Insights from similar studies has been drawn and evaluated. Finally public participation within the broader domain of environmental governance has been found inevitable.
Is the urban Indian consumer ready for clothing with eco-labels?Pradipta Sen
This document summarizes a research study that investigated whether urban Indian consumers would be interested in and willing to pay more for clothing with eco-labels. It provides background on eco-labels and the textile industry in India. The study surveyed consumers in major Indian cities to identify different segments based on their environmental consciousness, views on certification, and willingness to pay more for eco-labeled clothing. The results suggest there is a segment of Indian consumers who are positively motivated toward eco-labeled garments and willing to pay a premium.
This document summarizes research on farmer adoption of conservation practices. It reviews over 170 studies on barriers and motivations for adoption published between 1982 and 2017. Both quantitative and qualitative research is analyzed. Key findings include that economic factors like costs and profitability are consistently found to influence adoption decisions. Other consistent motivators include attitudes like environmental stewardship and seeking information. Barriers include lack of time and distrust of information sources. The review finds that adoption is influenced by a complex interplay of factors and more research is still needed to fully understand farmer decision making related to conservation.
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to identify consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. The study administered a survey to over 900 consumers measuring demographics, environmental knowledge, values, attitudes, and behaviors. The results found that females were more environmentally concerned than males. Attitudes were also very good predictors of willingness to pay more. However, the research relied on self-reported data rather than observing actual purchasing behavior. Conducting a similar study using real purchase data could provide more accurate insights.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of green marketing. It defines green marketing and discusses why it has become increasingly important. Organizations are adopting green marketing for various reasons, including seeing it as an opportunity, a sense of moral obligation, pressure from governments and competitors, and cost-related factors. However, green marketing claims can be misleading if not properly substantiated. The document provides examples and discusses some of the problems organizations may face with green marketing efforts.
Sefewu emmanuel selorm.consumer green behavior in ghanaian soft drink industryEmmanuel Sel. Sefewu
This document summarizes a research project examining consumer green behavior in the Ghanaian soft drink industry among Coca-Cola consumers. The research aimed to identify factors influencing consumer green behavior and the demographic profile of Coca-Cola consumers. It involved an online survey of 90 University of Winneba students. The research found that environmental knowledge, attitude, pro-environmental behavior and purchasing power were key factors influencing green behavior. It also found that Coca-Cola consumers were predominantly youthful females who have consumed Coca-Cola for over 10 years and view it positively. The research concluded consumers were willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products that promote health and ethics.
This document discusses the potential for political ecology and landscape approaches to productively engage with each other or form an "unhappy marriage". It outlines key principles of each approach - landscape approaches focus on integrated, multi-functional landscapes through negotiated consensus, while political ecology examines power imbalances and uneven social impacts. The document argues that landscape approaches could benefit from political ecology's analysis of inequality and power, while political ecology needs practical solutions; together they may form a "practical political ecology" or "political landscape approach" to address complex environmental problems at multiple scales.
1. The document is a resume for Salma Allabakash summarizing her work experience and qualifications.
2. She has over 2.5 years of experience in software development using technologies like ASP.NET, C#, SQL Server, JavaScript and has worked on projects in various domains.
3. Some of the key projects mentioned are Automated Forms, MOQ, All Orgs Discrete Jobs, eMRP and Critical Path where she was involved in developing modules, analyzing data, and generating reports.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Group 49 to the Department of Accounting at the Institute of Professional Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a BSc in Accounting. The dissertation assesses the reliability of automated teller machines (ATMs) in four selected banks in Ghana - GCB, Stanchart, Ecobank and NIB. The study aims to identify the significance Ghanaian banks and customers attach to ATM use, the extent of ATM implementation, and how reliable ATMs are for banks and customers. Questionnaires were administered to bank ATM units and customers, with data analyzed using SPSS, graphs and charts. The literature review discusses theories of automated banking and the benefits of ATM adoption for
This document provides a literature review on global trading companies (GTCs) and their importance in global supply chains. It discusses the historical origins of trading companies in Europe and Asia and how they evolved over time. Several theories are examined that help explain the functions and existence of trading companies, including agency theory, transaction cost theory, and structural holes theory. The literature suggests that GTCs play an important role in reducing risks and transaction costs for manufacturing firms operating globally by acting as their agents and intermediaries that can access structural holes between markets. The review lays the groundwork for the empirical study that follows on the strategic priorities of manufacturing firms and GTC contributions in supply chains from the perspective of strategic managers.
Kaniraj K seeks a position that allows him to utilize his skills in industrial technology. He has a diploma in mechanical engineering from Chennai University and over 5 years of experience executing boiler projects for companies like Thermax Limited. His responsibilities included erection, piping, inspection, supervision, coordination, and ensuring safety and quality standards. Currently a senior project engineer at Thermax Limited, he is involved in project management, resource allocation, vendor relations, documentation, and customer interactions for boiler installations across India.
The internet is being developed rapidly since last two decades, and with relevant digital economy that is driven by information technology also being developed worldwide. After a long term development of internet, which rapidly increased web users and highly speed internet connection, and some new technology also have been developed and used for web developing, those lead to firms can promote and enhance images of product and services through web site. Therefore, detailed product information and improved service attracts more and more people changed their consumer behaviour from the traditional mode to more rely on the internet shopping. On the other hand, more companies have realized that the consumer behaviour transformation is unavoidable trend, and thus change their marketing strategy. As the recent researches have indicated that, the internet shopping particularly in business to consumer (B2C) has risen and online shopping become more popular to many people. According to the report, The Emerging Digital Economy II, published by the US Department of Commerce, in some companies, the weight of e-commerce in total sales is quite high. For instance, the Dell computer company have reached 18 million dollars sales through the internet during the first quarter of 1999. As a result, about 30% of its 5.5 billion dollars total sales were achieved through the internet (Moon, 2004). Therefore, to understand internet shopping and its impact on consumer behaviour could help companies making use of it as a form of doing e-business.
There are many reasons for such a rapid developing of internet shopping, which mainly due to the benefits that internet provides. First of all, the internet offers different kind of convenience to consumers. Obviously, consumers do not need go out looking for product information as the internet can help them to search from online sites, and it also helps evaluate between each sites to get the cheapest price for purchase. Furthermore, the internet can enhance consumer use product more efficiently and effectively than other channels to satisfy their needs. Through the different search engines, consumers save time to access to the consumption related information, and which information with mixture of images, sound, and very detailed text description to help consumer learning and choosing the most suitable product (Moon, 2004). However, internet shopping has potential risks for the customers, such as payment safety, and after service. Due to the internet technology developed, internet payment recently becomes prevalent way for purchasing goods from the internet. Internet payment increase consumptive efficiency, at the same time, as its virtual property reduced internet security. After service is another way to stop customer shopping online. It is not like traditional retail, customer has risk that some after service should face to face serve, and especially in some complicated goods.
Ethical Consumerism: The Role Played by Consumer Identity and SelfAlgiva Daniele
This document provides an introduction and literature review on the topic of ethical consumerism and the role of consumer identity and self. It discusses several key themes: 1) Drivers of ethical consumerism including altruism, perceived consumer behavior, ecological values, and green identity; 2) Differences between collectivist societies like India where identity is tied to group, and individualist societies like the US where people prioritize individual preferences; 3) How consumers rationalize the "attitude-behavior gap" through neutralization techniques when their actions don't match pro-environment attitudes to protect their self-identity. The literature review analyzes this topic through the lenses of extended self theory and symbolic interactionism.
. (TCO 8) Describe the two key considerations in terms of the ment.docxmercysuttle
. (TCO 8) Describe the two key considerations in terms of the mental models that members have about their actual work. Give examples of both.
(TCO 8) What three indices are used to evaluate the creativity of a team's ideas?
(TCO 7) What are the three specific types of ties in which people in teams bond?
. (TCO 1) What factors suggest that building and maintaining effective teams will be extremely important in the future? Explain your answer, and give examples of specific organizations that illustrate your points. (Points : 30)
(TCO 3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of clique and boundary-spanning networks? Provide examples to support your answer.
(TCO 6) Describe the two psychological explanations for group polarization. Provide concrete examples for support.
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PATRICK DE PELSMACKER, LIESBETH DRIESEN,
AND GLENN RAYP
Do Consumers Care about Ethics? Willingness to
Pay for Fair-Trade Coffee
Consumers’ buying behavior is not consistent with their positive
attitude toward ethical products. In a survey of 808 Belgian respond-
ents, the actual willingness to pay for fair-trade coffee was measured.
It was found that the average price premium that the consumers were
willing to pay for a fair-trade label was 10%. Ten percent of the sample
was prepared to pay the current price premium of 27% in Belgium.
Fair-trade lovers (11%) were more idealistic, aged between 31 and
44 years and less ‘‘conventional.’’ Fair-trade likers (40%) were more
idealistic but sociodemographically not significantly different from
the average consumer.
The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent consumers
were willing to pay for the fair-trade attribute when buying coffee, and
how consumers differed in terms of their willingness to pay. First, we will
describe fair trade within the context of ethical consumer behavior. Sub-
sequently, the research questions used in our study will be examined.
Consumers can express their concern about the ethical behavior of com-
panies by means of ethical buying and consumer behavior. In general, the
ethical consumer feels responsible toward society and expresses these feel-
ings by means of his or her purchasing behavior. Doane (2001) defined
ethical consumption as the purchase of a product that concerns a certain
ethical issue (human rights, labor conditions, animal well-being, environ-
ment, etc.) and is chosen freely by an individual consumer. There are
several dimensions of ethical consumer behavior. Some forms of ethical
consumption benefit the natural environment (e.g., environmentally friendly
products, legally logged wood, animal well-being), while others benefit peo-
ple (e.g., products free from child labor, fair-trade products). Cutting across
this distinction, ethical consumption may benefit people or the environment
close to ...
This document summarizes a study on pro-environmental concerns influencing green buying behavior among Indian consumers. The study aims to determine consumers' environmental concerns, knowledge of eco-friendly products, and how these factors influence green purchasing. A survey of 200 highly educated Indians found that most were aware of eco-friendly products and environmental issues, but over half did not consider the environment when shopping. While most said labeling a product as eco-friendly would influence their purchase and most would consider buying eco-friendly products, only 36% trusted the quality of such products. The results indicate consumers' environmental concerns affect their green buying, and consumers are willing to buy eco-friendly products but not pay higher prices. Increased awareness and demand could help reduce
This study examines how consumers' green lifestyles influence their attitudes toward and purchase of low-involvement green products. The researchers surveyed 101 college graduates about their green lifestyles, attitudes toward green gift calendars, and preferences for calendars with green attributes. Structural equation modeling showed higher-income consumers had greener lifestyles, and females were more likely to value green attributes in gift calendars than males. Green attitudes partially mediated the relationship between green lifestyle and green purchasing behavior. The researchers conclude low-involvement green product companies should target messaging toward high-income and female consumers.
PATRICK DE PELSMACKER, LIESBETH DRIESEN,AND GLENN RAYP.docxherbertwilson5999
PATRICK DE PELSMACKER, LIESBETH DRIESEN,
AND GLENN RAYP
Do Consumers Care about Ethics? Willingness to
Pay for Fair-Trade Coffee
Consumers’ buying behavior is not consistent with their positive
attitude toward ethical products. In a survey of 808 Belgian respond-
ents, the actual willingness to pay for fair-trade coffee was measured.
It was found that the average price premium that the consumers were
willing to pay for a fair-trade label was 10%. Ten percent of the sample
was prepared to pay the current price premium of 27% in Belgium.
Fair-trade lovers (11%) were more idealistic, aged between 31 and
44 years and less ‘‘conventional.’’ Fair-trade likers (40%) were more
idealistic but sociodemographically not significantly different from
the average consumer.
The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent consumers
were willing to pay for the fair-trade attribute when buying coffee, and
how consumers differed in terms of their willingness to pay. First, we will
describe fair trade within the context of ethical consumer behavior. Sub-
sequently, the research questions used in our study will be examined.
Consumers can express their concern about the ethical behavior of com-
panies by means of ethical buying and consumer behavior. In general, the
ethical consumer feels responsible toward society and expresses these feel-
ings by means of his or her purchasing behavior. Doane (2001) defined
ethical consumption as the purchase of a product that concerns a certain
ethical issue (human rights, labor conditions, animal well-being, environ-
ment, etc.) and is chosen freely by an individual consumer. There are
several dimensions of ethical consumer behavior. Some forms of ethical
consumption benefit the natural environment (e.g., environmentally friendly
products, legally logged wood, animal well-being), while others benefit peo-
ple (e.g., products free from child labor, fair-trade products). Cutting across
this distinction, ethical consumption may benefit people or the environment
close to home (e.g., some types of green products or organic food), or
Patrick De Pelsmacker ([email protected]) is a marketing professor at the University of
Antwerp. Liesbeth Driesen was a researcher at the Ghent University. Glenn Rayp ([email protected])
is a professor in international economics at the Ghent University.
Financial support of the University Development Cooperation of the Flemish Interuniversity Council
is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to thank the participants of the 33rd European Marketing
Academy (EMAC) conference for their useful comments and suggestions. All remaining errors are ours.
The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2005
ISSN 0022-0078
Copyright 2005 by the American Council on Consumer Interests
WINTER 2005 VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2 363
conversely in a faraway part of the world (e.g., fair-trade products or legally
logged wood). Consumers can translate their ethical concerns by means.
ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD RECYCLING BEHAVIOR IN SAUDI ARABIACASE STUDY OF SAUDI...Wendy Belieu
This document summarizes a research study that assessed household recycling behavior in Saudi Aramco residential camps. The study investigated the relationship between 53 behavioral, psychological, and attitudinal factors and rates of recycling for various materials. It surveyed 205 residents and found that aluminum, glass, and plastic recycling were most prominent. Aluminum recycling correlated with 27 factors, glass with 23 factors, and plastic with 20 factors. Having an intention to recycle voluntarily correlated with 23 factors. However, recycling of other materials like other papers, textiles, and food waste correlated with fewer factors, indicating lower recycling rates. The study concludes that recycling is generally accepted but recommends further research on promoting recycling in Saudi Arabia.
Green Marketing- Way ahead to sustainability Mathew Lawrence
Mathew Lawrence presented on green marketing and its impact on youth buying behavior in Dombivli, India. The presentation included an introduction to green marketing and the reasons for this research. The objective is to study youth awareness and perceptions of green marketing and how it affects purchasing decisions. A sample of 1,380 youth ages 18-28 will be used, which is 1% of Dombivli's population in that age range. The expected conclusions are that youth environmental concerns will significantly influence green buying behavior and that further research on green marketing's potential will benefit businesses and the environment.
The demand for organic products is growing in response to an increasing concern for
environmental concern and safety issues, therefore, research on factors influencing purchase intention for
organic products are important to marketing practice and academia.
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docxvannagoforth
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
1. The document discusses social factors that influence young consumers' willingness to purchase green products, including influences from family, friends, peers, and social environments.
2. It also examines how green marketing activities and nonprofit/government efforts to promote green environments can shape positive consumer attitudes towards buying green products.
3. The use of eco-labels on green products is discussed as an important green marketing tool, though some research indicates eco-labels do not always directly translate to increased green purchasing behaviors.
1. The document summarizes a study that examined consumers' purchasing behaviors and perceptions of environmentally harmful products.
2. The study investigated whether consumers' actions matched their attitudes towards seven environmentally sensitive products and whether their purchasing activities reflected their views of the products' environmental impacts.
3. The results showed inconsistencies between consumers' environmental concerns and purchasing behaviors, and that consumers in Hong Kong did not see individual purchasing decisions as a way to help the environment.
This document proposes a new construct called Consumer Sustainability Consciousness as a way to understand what drives consumers to purchase sustainable products and services from an integrated "Triple Bottom Line" perspective involving economic, social and environmental benefits. The construct is proposed to have five dimensions: Sense of Retribution, Access to Information, Labelling and Peer Pressure, Health Issues, and Crisis Scenario. Previous literature on sustainability from economic, social and environmental perspectives is reviewed to develop this new construct. A 19-item scale is proposed to measure Consumer Sustainability Consciousness and validate the five dimensional structure.
The Psychology of Sustainability Behavior - For Facilities Managers Doherty 1...Thomas Doherty
The Psychology of Sustainability Behavior: Implications for Facilities Managers
This talk will provide a framework to help you understand some different ways that people think about environmental sustainability and the use of natural resources in businesses and organizations. We will identify some best practices for communicating with and motivating different stakeholders and implementing behavior change programs. These include recognizing and honoring different beliefs, setting realistic goals, and utilizing appropriate incentives. In this model, differences of opinion about the role of sustainability in the workplace--what we will call “environmental diversity”--are seen as a source of innovation.
Global Environmental Change 12 (2002) 5–13Consumption, humMatthewTennant613
Global Environmental Change 12 (2002) 5–13
Consumption, human needs, and global environmental change
Richard Wilk*
Anthropology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
Abstract
Rapidly increasing levels of consumption ofmaterials, energy, and services are one of the fundamental drivers of global and local
environmental change. Yet consumption is still a poorly understood phenomenon and the social, cultural, economic, and
psychological variables that determine consumption have not been clearly identified. Effective policymaking and prediction is
impossible without knowing what determines and changes consumption levels. Diverse social-scientific models of consumption
are largely incommensurate, poorly articulated, and untested. Rather than argue for one fundamental cause, this author reviews a
number of alternative theoretical approaches, and then proposes a heterodox ‘‘multigenic’’ theory based on the work of
Pierre Bourdieu. Such a theory accepts multiple types of causes of consumption, operating at different analytical levels, from
the individual, through household, community, and ultimately to nations and other groups. Factors impelling and
restraining consumption can therefore be balanced or unbalanced by relatively minor changes in a large number of interrelated
variables. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Consumption; Consumer culture; Social change; Human needs
1. Introduction
Awide varietyof scholars andactivists have identified
modern mass consumer society as a fundamental driver
of both global economic growth and environmental
damage (Redclift, 1996; Stern et al., 1997). The spread
of high-level consumption practices across the planet
has the potential to dramatically increase human
impacts on both local and global resources, and
contribute to continuing climate change (Myers, 1997;
Wilk, 1998). Direct consumption of food, water,
construction materials, energy and other renewable
and nonrenewable resources is the easiest to track and
quantify. Indirect consumption also has major impact
on the environment; extraction, production, disposal
and transportation of goods are linked together in
complex ‘commodity chains’ that can make it very
difficult to assess the full environmental effects of even
common and everyday products like coffee and running
shoes (Ryan and Durning, 1997). Nevertheless, the
WorldWildlife Foundation estimates that the consump-
tion of resources and consequent pollution are currently
increasing by around 2 per cent per year (WWF, 1999).
On a global basis the demand for consumer goods is
not a simple consequence of income levels. Economic
historians now argue that consumer demand has
historically been highly variable, and is a fundamental
cause of economic growth, rather than a consequence of
it (Mukerji, 1983; Tiersten, 1993; Belk, 1995). It is also
apparent that populations at the same income levels can
have drastically different levels of environmental ...
Anthropology And Consumer Research Green Consumer BehaviourLiz Adams
This document summarizes an article that discusses using cognitive anthropology to study green consumer behavior. It introduces the concepts of practical thinking and bricolage from cognitive anthropology. Practical thinking refers to problem-solving through learning by doing, while bricolage refers to improvised problem-solving using available tools. Traditional consumer research often treats context as a black box or independent variable, whereas cognitive anthropology sees context as emerging through practical thinking and bricolage in specific situations. The article argues this approach provides insights into information search and processing in a more realistic way than traditional experimental research.
Awareness, Attitudes, Barriers, And Drivers Towards Adoption Of Low-Waste, Su...Ajinkya Chikte
- The document discusses a study on awareness, attitudes, barriers, and drivers towards adoption of low-waste and sustainable lifestyle solutions among middle-class Indian consumers.
- It finds that awareness of waste issues does not greatly affect intent or purchase of sustainable products. Demographic and psychographic factors are more influential.
- The assumptions of the Homebox Express sustainable subscription service were incorrect. Marketing needs to be realigned based on the new findings and deeper qualitative research is needed.
Whats new in Behavioural Economics for Sustainability.pdfTapestryWorks
These are the slides from my presentation for Thammasat University School of Global Studies on 15 June 2022. I discuss some of the most recent developments and debates in behavioural economics with a focus on its application to sustainability issues. All the examples are taken from the course I teach as part of the Masters degree program in Social Innovation and Sustainability.
Observational research methods involve researchers gathering information by observing behaviors, occurrences, or objects without interfering. There are two types - participant observation where the researcher is involved, and non-participant observation where they observe unobtrusively. Data can be collected quickly through observation, and behaviors are observed as they naturally occur. However, observational research poses ethical issues regarding privacy if it involves tracking individuals without their permission. Experimentation research controls variables to test theories and determine cause-and-effect relationships. It can establish whether an intervention produces the intended result but historically some experiments like the Tuskegee Syphilis study severely disregarded ethics and human rights. Professional codes now aim to ensure research follows ethical standards and benefits society.
Behaviour Science and Sustainability in Communications for Schoolab Talent an...TapestryWorks
The document discusses 5 rules for sustainable influence in communications: 1) keep messages simple, clear, and concrete; 2) follow social norms; 3) increase mental availability; 4) make messages personal; and 5) leverage pattern recognition. It provides examples of how to apply each rule, such as structuring choices to emphasize plant-based options, highlighting dynamic social norms, reducing psychological distance, and using visual implicit messages on food packaging. The overall message is that communications should reduce physical and psychological distance to choices and behaviors to most effectively encourage sustainable decisions.
This document discusses how consumer behavior research could contribute to the public relations research agenda over the next decade by providing insights into individual behaviors. It identifies five areas where consumer research may be applicable: 1) message processing, 2) decision-making, 3) the influence of affect, 4) organizational-consumer relationships, and 5) consumer action behaviors. The document argues that while public relations deals with many types of audiences, these groups are made up of individuals who interact with organizations in exchange relationships similar to consumers. Insights from consumer behavior's focus on understanding individuals could help address gaps in public relations research on how communications influence behavior at the individual level.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Chen l 2013
1. 342
Information Management and Business Review
Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 342-346, July 2013 (ISSN 2220-3796)
A Study of Green Purchase Intention Comparing with Collectivistic (Chinese) and
Individualistic (American) Consumers in Shanghai, China
Lingyun Chen
Assumption University, Bangkok, Thailand
chenly851015@hotmail.com
Abstract: This study examines the influence of four factors on the green purchase intention of American and
Chinese consumers as well as the relationship between these factors. To this end, a conceptual model has
been proposed and subjected to empirical verification with the use of a survey. The survey results obtained in
one major Chinese city provide reasonable support for the validity of the proposed model. Specifically, the
findings from the structural-equation modeling confirm the influence of environmental knowledge, attitudes,
environmental concern, and social influence, on the green purchase intention. Although the present findings
provide a better understanding of the process and significant antecedents of green purchase intention, the
researcher also highlight two areas for more thorough investigation. They are collectivism and individualism.
This study also discusses how the present findings may help the Chinese government and green marketers to
fine-tune their environmental programs.
Key Words: Green Purchase Intention, collectivism, individualism, American and Chinese Consumers, Green
Products
1. Introduction
Globally, there is an incremental trend in green consumerism and green marketing. Although this trend might
be common in the Western countries, Asian countries have just started to receive its appearance (Asia’s
Media and Marketing Newspaper, 2008). In recent times, the environmental protection has emerged as a hot
issue for societies, governments, in addition to business organizations. An awareness of environmental
degradation has taken a long time to emerge in China (Head, 1996). Sharing the industrialization experience
of most advanced nations, China has been paying a high ecological price for its rapid economic growth and
transition to a market economy in terms of worsening pollution and an accelerating depletion of many critical
resources (Chen, 1998). Chinese society becomes more sensitive and responsive towards environmental
issues. When compared with other countries, China’s lack of environmental concern and sustainability
management is clearly evident (McEven et al, 2006).
In China, green products as an eco-friendly concept is welcomed by the green consumers’ purchase behavior
are influenced by the environmental concerns. However, not all the consumers would like to take the
environmental action to purchase eco-friendly products. Moreover, China has been paying a higher ecological
price for its rapid economic growth in terms of worsening pollution than many other developed countries
(Ruowei, 2009). For this reason, the analysis of consumers’ purchase intention of green products has become
a subject of the research in attempt to find some differences of consumers who under different culture and
which major factors may play the influential role during consumers’ purchase intention of green products.
The researcher developed the conceptual framework to examine the effect of green purchase intention as the
dependent variable. This study conceptualized that by observing the environmental knowledge, attitudes,
environmental concern and social influence as independent variables; it may increase the level of
understanding on the green purchase intention. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to investigate the
relationship between environmental knowledge, attitudes, environmental concern and social influence on
green purchase intention; and (2) to investigate whether a difference exists between the collectivistic
(Chinese) and the individualistic (American) consumers.
2. 343
2. Literature Review
Collectivism: A person who thinks collectively is expected to protect the environment so that the whole
society, including him or her, can enjoy prosperity (McCarty & Shrum, 1994). The positive association
between collectivistic and eco-friendly attitudes (both inward and outward) was repeatedly confirmed in
previous empirical studies (Ling-yee, 1997; Chan, 2001).The Chinese culture measures very high on the
“collectivism” scale along with Japan and Korea compared to most Western cultures. This means that the
Chinese, in general, is a collective society that strives for harmony and group belonging, whether to family,
friends, work, or country (Chinese New Year Red Envelope 2: Collectivism,2010). Miller (1984) found that
collectivists paid more attention to the situation (context) than did individualists in making judgments of the
appropriateness of behaviors in various situations. Given the collectivist nature, the Chinese are expected to
exhibit a relatively strong tendency to subordinate their individual interests in pursuit of group interests
compared to their Western counterparts (Hofstede, 1983; Triandis, 1989; Benton, 1994).
Individualism: Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that
stresses “the moral worth of the individual” (Gagnier, 2010). Individualism promote the exercise of one’s
goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance while opposing external interference upon
one’s own interests by society or institutions such as the government (Gagnier, 2010). Individualism is
associated with artistic and bohemian interests and lifestyles where there is a tendency towards self-creation
and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors as also
with humanist philosophical positions and ethics (Gagnier, 2010). In Hofstede’s (1983) study, the United
States scored the highest in individualism. His studies have shown that of all the cultures he analyzed,
American culture possesses the highest level of individualism. It is the ultimate individualistic culture. This
permeates every aspect of American society and is solidly embedded in the country’s constitution.
Environmental Knowledge: Kinnear and Taylor (1974) defined environmental knowledge as the sets of
ecological knowledge that individuals have of environmental topics. Chan and Lau (2002) defined
environmental knowledge as the amount of knowledge a person has regarding environmental issues.
According to Gan et al.’s (2008) study, environmental knowledge evolved in two forms; that is, 1) consumers
have to be educated to be able to understand the impact of a product on the environment; and 2) consumer
knowledge in the product itself is produced in an eco-friendly way.
Attitudes: Kassarjian (1971) stated that consumers’ attitude was a determining factor to predict whether
they can be involved in the protection activities against air pollution. Walsh et al. (2009) pointed out that
consumers’ attitudes would directly lead to energy conservation and ecologically conscious purchase.
Balderjahn (1988) concluded that a positive attitude toward environmental issue would result in an
ecological responsibility to execute more pro-environmental behavior. Researchers have investigated the
effects of ‘attitude’ towards the “importance of recycling” and “inconvenience of recycling” on the recycling
behavior (McCarty & Shrum, 2004).
Environmental Concern: Environmental concern is a strong attitude towards preserving the environment
(Chan, 1996). Based on Dunlap and Van’s research (1978), environmental concern is also defined as a global
attitude with indirect effects on behavior through behavioral intention. Environmental concern is also
sometime known as “ecological concern”, which refers to the degree of emotionality, the amount of specific
factual knowledge, and the level of willingness as well as the extent of actual behavior on
pollution-environmental issues (Cosby, 1981)
Social Influence: Changing in an individual’s thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behaviors that results from
interaction with another individual or a group (Ramayah, et al., 2010).According to Kalafatis et al.’s (1999)
study, a social norm is whether an action should or should not be performed by a respondent in a referent’s
point of view. Referents could be friends, neighbors, not for profit or for profit organizations, teachers, parents,
etc. Social influence is a proxy of subjective norm.
Green Purchase Intention: The green purchase intention is conceptualized as the probability and
willingness of a person to give preference to products having eco-friendly features over other traditional ones
3. 344
in their purchase considerations (Nik, 2009). According to Beckford et al.’s (2010) and Chan’s (2001) research
studies, the green purchase intention is a significant predictor of green purchase behavior, which means that
the purchase intention is positively affecting the probability of a customer’s decision as to whether he will buy
green products.
3. Methodology
This researcher used three methods; there are probability and non-probability sampling, descriptive analysis
and survey. In probability and non-probability sampling, the researcher used sample random, quota and
convenience sampling. In descriptive analysis, the researcher used Bivariate (Pearson Correlation) and
Independent-Samples T Test. In survey, the researcher used self-administered questionnaire and using SPSS
(Statistical Product and Service Solutions) to analysis the demographic factors. The researcher selected 10
branches department stores and shopping malls in Shanghai, China, and then the researcher distributed 400
questionnaires to respondents; 200 for American consumers and 200 for Chinese consumers from 20
December 2012 to 8 January 2013. Moreover, the researcher gave 2 RMB bonuses to each consumer.
4. Results and Discussion
Profiles of Respondents: The demographic characteristics of American consumers indicated that the people
aged between 31 and 40 years old (25.5%) are the majority. For gender, the majority is male (57%). For
educational level, the majority graduated high school or less (37.5%). For occupation, the major group of
consumers is self-employed (28%). For monthly income, the highest percentage is consumers who have very
high-level income (23.5%). For marital status, the majority is married (50%). For family status, the majority
has (a) child/children (60.5%).The demographic characteristics of Chinese consumers indicated that the
people aged between 21 to 30 years old (43%) are the majority. For gender, the majority is female (64%). For
educational level, the majority hold bachelor’s degree (53.5%). For occupation, the major group of consumers
is student (47%). For monthly income, the highest percentage is consumers who have low level income
(55.5%). For marital status, the majority is single (85%). For family status, the majority does not have any
child (87.5%).
Summary of Findings: The results of this study provide both a practical and theoretical contribution to the
understanding of the green products purchase intention in China. After the data analysis and interpretation,
the main findings can be summarized as follows:
The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the dependent and independent
variables and find the differences between collectivistic (Chinese) and individualistic (American) consumers
during these variables. Through the SPSS analysis, the theoretical model has been tested which illustrates that
the seventeen hypotheses of this study are supported. The results indicated that there existed a significance
relationship between environmental knowledge, attitudes, environmental concern and social influence and
green purchase intention and there is a significant difference between the collectivistic (Chinese) and the
individualistic (American) consumers with respect to environmental knowledge, attitudes, social influence
and green purchase intention except environmental concern.
Based on the research findings, the researcher found that most of American consumers are more
knowledgeable and subjective. They pay more attention on the details of the environmental protection and
green products themselves. Due to they belong to the low context, they are more willing to believe that
written form of legal. However, most of Chinese consumers are socialization, more objective and very
sensitive to price. They pay more attention on the overall effect of the environmental protection and
promoting green products. Due to they belong to the high context, they focus more on the word-of-mouth.
5. Conclusion
The consumer purchasing intention study has always been a complex issue, because there are many
perspectives from which this topic can be analyzed (Fraj & Martinez, 2006). First of all, researchers may focus
on different aspects of factors during the process of purchasing behavior, such as consumers‘ demographic
4. 345
characteristics, psychological variables, motivations, and techniques of promotion (Michaelidou & Hassan,
2008). Most of the previous researches investigate the factors that have impacts on the green consumption
(Chan &Lau, 2002; Byrne, 2001; Fraj& Martinez, 2006; Sutcliffe & Howell, 2008). Obviously, those studies
may provide valuable foundation for this research on green products intention. Secondly, it is not easy to
account for specific factors precisely for all the consumer population, since people with different
demographic characteristics have distinct characteristics on the environmentally relevant intentions while
purchasing food products. Therefore, in order to better understand factors that influence consumers‘ green
purchase intention, the researcher determine the target population in Shanghai because of 1) Shanghai is a
fashion, economic, financial and international trade center of China, it is the first international modern city. It
has attracted many foreigners to come for investment, live, work, and travel. According to the Shanghai
almanac in 2011, the accumulative total resident foreigners in Shanghai were 162,481 people, but Americans
ranked the top one of Western consumers; 2) America and Chinese are representative countries and
meanwhile they also are individualism and collectivism representatives. According many previous study and
mathematic formula, the researcher assume and calculate sample size is closed to 400, but in order to
convenient to analysis the data, the researcher choose 400 as sample size. Owing to the time and money
limitation, the researcher decided to collect data from 10 branches department stores and shopping malls in
Shanghai. Due to there be many holidays during 20 December 2012 and 8 January 2013, the researcher
considered that this period is the best for collecting data.
Recommendations: The recommendations of this study are based on the research findings, observations and
analysis for American and Chinese consumers as following: For American consumers, firstly, the marketers
should pay more attention to the consumers who have a child/children when they make the marketing
strategies, it would be attract these consumers easily, because parents are often concerned whether the child
can grow up healthily. Secondly, due to most respondents are middle aged, they will pay more attention on
details of green products such as quality, usage, size, price and package, the marketers should reflect the
green products ‘characteristics, attributes and performance on the advertisement. The marketers could take
advantage of market penetration strategy to make green products more deeply, because of most of American
consumers have very high level income; they tend to ignore the price and a greater focus on products’
availability. For Chinese consumers, firstly, the marketers should pay more attention to the female consumers
when they make the marketing strategies, because it would be easier and effective to advertise the green
products to women than men would. Secondly, the most of the respondents are young consumers and
students expressed their interests in green products purchasing. This result indicates that the young
consumers are more interested in the green products. They like to get more information about environmental
issues and put it into action. Thus, it is important for the government to improve the education system and
maintain young people‘s positive attitudes toward the environmental issues and green products. Due to
Chinese consumers are more sensitive to price, the marketers could reduce the price of green products so
that to increase its competitive strength with other conventional products. The Chinese government should
pay more attention to the proper educational programs, and let the consumers to be familiar with the
environmental issues and green products in order to cultivate consumers’ environmental concern and
enhance their green purchasing intention.
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