Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
This document discusses using an interdisciplinary approach to understand the complex issue of fracking and its related policies. The author proposes examining the problem through the lenses of mass communication and organizational leadership. Mass communication could help communicate information to the public to increase understanding of fracking, while organizational leadership may help analyze existing policies and how communities could be better involved in the policy-making process. Literature is reviewed from various relevant disciplines including political science, environmental protection, and risk communication to gain insights from each. Some conflicts between the sources are identified, such as differing views on what level of government regulates fracking policies. The author aims to take an interdisciplinary approach to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the issue.
Comparing And Contrasting Qualitative And Quantitative...Ashley Fisher
This document discusses the history and evolution of social research on natural disasters. It began during the Cold War when governments wanted to understand how citizens would react during crises like a nuclear attack. Researchers studied natural disasters to learn about social behavior under extreme conditions. The Disaster Research Center was founded to conduct qualitative studies through interviews and observations after disasters. While foundational, the document argues this research is now at a threshold where it needs to evolve to address modern challenges.
This document proposes a new framework for studying online climate change communication based on an encoding/decoding model that accounts for pluralistic internet texts and audiences. It summarizes previous research that focused on risk communication, media framing, and the information deficit model. It argues more research is needed on cultural discourses, conceptualizing audiences beyond passive recipients, and analyzing communication on digital platforms given their rise. A new approach is needed to understand audiences as both consumers and producers of online content regarding climate change.
Feygina, Jost, & Goldsmith (2010, PSPB) System Justification, Denial of Globa...Irina Feygina, Ph.D.
This study examines how system justification tendencies relate to denial of environmental problems and resistance to pro-environmental action. The researchers hypothesize that people are motivated to defend the societal status quo, even when it poses threats like environmental destruction. They propose that greater system justification will be associated with increased denial of environmental issues and less commitment to environmentalism. The study also explores whether system justification can explain known differences in environmental attitudes along political, national, and gender lines. Specifically, it tests if higher system justification among conservatives, strong national identifiers, and men can account for their lower levels of environmental concern compared to liberals, weaker national identifiers, and women. Finally, the researchers investigate whether encouraging environmental change as consistent with protecting the status quo can
Analysis of editorial discourse on environmental challenges in nigerian newsp...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed editorial discourse in Nigerian newspapers regarding the 2012 flooding in Nigeria. The study examined how editorials attributed sources, assigned responsibility, advocated for behavior change, and proposed solutions in their coverage of the flooding issue. It reviewed literature on editorial discourse strategies and analyzed a sample of editorials from four Nigerian newspapers. The study found that editorials largely used expert sources for attribution and advocated for systemic, policy-based solutions. The document provides background on flooding in Nigeria and the role of editorials in influencing public policy debates.
This study examined the influence of environmental knowledge, attitudes, environmental concern, and social influence on the green purchase intentions of American and Chinese consumers. A survey was conducted in Shanghai, China with 200 American and 200 Chinese consumers. The results found a significant relationship between the independent variables and green purchase intention. Significant differences were also found between the individualistic American consumers and collectivistic Chinese consumers, except for environmental concern. The study provides recommendations for marketers based on the findings.
Climate Change Communication Presentation by Paul Zaake at ParisPaul Zaake
1) The document discusses challenges and opportunities in climate change communication. It analyzes common assumptions held by communicators, including that more information will motivate action, fear appeals will work, the scientific framing will be most persuasive, and mass media is the best way to reach audiences.
2) However, the document notes that knowledge does not necessarily raise concern or lead to action. Fear appeals often backfire and audiences reject messages seen as manipulative. Different frames work better for different audiences. Mass media reaches many but does not deeply engage people.
3) Effective communication requires understanding audiences and framing issues consistently with their values. Different messengers are needed for different groups. Face-to-face communication is often
The Converse-McGuire model of attitude change proposes that the probability of attitude change equals the probability of message reception multiplied by the probability of message acceptance. The model rests on two axioms: the reception axiom, which states that political awareness increases the likelihood of message reception; and the acceptance axiom, which states that higher awareness decreases the likelihood of uncritically accepting a message. While some studies support the model, others find political awareness has a weaker effect on attitudes than other factors like ideology. Nonetheless, the model remains important for understanding political persuasion processes and the conditional influence of different variables on attitude change.
This document discusses using an interdisciplinary approach to understand the complex issue of fracking and its related policies. The author proposes examining the problem through the lenses of mass communication and organizational leadership. Mass communication could help communicate information to the public to increase understanding of fracking, while organizational leadership may help analyze existing policies and how communities could be better involved in the policy-making process. Literature is reviewed from various relevant disciplines including political science, environmental protection, and risk communication to gain insights from each. Some conflicts between the sources are identified, such as differing views on what level of government regulates fracking policies. The author aims to take an interdisciplinary approach to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the issue.
Comparing And Contrasting Qualitative And Quantitative...Ashley Fisher
This document discusses the history and evolution of social research on natural disasters. It began during the Cold War when governments wanted to understand how citizens would react during crises like a nuclear attack. Researchers studied natural disasters to learn about social behavior under extreme conditions. The Disaster Research Center was founded to conduct qualitative studies through interviews and observations after disasters. While foundational, the document argues this research is now at a threshold where it needs to evolve to address modern challenges.
This document proposes a new framework for studying online climate change communication based on an encoding/decoding model that accounts for pluralistic internet texts and audiences. It summarizes previous research that focused on risk communication, media framing, and the information deficit model. It argues more research is needed on cultural discourses, conceptualizing audiences beyond passive recipients, and analyzing communication on digital platforms given their rise. A new approach is needed to understand audiences as both consumers and producers of online content regarding climate change.
Feygina, Jost, & Goldsmith (2010, PSPB) System Justification, Denial of Globa...Irina Feygina, Ph.D.
This study examines how system justification tendencies relate to denial of environmental problems and resistance to pro-environmental action. The researchers hypothesize that people are motivated to defend the societal status quo, even when it poses threats like environmental destruction. They propose that greater system justification will be associated with increased denial of environmental issues and less commitment to environmentalism. The study also explores whether system justification can explain known differences in environmental attitudes along political, national, and gender lines. Specifically, it tests if higher system justification among conservatives, strong national identifiers, and men can account for their lower levels of environmental concern compared to liberals, weaker national identifiers, and women. Finally, the researchers investigate whether encouraging environmental change as consistent with protecting the status quo can
Analysis of editorial discourse on environmental challenges in nigerian newsp...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed editorial discourse in Nigerian newspapers regarding the 2012 flooding in Nigeria. The study examined how editorials attributed sources, assigned responsibility, advocated for behavior change, and proposed solutions in their coverage of the flooding issue. It reviewed literature on editorial discourse strategies and analyzed a sample of editorials from four Nigerian newspapers. The study found that editorials largely used expert sources for attribution and advocated for systemic, policy-based solutions. The document provides background on flooding in Nigeria and the role of editorials in influencing public policy debates.
This study examined the influence of environmental knowledge, attitudes, environmental concern, and social influence on the green purchase intentions of American and Chinese consumers. A survey was conducted in Shanghai, China with 200 American and 200 Chinese consumers. The results found a significant relationship between the independent variables and green purchase intention. Significant differences were also found between the individualistic American consumers and collectivistic Chinese consumers, except for environmental concern. The study provides recommendations for marketers based on the findings.
Climate Change Communication Presentation by Paul Zaake at ParisPaul Zaake
1) The document discusses challenges and opportunities in climate change communication. It analyzes common assumptions held by communicators, including that more information will motivate action, fear appeals will work, the scientific framing will be most persuasive, and mass media is the best way to reach audiences.
2) However, the document notes that knowledge does not necessarily raise concern or lead to action. Fear appeals often backfire and audiences reject messages seen as manipulative. Different frames work better for different audiences. Mass media reaches many but does not deeply engage people.
3) Effective communication requires understanding audiences and framing issues consistently with their values. Different messengers are needed for different groups. Face-to-face communication is often
The Converse-McGuire model of attitude change proposes that the probability of attitude change equals the probability of message reception multiplied by the probability of message acceptance. The model rests on two axioms: the reception axiom, which states that political awareness increases the likelihood of message reception; and the acceptance axiom, which states that higher awareness decreases the likelihood of uncritically accepting a message. While some studies support the model, others find political awareness has a weaker effect on attitudes than other factors like ideology. Nonetheless, the model remains important for understanding political persuasion processes and the conditional influence of different variables on attitude change.
Ageism In Working Life A Scoping Review On Discursive ApproachesMichele Thomas
This scoping review examines research on ageism in working life from a discursive perspective. Over the past 50 years, research has shifted from a focus on variables and quantitative methods to also include qualitative approaches like discursive studies. The review identifies 39 papers using discursive approaches to analyze experiences of ageism, the social construction of age and ageism, and strategies to counteract ageism. While providing insights, discursive research on ageism in working life could be expanded through additional methods, consideration of intersectionality, and addressing the labeling of worker age groups.
This document discusses framing theory in political science. It defines framing as how people develop conceptualizations of issues by emphasizing different values or considerations. Framing can affect public opinion by causing people to weigh different attributes of an issue differently. The document reviews how framing studies have found that small changes in how issues are presented can lead to large changes in public opinion. It also discusses how framing relates to models of attitude formation and the implications of framing effects for democratic representation.
The document discusses several studies on the causes and consequences of bullying and approaches to addressing it. It finds that bullying is more likely when children have certain risk factors or experience peer rejection. Long term bullying can lead to lower academic achievement, depression, and even suicide. Several studies suggest screening children who bully for psychological problems and addressing issues like low social support. Recent legislation has aimed to prevent bullying but more may need to be done to involve public health efforts. One evaluation found that anti-bullying programs for teachers could help if they improve school climate and teachers' ability to intervene in bullying situations.
Momentary Assessment of Interpersonal Process in Psychotherapy.docxgilpinleeanna
Momentary Assessment of Interpersonal Process in Psychotherapy
Katherine M. Thomas and Christopher J. Hopwood
Michigan State University
Erik Woody and Nicole Ethier
University of Waterloo
Pamela Sadler
Wilfrid Laurier University
To demonstrate how a novel computer joystick coding method can illuminate the study of interpersonal
processes in psychotherapy sessions, we applied it to Shostrom’s (1966) well-known films in which a
client, Gloria, had sessions with 3 prominent psychotherapists. The joystick method, which records
interpersonal behavior as nearly continuous flows on the plane defined by the interpersonal dimensions
of control and affiliation, provides an excellent sampling of variability in each person’s interpersonal
behavior across the session. More important, it yields extensive information about the temporal dynamics
that interrelate clients’ and therapists’ behaviors. Gloria’s 3 psychotherapy sessions were characterized
using time-series statistical indices and graphical representations. Results demonstrated that patterns of
within-person variability tended to be markedly asymmetric, with a predominant, set-point-like inter-
personal style from which deviations mostly occurred in just 1 direction (e.g., occasional submissive
departures from a modal dominant style). In addition, across each session, the therapist and client showed
strongly cyclical variations in both control and affiliation, and these oscillations were entrained to
different extents depending on the therapist. We interpreted different patterns of moment-to-moment
complementarity of interpersonal behavior in terms of different therapeutic goals, such as fostering a
positive alliance versus disconfirming the client’s interpersonal expectations. We also showed how this
method can be used to provide a more detailed analysis of specific shorter segments from each of the
sessions. Finally, we compared our approach to alternative techniques, such as act-to-act lagged relations
and dynamic systems and pointed to a variety of possible research and training applications.
Keywords: psychotherapy, process, momentary assessment, spectral analysis, interpersonal circumplex
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a novel method
for the study of moment-to-moment interpersonal processes can be
applied to psychotherapy sessions and to illustrate how this
method could enhance understanding of psychotherapy process.
To depict the value of this method, we apply it to Shostrom’s
(1966) well-known films in which a client, Gloria, met with three
prominent psychotherapists with differing theoretical orienta-
tions—Albert Ellis (rational– emotive), Frederick Perls (gestalt),
and Carl Rogers (client-centered). These filmed therapy sessions
are useful for our purpose because they are widely familiar (e.g.,
Reilly & Jacobus, 2008; Weinrach, 1990) and because we can
contrast our novel approach with previous research applying a
more conventional measurement approach to these s ...
This chapter highlights theory and research that clarifies how communication establishes and maintains interpersonal relationships. Although all interpersonal communication episodes have implications for the relationships between participants, we focus on research traditions that specifically address communication’s role in the initiation, development, and maintenance of intimacy within personal relationships.
1) Write a summary of the key points presented by the author;2) TatianaMajor22
1) Write a summary of the key points presented by the author;
2) Express your thoughts on the topic
Summary should be no longer than 3 typewritten, double-spaced pages.
Most social scientists who study public opinion and public policy in democratic countries agree that (1) public opinion influences public policy; (2) the more salient an issue to the public, the stronger the rela- tionship is likely to be; and (3) the relationship is threatened by the power of interest organizations,' political parties, and economic elites (see, e.g., Aldrich 1995; Dahl 1989; Mueller 1999; Stimson, MacKuen, and Erikson 1995; Page and Shapiro 1983; Smith 2000). There would be much less consensus, however, on the answers to five follow-up questions widely seen as impor- tant but seldom addressed directly: 1. How much impact does public opinion have on public policy? 2. How much does the impact of opinion on policy increase as the importance of an issue to the public increases? 3. To what extent do interest groups, social movement organizations, political parties, and elites influence policy even when opposed by public opinion? 4. Has government responsiveness to public opinion changed over time? 5. How generalizable are our findings about the impact of opinion on policy?
This article distills considerable research directed at these questions. It is not, however, a literature review in the usual sense. Rather than summarizing publications in a con- ventional narrative, I use each publication as a source of data, tabulating the issues and countries studied, and the authors' predictions, variables, and findings. The analysis will provide the publications' collective answer to each question, and, at times, show how little evidence is avail- able. Highlighting how little we know on some issues will point to an agenda for future research. It turns out that public opinion influences policy most of the time, often strongly Responsiveness appears to increase with salience, and public opinion matters even in the face of activities by interest organizations, political par- ties, and political and economic elites. Claims that respon- siveness is changing over time or varies across issues rest on very little evidence. The next section describes issues that arise in attempts to answer the questions. This is followed by a description of the data, presentation of findings, and conclusion.
ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy No one believes that public opinion always determines public policy; few believe it never does. Even dedicated pro- ponents of democratic theory acknowledge that democratic governments sometimes ignore the public (e.g., Page and Shapiro 1983: 189); those whose theories attribute little power to the public concede that governments sometimes follow public opinion (e.g., Block 1987: 66; Domhoff 1998: 301; Korpi 1989: 313). What distinguishes those who believe democracy gives citizens genuine control over their governmen ...
This article analyzes identity descriptions in the environmental justice literature to identify significant life experiences of environmental justice activists. Three significant life experiences are identified: 1) recognizing their social/environmental marginality, 2) developing embodied knowledge from negative social/environmental experiences, and 3) feeling empowered through working within environmental justice communities focused on inclusion and justice. These experiences highlight the importance of social positionality and negative experiences, in contrast to the more positive experiences typically emphasized in significant life experience research.
Content:
Introduction and Status quo . 2
Ontology .
Epistemology .
Me hodolog . . .3
Research De ign . . 4
The introduction of Background Theory . 4
Background Theorie .
Reference . . . .. . 6
Introduction and status quo
The family business is the prevalent organizational form of business globally (Daily and Dollinger,
1993). One of the distinguishing features of family firms (FFs) is that they are built upon close
relationships among family members (Cruz et al., 2010), which can serve as a valuable resource
for serious tensions (Herrero, 2018). Some scholars see conflict as the source of all evil (Jayantilal
et al., 2016) that can create anxiety, especially among spouses. The tensions may be transferred to
other family members, notably the children, which may cause severe dysfunctional problems in
the family. These problems may put the whole family business in danger. These assumptions are
too simplistic and misleading and are one of the main reasons why the literature on this topic
remains largely undertheorized and fragmented, resulting in theoretical limitations and empirical
indeterminacy (Pai and Bendersky, 2020). we (Paola Rovelli,2021) advice for further research
that looks more closely at the family system, considering for instance aspects such as conflicts to
increase their attention towards the consequences of such inconsistencies. The psychology
literature suggests that moderate levels of conflict may enhance group performance through
improved decision-making processes, fostered innovation, and enhanced creativity Likewise,
conflict is not always negative (cognitive conflict), as it may lead to constructive challenges and
improvements (e.g., Ensley & Pearson, 2005. The purpose of this research is that it will give
insights to understand why in some contexts conflict leads to negative performance and why in
others to a positive outcome.
Ontology
An area of philosoph , that deals with the nature of being, or what exists; the area of philosophy
that asks what is and what the fundamental categories of reality are (Neuman, 2014, p. 94). social
reality is created by subjects through their interactions and interpretations, actors influence
structures and regularities, knowledge about social reality is always dependent on subjects and
social relations. In the concept of ontology, this research will put in the concept of nominalism
(as opposed to realism). Nominalists believe in multiple versions of reality, which is derived from
the researcher s interpretations of truth, and depending on the researcher s experience, it can only
be transferred to similar contexts. conflicts, as phenomena of social reality (Kellermanns and
Eddleston, 2004) focuses on communications, relationships and sees communicative acts as the
elements rather than persons. To understand it, the researcher should penetrate the depth of the
matter. Conflicts as a complex web of ...
Frontiers in Psychology www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2019 .docxshericehewat
This document discusses generational diversity in the workplace. It analyzes the variables of psychological empowerment and flexibility among different generations in Spanish companies. Sixteen focus groups were conducted with four generations (Baby Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, Gen Z) to identify differences. Results showed older generations (Baby Boomers and Gen X) differed from younger ones (Gen Y and Gen Z) on these variables. The document provides background on these variables and their relevance to workplace performance and adaptation.
Cross-cultural psychology explores the relationship between minds and the complex environments that shape them. It focuses on how environments like workplaces, cultural traditions, and political systems influence basic cognitive processes. Methodology in cross-cultural psychology includes both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative methods use experimental designs and measures of correlation, while qualitative research is conducted in natural settings using methods like interviews.
Tool : Opinion Space
Typical Actions : Opinion mapping software collect and visualise users opinions on important issues and polocies
(rate five proposition on the chosen topic and type initial response to a discussion question)
Show in a graphical "Map" where user's opinions of other participants.
Display patterns, trends, and insights employ the wisdom of crowds to identify the most insightful ideas.
Examples : Used by US state Depart to engage global online audiences on a variety of foreign policy issues.
Section 1: Tool Background
Who designed or developed the tool?
What is the purpose of the tool?
When was the tool designed or developed?
Where was the tool designed or developed?
Why was the tool designed or developed?
Section 2: Tool Specifications
Functional capabilities of the tool. (Key features of the tool)
Technical requirements for the tool.
How is/was the tool implemented?
Section 3: Tool Visualizations:
Find an illustration or work flow of the tool.
Describe the illustration or work flow of the tool.
Section 4: Tool Achievements/Limitations
Discuss the advantages of the tool.
Discuss the disadvantages of the tool.
Section 5: Based on research, does the tool achieve the original purpose of the creator/designer?
Discuss your findings
Your research paper should be at least 9 pages (2400 words), double-spaced, have at least 8 APA references, and typed in an easy-to-read font in MS Word (other word processors are fine to use but save it in a MS Word format). Your cover page should contain the following: Title, Team's name, University's name, Course name, Course number, Professor's name, and Date.
Tambouris, E., Liotas, N., & Tarabanis, K. (2007). A Framework for Assessing eParticipation Projects and Tools. 2007 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'07), Waikoloa, HI, 2007, pp. 90-90. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2007.13
SURNAME 3
Climate Change
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
14th. September 2019
Academic Sources on Climate Change
Farrell, Justin. "Corporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.1 (2016): 92-97.
Nerem, R. S., Beckley, B. D., Fasullo, J. T., Hamlington, B. D., Masters, D., & Mitchum, G. T. (2018). Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(9), 2022-2025.
Fuzzi, S., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K., Decesari, S., Denier van der Gon, H., Facchini, M. C., ... & Nemitz, E. (2015). Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 15(14), 8217-8299.
Urry, John. “Climate change and society”. In Why the social sciences matter (pp. 45-59). Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2015 45-59.
Holland, G., & Bruyère, C. L. (2014). Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change. Climate Dynamics ...
Texting While Driving Essay | Essay on Texting While Driving for .... Messaging while driving essay. Should texting while driving be illegal essay. Should Texting While .... ️ Texting and driving speech conclusion. Free Essays on Persuasive ....
This document summarizes a study that explored how participants in an environmental community project discussed their pro-environmental behaviors and identities. The study used discourse analysis of interviews to examine the social identity positions participants took up. It found that participants negotiated tensions between their green identities and non-green behaviors by drawing on discourses that positioned them positively, such as responsible parents or hygienic mothers. They also distanced themselves from more "extreme" identities like eco-warriors. The study shows how social identities can support sustainable behaviors through "scaffolding" desired actions.
The document discusses factors that influence people in New Zealand to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). CAM is broadly defined as health practices outside of mainstream medicine in a given society. The New Zealand health system uses a definition of CAM as practices intended to prevent or treat illness or promote well-being that are self-defined as such by users. While New Zealand lacks recent data on CAM use, past surveys show little is known about the social and psychological reasons behind why people choose CAM. More research is needed to better understand people's motivations for using CAM in New Zealand.
Social Policy Responsiveness in Developed DemocraciesAu.docxgertrudebellgrove
Social Policy Responsiveness in Developed Democracies
Author(s): Clem Brooks and Jeff Manza
Source: American Sociological Review, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jun., 2006), pp. 474-494
Published by: American Sociological Association
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30039000
Accessed: 19-09-2018 01:13 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
American Sociological Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and
extend access to American Sociological Review
This content downloaded from 128.122.158.14 on Wed, 19 Sep 2018 01:13:30 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Social Policy Responsiveness
in Developed Democracies
Clem Brooks
Indiana University, Bloomington
Jeff Manza
Northwestern University
Do mass policy preferences influence the policy output of welfare states in developed
democracies? This is an important issue for welfare state theory and research, and this
article presents an analysis that builds from analytical innovations developed in the
emerging literature on linkages between mass opinion and public policy. The authors
analyze a new dataset combining a measure of social policy preferences with data on
welfare state spending, alongside controls for established causal factors behind social
policy-making. The analysis provides evidence that policy preferences exert a significant
influence over welfare state output. Guided also by statistical tests for endogeneity, the
authors find that cross-national differences in the level of policy preferences help to
account for a portion of the differences among social, Christian, and liberal welfare state
regimes. The results have implications for developing fruitful connections between
welfare state scholarship, comparative opinion research, and recent opinion/policy
studies.
Do mass policy preferences influence the
size and scope of social policy output in
democracies? Are cross-national differences in
the level of policy preferences a factor behind
comparative differences in developed welfare
states? These questions are fundamental ones for
empirical democratic theory, as the growth of
Direct correspondence to Clem Brooks,
Department of Sociology, Indiana University, 1020
E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405-7103
([email protected]). Data were provided by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, the Inter-University Consortium for
Political and Social Research, and the Comparative
Welfare States Dataset was provided by Evelyne
Huber, Char ...
This document discusses building a civic science culture to bridge the divide between policymakers and the public on issues related to science. It provides an overview of the current polarized political environment and issues like climate change. It then discusses best practices for science communication, such as identifying opinion leaders, diversifying policy options, framing conversations appropriately, investing in boundary organizations, and coordinating strategies on key issues. The goal is to promote more effective dialogue and decision-making on complex science-related challenges.
1
Annotated Bibliography: Topic (Chosen from the list provided)
[Name]
South University Online
[Template instructions: Replace the information in red with your work-then delete this line]
2
Annotated Bibliography: Topic (Chosen from the list provided)
[APA formatted reference for source (list in alphabetical order) using a hanging indent]
[Underneath the reference, give a summary of the article then an analysis:
Summary of article: 1-2 paragraphs that describe the following information in your own words
in paragraph format (not bullet points).
• Why the article was written?
• What are the major points of the article?
• If the article was a study, describe:
o The methods used in the research: Include the participants, how the research question(s)
was tested or measured (e.g. survey, interview, formal testing…)
o The results of the study: What did the researchers find out?
o The conclusions: What did the researchers conclude from the study? What were the
limitations of the research?
NOTE: Do not include citations for the article you are summarizing in an annotated
bibliography. You have already given credit by listing the reference first. This is different
from a paper.]
[Analysis of the article: 1-2 paragraphs describing the following: Whether or not the
points made by the author are logical and supported by evidence and whether the author
demonstrates any bias in presenting the arguments. Were other arguments or possibilities
considered? Are the author’s conclusions supported? Do they fit with your understanding
of the topic and your textbook's description (cite the textbook and any other sources you
use for analyzing your article – include any additional sources you cite as part of your
analysis in your reference list)? Why or why not (provide support for your opinion)?]
3
Example of formatting:
Boonstra, A., & Broekhuis, M. (2010). Barriers to the acceptance of electronic medical records by
physicians from systematic review to taxonomy and interventions. BMC Health Services
Research, 10(1), 231-248. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-231
Authors conducted a systematic review of research papers between 1998 and 2009 that
examined physician perceptions of barriers to implementation of electronic medical
records. An examination of 1671 articles….
DeVore, S. D., & Figlioli, K. (2010). Lessons Premier hospitals learned about implementing electronic
health records. Health Affairs, 29(4), 664-667. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0250
Premier healthcare alliance is a network of 2300 non-profit hospitals and 63,000
outpatient facilities in the United States, This paper summarized lessons learned from
reviewing implementation practices within their system….
4
References
List any references you cited in your analyses of your chosen sources. DO NOT list the references for
the articles you chose as you already referenced them in your an ...
1. Primary sources2. Secondary sources3. La Malinche4. Bacon’s.docxvannagoforth
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary sources
3. La Malinche
4. Bacon’s rebellion
5. Robert Carter III
6. Mesoamerica
7. Middle Passage
8. Indentured servitude
9. The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy
10. Triangular trade
11. Saint Dominique Revolt
12. Syncretism
13. Olaudah Equiano
14. Christopher Columbus
15. Columbian Moment
16. Hernan Cortes
17. Florentine Codex
18. Master Narrative of American History
19. Reconquista
20. The Paradox of Slavery
21. Indian Removal Act 1830
22. Trail of Tears
23. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
24. Niños Heroes (Heroic Children)
25. Antonio López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón
26. The Royal Africa Company
27. John Locke
28. St. Patrick’s Battalion
29. Chilam Balam
30. Popol Vuh
31. El requerimiento (The Requirement)
32. Manifest Destiny
33. Moses and Stephen F. Austin
34. Colonialism
35. Colonial Legacy
.
1. Prepare an outline, an introduction, and a summary.docxvannagoforth
The document instructs the reader to prepare a 4 page double spaced report on an attached article, including an outline, introduction, and summary, and to prepare 4 PowerPoint slides summarizing the report.
More Related Content
Similar to Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docx
Ageism In Working Life A Scoping Review On Discursive ApproachesMichele Thomas
This scoping review examines research on ageism in working life from a discursive perspective. Over the past 50 years, research has shifted from a focus on variables and quantitative methods to also include qualitative approaches like discursive studies. The review identifies 39 papers using discursive approaches to analyze experiences of ageism, the social construction of age and ageism, and strategies to counteract ageism. While providing insights, discursive research on ageism in working life could be expanded through additional methods, consideration of intersectionality, and addressing the labeling of worker age groups.
This document discusses framing theory in political science. It defines framing as how people develop conceptualizations of issues by emphasizing different values or considerations. Framing can affect public opinion by causing people to weigh different attributes of an issue differently. The document reviews how framing studies have found that small changes in how issues are presented can lead to large changes in public opinion. It also discusses how framing relates to models of attitude formation and the implications of framing effects for democratic representation.
The document discusses several studies on the causes and consequences of bullying and approaches to addressing it. It finds that bullying is more likely when children have certain risk factors or experience peer rejection. Long term bullying can lead to lower academic achievement, depression, and even suicide. Several studies suggest screening children who bully for psychological problems and addressing issues like low social support. Recent legislation has aimed to prevent bullying but more may need to be done to involve public health efforts. One evaluation found that anti-bullying programs for teachers could help if they improve school climate and teachers' ability to intervene in bullying situations.
Momentary Assessment of Interpersonal Process in Psychotherapy.docxgilpinleeanna
Momentary Assessment of Interpersonal Process in Psychotherapy
Katherine M. Thomas and Christopher J. Hopwood
Michigan State University
Erik Woody and Nicole Ethier
University of Waterloo
Pamela Sadler
Wilfrid Laurier University
To demonstrate how a novel computer joystick coding method can illuminate the study of interpersonal
processes in psychotherapy sessions, we applied it to Shostrom’s (1966) well-known films in which a
client, Gloria, had sessions with 3 prominent psychotherapists. The joystick method, which records
interpersonal behavior as nearly continuous flows on the plane defined by the interpersonal dimensions
of control and affiliation, provides an excellent sampling of variability in each person’s interpersonal
behavior across the session. More important, it yields extensive information about the temporal dynamics
that interrelate clients’ and therapists’ behaviors. Gloria’s 3 psychotherapy sessions were characterized
using time-series statistical indices and graphical representations. Results demonstrated that patterns of
within-person variability tended to be markedly asymmetric, with a predominant, set-point-like inter-
personal style from which deviations mostly occurred in just 1 direction (e.g., occasional submissive
departures from a modal dominant style). In addition, across each session, the therapist and client showed
strongly cyclical variations in both control and affiliation, and these oscillations were entrained to
different extents depending on the therapist. We interpreted different patterns of moment-to-moment
complementarity of interpersonal behavior in terms of different therapeutic goals, such as fostering a
positive alliance versus disconfirming the client’s interpersonal expectations. We also showed how this
method can be used to provide a more detailed analysis of specific shorter segments from each of the
sessions. Finally, we compared our approach to alternative techniques, such as act-to-act lagged relations
and dynamic systems and pointed to a variety of possible research and training applications.
Keywords: psychotherapy, process, momentary assessment, spectral analysis, interpersonal circumplex
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a novel method
for the study of moment-to-moment interpersonal processes can be
applied to psychotherapy sessions and to illustrate how this
method could enhance understanding of psychotherapy process.
To depict the value of this method, we apply it to Shostrom’s
(1966) well-known films in which a client, Gloria, met with three
prominent psychotherapists with differing theoretical orienta-
tions—Albert Ellis (rational– emotive), Frederick Perls (gestalt),
and Carl Rogers (client-centered). These filmed therapy sessions
are useful for our purpose because they are widely familiar (e.g.,
Reilly & Jacobus, 2008; Weinrach, 1990) and because we can
contrast our novel approach with previous research applying a
more conventional measurement approach to these s ...
This chapter highlights theory and research that clarifies how communication establishes and maintains interpersonal relationships. Although all interpersonal communication episodes have implications for the relationships between participants, we focus on research traditions that specifically address communication’s role in the initiation, development, and maintenance of intimacy within personal relationships.
1) Write a summary of the key points presented by the author;2) TatianaMajor22
1) Write a summary of the key points presented by the author;
2) Express your thoughts on the topic
Summary should be no longer than 3 typewritten, double-spaced pages.
Most social scientists who study public opinion and public policy in democratic countries agree that (1) public opinion influences public policy; (2) the more salient an issue to the public, the stronger the rela- tionship is likely to be; and (3) the relationship is threatened by the power of interest organizations,' political parties, and economic elites (see, e.g., Aldrich 1995; Dahl 1989; Mueller 1999; Stimson, MacKuen, and Erikson 1995; Page and Shapiro 1983; Smith 2000). There would be much less consensus, however, on the answers to five follow-up questions widely seen as impor- tant but seldom addressed directly: 1. How much impact does public opinion have on public policy? 2. How much does the impact of opinion on policy increase as the importance of an issue to the public increases? 3. To what extent do interest groups, social movement organizations, political parties, and elites influence policy even when opposed by public opinion? 4. Has government responsiveness to public opinion changed over time? 5. How generalizable are our findings about the impact of opinion on policy?
This article distills considerable research directed at these questions. It is not, however, a literature review in the usual sense. Rather than summarizing publications in a con- ventional narrative, I use each publication as a source of data, tabulating the issues and countries studied, and the authors' predictions, variables, and findings. The analysis will provide the publications' collective answer to each question, and, at times, show how little evidence is avail- able. Highlighting how little we know on some issues will point to an agenda for future research. It turns out that public opinion influences policy most of the time, often strongly Responsiveness appears to increase with salience, and public opinion matters even in the face of activities by interest organizations, political par- ties, and political and economic elites. Claims that respon- siveness is changing over time or varies across issues rest on very little evidence. The next section describes issues that arise in attempts to answer the questions. This is followed by a description of the data, presentation of findings, and conclusion.
ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy No one believes that public opinion always determines public policy; few believe it never does. Even dedicated pro- ponents of democratic theory acknowledge that democratic governments sometimes ignore the public (e.g., Page and Shapiro 1983: 189); those whose theories attribute little power to the public concede that governments sometimes follow public opinion (e.g., Block 1987: 66; Domhoff 1998: 301; Korpi 1989: 313). What distinguishes those who believe democracy gives citizens genuine control over their governmen ...
This article analyzes identity descriptions in the environmental justice literature to identify significant life experiences of environmental justice activists. Three significant life experiences are identified: 1) recognizing their social/environmental marginality, 2) developing embodied knowledge from negative social/environmental experiences, and 3) feeling empowered through working within environmental justice communities focused on inclusion and justice. These experiences highlight the importance of social positionality and negative experiences, in contrast to the more positive experiences typically emphasized in significant life experience research.
Content:
Introduction and Status quo . 2
Ontology .
Epistemology .
Me hodolog . . .3
Research De ign . . 4
The introduction of Background Theory . 4
Background Theorie .
Reference . . . .. . 6
Introduction and status quo
The family business is the prevalent organizational form of business globally (Daily and Dollinger,
1993). One of the distinguishing features of family firms (FFs) is that they are built upon close
relationships among family members (Cruz et al., 2010), which can serve as a valuable resource
for serious tensions (Herrero, 2018). Some scholars see conflict as the source of all evil (Jayantilal
et al., 2016) that can create anxiety, especially among spouses. The tensions may be transferred to
other family members, notably the children, which may cause severe dysfunctional problems in
the family. These problems may put the whole family business in danger. These assumptions are
too simplistic and misleading and are one of the main reasons why the literature on this topic
remains largely undertheorized and fragmented, resulting in theoretical limitations and empirical
indeterminacy (Pai and Bendersky, 2020). we (Paola Rovelli,2021) advice for further research
that looks more closely at the family system, considering for instance aspects such as conflicts to
increase their attention towards the consequences of such inconsistencies. The psychology
literature suggests that moderate levels of conflict may enhance group performance through
improved decision-making processes, fostered innovation, and enhanced creativity Likewise,
conflict is not always negative (cognitive conflict), as it may lead to constructive challenges and
improvements (e.g., Ensley & Pearson, 2005. The purpose of this research is that it will give
insights to understand why in some contexts conflict leads to negative performance and why in
others to a positive outcome.
Ontology
An area of philosoph , that deals with the nature of being, or what exists; the area of philosophy
that asks what is and what the fundamental categories of reality are (Neuman, 2014, p. 94). social
reality is created by subjects through their interactions and interpretations, actors influence
structures and regularities, knowledge about social reality is always dependent on subjects and
social relations. In the concept of ontology, this research will put in the concept of nominalism
(as opposed to realism). Nominalists believe in multiple versions of reality, which is derived from
the researcher s interpretations of truth, and depending on the researcher s experience, it can only
be transferred to similar contexts. conflicts, as phenomena of social reality (Kellermanns and
Eddleston, 2004) focuses on communications, relationships and sees communicative acts as the
elements rather than persons. To understand it, the researcher should penetrate the depth of the
matter. Conflicts as a complex web of ...
Frontiers in Psychology www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2019 .docxshericehewat
This document discusses generational diversity in the workplace. It analyzes the variables of psychological empowerment and flexibility among different generations in Spanish companies. Sixteen focus groups were conducted with four generations (Baby Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, Gen Z) to identify differences. Results showed older generations (Baby Boomers and Gen X) differed from younger ones (Gen Y and Gen Z) on these variables. The document provides background on these variables and their relevance to workplace performance and adaptation.
Cross-cultural psychology explores the relationship between minds and the complex environments that shape them. It focuses on how environments like workplaces, cultural traditions, and political systems influence basic cognitive processes. Methodology in cross-cultural psychology includes both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative methods use experimental designs and measures of correlation, while qualitative research is conducted in natural settings using methods like interviews.
Tool : Opinion Space
Typical Actions : Opinion mapping software collect and visualise users opinions on important issues and polocies
(rate five proposition on the chosen topic and type initial response to a discussion question)
Show in a graphical "Map" where user's opinions of other participants.
Display patterns, trends, and insights employ the wisdom of crowds to identify the most insightful ideas.
Examples : Used by US state Depart to engage global online audiences on a variety of foreign policy issues.
Section 1: Tool Background
Who designed or developed the tool?
What is the purpose of the tool?
When was the tool designed or developed?
Where was the tool designed or developed?
Why was the tool designed or developed?
Section 2: Tool Specifications
Functional capabilities of the tool. (Key features of the tool)
Technical requirements for the tool.
How is/was the tool implemented?
Section 3: Tool Visualizations:
Find an illustration or work flow of the tool.
Describe the illustration or work flow of the tool.
Section 4: Tool Achievements/Limitations
Discuss the advantages of the tool.
Discuss the disadvantages of the tool.
Section 5: Based on research, does the tool achieve the original purpose of the creator/designer?
Discuss your findings
Your research paper should be at least 9 pages (2400 words), double-spaced, have at least 8 APA references, and typed in an easy-to-read font in MS Word (other word processors are fine to use but save it in a MS Word format). Your cover page should contain the following: Title, Team's name, University's name, Course name, Course number, Professor's name, and Date.
Tambouris, E., Liotas, N., & Tarabanis, K. (2007). A Framework for Assessing eParticipation Projects and Tools. 2007 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'07), Waikoloa, HI, 2007, pp. 90-90. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2007.13
SURNAME 3
Climate Change
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
14th. September 2019
Academic Sources on Climate Change
Farrell, Justin. "Corporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.1 (2016): 92-97.
Nerem, R. S., Beckley, B. D., Fasullo, J. T., Hamlington, B. D., Masters, D., & Mitchum, G. T. (2018). Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(9), 2022-2025.
Fuzzi, S., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K., Decesari, S., Denier van der Gon, H., Facchini, M. C., ... & Nemitz, E. (2015). Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 15(14), 8217-8299.
Urry, John. “Climate change and society”. In Why the social sciences matter (pp. 45-59). Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2015 45-59.
Holland, G., & Bruyère, C. L. (2014). Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change. Climate Dynamics ...
Texting While Driving Essay | Essay on Texting While Driving for .... Messaging while driving essay. Should texting while driving be illegal essay. Should Texting While .... ️ Texting and driving speech conclusion. Free Essays on Persuasive ....
This document summarizes a study that explored how participants in an environmental community project discussed their pro-environmental behaviors and identities. The study used discourse analysis of interviews to examine the social identity positions participants took up. It found that participants negotiated tensions between their green identities and non-green behaviors by drawing on discourses that positioned them positively, such as responsible parents or hygienic mothers. They also distanced themselves from more "extreme" identities like eco-warriors. The study shows how social identities can support sustainable behaviors through "scaffolding" desired actions.
The document discusses factors that influence people in New Zealand to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). CAM is broadly defined as health practices outside of mainstream medicine in a given society. The New Zealand health system uses a definition of CAM as practices intended to prevent or treat illness or promote well-being that are self-defined as such by users. While New Zealand lacks recent data on CAM use, past surveys show little is known about the social and psychological reasons behind why people choose CAM. More research is needed to better understand people's motivations for using CAM in New Zealand.
Social Policy Responsiveness in Developed DemocraciesAu.docxgertrudebellgrove
Social Policy Responsiveness in Developed Democracies
Author(s): Clem Brooks and Jeff Manza
Source: American Sociological Review, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jun., 2006), pp. 474-494
Published by: American Sociological Association
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30039000
Accessed: 19-09-2018 01:13 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
American Sociological Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and
extend access to American Sociological Review
This content downloaded from 128.122.158.14 on Wed, 19 Sep 2018 01:13:30 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Social Policy Responsiveness
in Developed Democracies
Clem Brooks
Indiana University, Bloomington
Jeff Manza
Northwestern University
Do mass policy preferences influence the policy output of welfare states in developed
democracies? This is an important issue for welfare state theory and research, and this
article presents an analysis that builds from analytical innovations developed in the
emerging literature on linkages between mass opinion and public policy. The authors
analyze a new dataset combining a measure of social policy preferences with data on
welfare state spending, alongside controls for established causal factors behind social
policy-making. The analysis provides evidence that policy preferences exert a significant
influence over welfare state output. Guided also by statistical tests for endogeneity, the
authors find that cross-national differences in the level of policy preferences help to
account for a portion of the differences among social, Christian, and liberal welfare state
regimes. The results have implications for developing fruitful connections between
welfare state scholarship, comparative opinion research, and recent opinion/policy
studies.
Do mass policy preferences influence the
size and scope of social policy output in
democracies? Are cross-national differences in
the level of policy preferences a factor behind
comparative differences in developed welfare
states? These questions are fundamental ones for
empirical democratic theory, as the growth of
Direct correspondence to Clem Brooks,
Department of Sociology, Indiana University, 1020
E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405-7103
([email protected]). Data were provided by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, the Inter-University Consortium for
Political and Social Research, and the Comparative
Welfare States Dataset was provided by Evelyne
Huber, Char ...
This document discusses building a civic science culture to bridge the divide between policymakers and the public on issues related to science. It provides an overview of the current polarized political environment and issues like climate change. It then discusses best practices for science communication, such as identifying opinion leaders, diversifying policy options, framing conversations appropriately, investing in boundary organizations, and coordinating strategies on key issues. The goal is to promote more effective dialogue and decision-making on complex science-related challenges.
1
Annotated Bibliography: Topic (Chosen from the list provided)
[Name]
South University Online
[Template instructions: Replace the information in red with your work-then delete this line]
2
Annotated Bibliography: Topic (Chosen from the list provided)
[APA formatted reference for source (list in alphabetical order) using a hanging indent]
[Underneath the reference, give a summary of the article then an analysis:
Summary of article: 1-2 paragraphs that describe the following information in your own words
in paragraph format (not bullet points).
• Why the article was written?
• What are the major points of the article?
• If the article was a study, describe:
o The methods used in the research: Include the participants, how the research question(s)
was tested or measured (e.g. survey, interview, formal testing…)
o The results of the study: What did the researchers find out?
o The conclusions: What did the researchers conclude from the study? What were the
limitations of the research?
NOTE: Do not include citations for the article you are summarizing in an annotated
bibliography. You have already given credit by listing the reference first. This is different
from a paper.]
[Analysis of the article: 1-2 paragraphs describing the following: Whether or not the
points made by the author are logical and supported by evidence and whether the author
demonstrates any bias in presenting the arguments. Were other arguments or possibilities
considered? Are the author’s conclusions supported? Do they fit with your understanding
of the topic and your textbook's description (cite the textbook and any other sources you
use for analyzing your article – include any additional sources you cite as part of your
analysis in your reference list)? Why or why not (provide support for your opinion)?]
3
Example of formatting:
Boonstra, A., & Broekhuis, M. (2010). Barriers to the acceptance of electronic medical records by
physicians from systematic review to taxonomy and interventions. BMC Health Services
Research, 10(1), 231-248. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-231
Authors conducted a systematic review of research papers between 1998 and 2009 that
examined physician perceptions of barriers to implementation of electronic medical
records. An examination of 1671 articles….
DeVore, S. D., & Figlioli, K. (2010). Lessons Premier hospitals learned about implementing electronic
health records. Health Affairs, 29(4), 664-667. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0250
Premier healthcare alliance is a network of 2300 non-profit hospitals and 63,000
outpatient facilities in the United States, This paper summarized lessons learned from
reviewing implementation practices within their system….
4
References
List any references you cited in your analyses of your chosen sources. DO NOT list the references for
the articles you chose as you already referenced them in your an ...
Similar to Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docx (20)
1. Primary sources2. Secondary sources3. La Malinche4. Bacon’s.docxvannagoforth
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary sources
3. La Malinche
4. Bacon’s rebellion
5. Robert Carter III
6. Mesoamerica
7. Middle Passage
8. Indentured servitude
9. The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy
10. Triangular trade
11. Saint Dominique Revolt
12. Syncretism
13. Olaudah Equiano
14. Christopher Columbus
15. Columbian Moment
16. Hernan Cortes
17. Florentine Codex
18. Master Narrative of American History
19. Reconquista
20. The Paradox of Slavery
21. Indian Removal Act 1830
22. Trail of Tears
23. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
24. Niños Heroes (Heroic Children)
25. Antonio López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón
26. The Royal Africa Company
27. John Locke
28. St. Patrick’s Battalion
29. Chilam Balam
30. Popol Vuh
31. El requerimiento (The Requirement)
32. Manifest Destiny
33. Moses and Stephen F. Austin
34. Colonialism
35. Colonial Legacy
.
1. Prepare an outline, an introduction, and a summary.docxvannagoforth
The document instructs the reader to prepare a 4 page double spaced report on an attached article, including an outline, introduction, and summary, and to prepare 4 PowerPoint slides summarizing the report.
1. Normative moral philosophy typically focuses on the determining t.docxvannagoforth
According to Aristotle, virtues are traits of character that are good for a person to have and that are developed through habitual actions over time. Acting virtuously leads to morally correct actions. The document discusses Aristotle's view of virtue ethics and how it differs from normative moral philosophy by focusing on the character of the moral agent rather than just determining the right action. It asks how virtue ethics would analyze two different medical ethical dilemmas.
1. Paper should be 5-pages min. + 1 page works cited2. Should have.docxvannagoforth
1. Paper should be 5-pages min. + 1 page works cited
2. Should have at least 10 annotated sources (copy article onto word, highlight main point, write a few sentences about how it'll help you in writing the paper at the bottom of page)
3
. Should have an INTRO, NARRATION, ARGUMENTS, REFUTATION, CONCUSION
4. Use in-text citations and have organized mla format works cited page
SAMPLE OUTLINE
Research Paper Outline
Title: Rebellious Libya
Thesis: The United States should not get involved with Libya’s conflicts.
I.
Introduction:
A.
Start with the question, what is war? Explain briefly.
B.
Talk about the wars of the United States.
C.
What were the outcomes of some of those wars?
II.
Narration:
A.
Give some background on Libya.
B.
Explain how Col. Muammar Gaddafi became the leader of Libya
C.
Talk about why the citizens of Libya want to overthrow Gaddafi.
D.
Explain why the people feel that the United States should get involved in Libya’s conflicts.
III.
Partition:
A.
Thesis: I believe that the United States should not get involve with Libya’s conflicts.
B.
Essay Map.
1.
Cost of war.
2.
Using money in other Departments other defense.
3.
Killing innocent civilians and soldiers.
4.
Helping unknown rebels
5.
Involvement of foreign wars
IV.
Arguments:
A.
The cost of war is rising by the minute. The Obama Administration proposed a budget of $553 billion dollars for the department.
B.
Instead of spending all that money on war, we should be investing that money on health care and education.
C.
This conflict has caused the lives of many innocent civilians. NATO openly admitted to have killed innocent civilians, due to misguidance.
D.
The rebels fighting against Gaddafi are in need of military supplies. I don’t think that it is a good idea to help unknown rebels. We helped the Afghanistan rebels when they were fighting Russia. After they were victorious, they later became the “Taliban” and used those weapons to attack the US.
E.
Getting involved in foreign wars is not a good idea. The US has been involved in many foreign wars lately. These wars have been in foreign countries where Islam is the prominent religion. Libya is one of these countries. The involvement of the US in these places, builds a bad reputation worldwide and among the Muslim community.
V.
Refutation:
A.
Gaddafi’s actions against the civilians of Libya are totally wrong. Killing your own people is bad and therefore, we should help the rebels overthrow him.
B.
Gaddafi has been in power for many years. In fact, he holds the record for most years in power in a single country. This type of power can potentially lead to corruption and mistreatment of civilians.
C.
The people of Libya deserve to have democracy. They should have the right to elect their own leader.
D.
If Al Qaeda is threatening NATO and Libyan mercenaries then we should help them fight terrorism.
VI.
Conclusion:
A.
Summarize my arguments.
B.
State why we should not get involve with Libya’s conf.
1. Name and describe the three steps of the looking-glass self.2.docxvannagoforth
1. Name and describe the three steps of the 'looking-glass self'.
2. List and describe the three stages in George Mead's model of human development.
3. Piaget developed a four-stage process to explain how children develop reasoning skills. List each and give an example of one of the stages.
4. Briefly summarize the three elements of Freud's theory of personality and explain why sociologist have negative reactions to his analysis.
5. How does the mass media reinforce society's expectations of gender?
.
1. Provide an example of a business or specific person(s) that effec.docxvannagoforth
1. Provide an example of a business or specific person(s) that effectively use social media. What tools does the business or person use? How do they apply the tools effectively? Describe areas of improvement.
This assignment has to be 4 pages long, then it needs a cover page and reference page however that can not be a part of the four pages. So it would be 6 pages if you count the cover page and reference page!
.
1. Mexico and Guatemala. Research the political and economic situati.docxvannagoforth
1. Mexico and Guatemala. Research the political and economic situation of these countries and write about their peculiar circumstances.
2. Honduras, El Salvador and Panama. Research the political and economic situation of these countries and write about their peculiar circumstances.
3. Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Research the ecological and political situation of these countries and write about their peculiar circumstances.
4. Colombia and Ecuador. Research about the truths and myths about this two countries and write about your impressions on these stereotypes.
.
1. Many scholars have set some standards to judge a system for taxat.docxvannagoforth
1. Many scholars have set some standards to judge a system for taxation for its validity. How can you decide if a tax is good or bad?
You can consider these five following principles for your Discussion. What do these issues mean? How do you think they matter?
Adequacy Equity Exportability Neutrality Simplicity
What other tax revenue systems could you consider? How do you think they would be better or worse?
2. What role do taxes play in political issues?
3. What is your opinion of a flat tax as some politicians have proposed?
.
1. List and (in 1-2 sentences) describe the 4 interlocking factors t.docxvannagoforth
1. List and (in 1-2 sentences) describe the 4 interlocking factors that led to the ourbreak of world war 1
2. Explain the difference between and authoritarian regime and a totalitarian regime.
3. List and (in 1-2 sentences) describe the 5 factors that led to the ourbreak of world war 2.
.
1. Please explain how the Constitution provides for a system of sepa.docxvannagoforth
1. Please explain how the Constitution provides for a system of separation of powers and checks and balances. Provide a fully developed essay of at least 500 words, and cite sources used.
2. Describe how a bill becomes a law at the national level, in a fully developed essay of at least 500 words. Support your work with cited sources, references to Lecture Notes, or URLs where you obtained your information.
.
1. Please watch the following The Diving Bell & The Butterfly, Amel.docxvannagoforth
1. Please watch the following: The Diving Bell & The Butterfly, Amelie, The Lookout, A Single Man, Her, Little Children, and An Education and
Please respond to the films. In particular, respond to how the film develops the identity of a single character for an audience, and which you responded to (either the characters themselves or the way the film constructed the character) the most, or the least please , 10 sentence min and no plagiariasm also it has to be
followowed exactly whats written here.
PS: please dont waste my time if you will do a messy assigment, just dont send me a msg.
.
1. Most sociologists interpret social life from one of the three maj.docxvannagoforth
1. Most sociologists interpret social life from one of the three major theoretical frameworks/perspectives (conflict theory, functionalism, symbolic interactionism). Describe the major points of each one. List at least one sociologist who has been identified with each of these three theories.
2. What is the difference between basic sociology and applied sociology?
3. List and describe the eight steps of the scientific research model.
4. Discuss the importance of ethics in social research. Define what is meant by ethics.
.
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docxvannagoforth
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as
a. reproductive success.
b. punctuated evolution.
c. adaptive radiation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. geographic isolation.
2. The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
a. macroevolution.
b. fitness.
c. speciation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. convergent evolution.
3. Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation?
a. timing
b. behavior
c. habitat
d. incompatible reproductive structures
e. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Horses and donkeys are separate species.
b. Two mules can mate and produce fertile offspring.
c. A horse and a donkey can mate and produce offspring.
d. Two donkeys can mate and produce fertile offspring.
e. Two horses can mate and produce fertile offspring.
5. The evolution of the penguin’s wing from a wing suited for flying to a “flipper-wing” used for swimming is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
6. Which of the following have been preserved as fossils?
a. dinosaur footprints
b. insects preserved in amber
c. petrified plant remains
d. animal bones
e. all of the above
7. The mass extinctions that included the dinosaurs took place during which period?
a. Cambrian (543–510 million years ago)
b. Devonian (409–363 million years ago)
c. Carboniferous (363–290 million years ago)
d. Jurassic (206–144 million years ago)
e. Cretaceous (144–65 million years ago)
8. The development of the complex, camera-like eye of a mammal is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Carbon-14 dating is useful for studying the age of early dinosaur fossils.
b. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
c. Uranium-238 has a very short half-life.
d. Uranium-238 is present in all organisms.
e. Carbon-12 is not found in living plants.
10. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. the biological species concept
c. convergent evolution
d. continental drift
e. cladistics
11. Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. Australia
b. the Yucatán peninsula
c. The Galápagos Islands
d. Pangaea
e. India
12. The great diversit.
1. Of the three chemical bonds discussed in class, which of them is .docxvannagoforth
1. Of the three chemical bonds discussed in class, which of them is simultaneously the weakest and most important for life on this planet as we know it?
2.Carbohydrates are very important sources of energy for life. Plants and arthropods also use carbohydrates as components of structures that are very important for their existence. Provide the names of the two most important carbohydrate based structures (one for plants and one for arthropods) and the carbohydrate components that are used to form them.
3._____________ _____________ are joined by ______________ bonds to form proteins.
4.Proteins can be used for several functions. Provide examples of structural and metabolic functions of proteins.
5.Describe the phosholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Why is this bilayer important for the formation of cells and the sequestration of chemical reactions within the cell?
.
1. Look at your diagrams for hydrogen, lithium, and sodium. What do .docxvannagoforth
1. Look at your diagrams for hydrogen, lithium, and sodium. What do they all have in common? What group are these elements in on the periodic table?
2. Look at your diagrams for fluorine and chlorine. What do they have in common?
Picture is in the link. Put answers on the word document and re-submit
.
1. Name the following molecules2. Sketch the following molecules.docxvannagoforth
1. Name the following molecules:
2. Sketch the following molecules:
3-cyclohexenone
4-ethyl 2,2,5-trimethyl 3-hexanone
ethyl butyrate
pentanoic acid
2-chloro 4-methyl 2,5-heptadienal
3,4-dichloro 4-ethyl octanal
p-chloro phenol
3-bromo 2-chloro 4-methyl hexane
3-cyclopropyl 1,2-cyclopentanediol
methyl phenyl ether
3,5-dimethyl 2-heptene-4,5-diol
3. Give two different uses for ethanol.
4. Name two categories of organic compounds (alkanes, aldehydes…) that have very strong characteristic odours.
.
1. List the horizontal and vertical levels of systems that exist in .docxvannagoforth
1. List the horizontal and vertical levels of systems that exist in organizations.
2.
Describe at least five steps involved in systems integration
3.
What is the role of ERP systems in system integration?
4. Why do you think functional silos are not appropriate for today's organization? Discuss your answer from organizational and technical perspectives.
5. Pick an organization that you know of or where you are/were working and provide examples of logical and physical integration issues that were faced by the organization when they broke the functional silos and moved to integrated systems.
.
1. Kemal Ataturk carried out policies that distanced the new Turkish.docxvannagoforth
1. Kemal Ataturk carried out policies that distanced the new Turkish republic of the 1920s from the Ottoman past. Why? What specific policies did Ataturk pursue? 2. Why many Arabs felt betrayed by the British (and the French) after the First World War? 3. Discuss at least three features of patrimonial leadership. List three or more Middle Eastern states where such type of political leadership persists 4. Describe the key processes (both internal and external) that initiated political and economic disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. 5. European military superiority in the late eighteenth century prompted Ottoman rulers to respond with what specific political measures? 6. The Zionist political movement originated in Europe rather than in the Middle East. Explain why and how. 7. After the Second World War, several Arab countries went through the process of transition from constitutional monarchies to republics. Identify three such countries and describe the course of events that brought about this transition. 8. How is religious Zionism different from secular Zionism? What is the relevance of this difference for the creation of the state of Israel? Has the relative influence of the two remained stable since the creation of the Israeli state? 9. What was the principle source of political legitimacy of the Ottoman Empire? 10. While most Ottoman European provinces, riding the tide of the nineteenth century nationalism, sought and won independence from Istanbul, Ottoman Arab provinces maintained their political loyalty to the Ottomans. What explains this difference between Arab and European provinces? 11. Social and political forces in favor of a constitutional reform in Iran (1905-1911) were markedly different from the groups that promoted constitutional limitations on executive powers of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire prior to the First World War? Explain this difference. 12. What are some of the key features of Arab socialisms? Which Arab leaders adopted socialist ideology? Which Arab leaders were opposed to it? 13. After the First World War, the new Middle Eastern protectorates (e.g., Syria, Lebanon, Iraq) were expected to develop into modern secular states. What specific policies did France and Britain try to implement? How successful have theses policies been? 14. The 1967 war was a watershed event for all major actors in the Middle East. Explain the consequences of the war for domestic politics in Israel and Egypt respectively.
.
1. If we consider a gallon of gas as having 100 units of energy, and.docxvannagoforth
1. If we consider a gallon of gas as having 100 units of energy, and 25 of those units are used to move the car, what law of thermodynamics accounts for the other 75 units of energy? (Points : 2)
the first law
the second law
2. Which of these is not a component of a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? (Points : 3)
adenosine
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
ribose sugar
3. Glycolysis is a sequence of ______ chemical reactions. (Points : 3)
nine
six
five
ten
4. Exergonic reactions produce products with a ___ energy level than that of the initial reactants. (Points : 3)
lower
higher
the same
5. When chemical X is reduced, which of these expressions would be an accurate representation of its reduced state? (Points : 3)
XO
XH
X
HX
6. Most enzymes are which kind of organic compound? (Points : 3)
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
none of the above
7. The area on an enzyme where the substrate attaches is called the: (Points : 3)
active site
allosteric site
anabolic site
inactive site
8. Which of the following creatures would not be an autotroph? (Points : 3)
cactus
cyanobacteria
fish
palm tree
9. The process by which most of the world's autotrophs make their food is known as: (Points : 3)
glycolysis
photosynthesis
chemosynthesis
herbivory
10. Plants are the only organisms that use ATP for the transfer and storage of energy. (Points : 2)
True
False
11. The colors of light in the visible range (from longest wavelength to shortest) are: (Points : 3)
ROYGBIV
VIBGYOR
GRBIYV
ROYROGERS
12. Chlorophyll is a green pigment because it absorbs only the green part of the visible light spectrum. (Points : 2)
True
False
13. The photosynthetic pigment that is essential for the process to occur is: (Points : 3)
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
beta carotene
xanthocyanin
14. A photosystem is: (Points : 3)
a collection of hydrogen-pumping proteins
a series of electron-accepting proteins arranged in the thylakoid membrane
a collection of photosynthetic pigments arranged in a thylakoid membrane
found only in prokaryotic organisms
15. Which of these molecules is NOT a product of the Electron Transport System? (Points : 3)
ATP
Water
Pyruvate
NAD+
16. The dark reactions require all of these chemicals to proceed except: (Points : 3)
ATP
NADPH
carbon dioxide
oxygen
17. The structural unit of photosynthesis, where the photosystems are located, are called: (Points : 3)
chlorophylls
eukaryotes
stroma
thylakoids
18. Which of the following does NOT occur during the light independent process? (Points : 3)
CO2 is used to form carbohydrates
NADPH converts to NADP
ADP converts to ATP
ATP converts to ADP
19. The production of ATP that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called: (Points : 3)
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
chemiosmosis
photosynthesis
20. The first stable chemical formed by the Calvin Cycle is: (Points :.
1. In 200-250 words, analyze the basic issues of human biology as th.docxvannagoforth
1. In 200-250 words, analyze the basic issues of human biology as they relate to chronic conditions and describe the interaction between disability, disease, and behavior. Examine and discuss the impact of biological health or illness on social, psychological, and physical problems from the micro, mezzo, and macro perspectives. Choose a chronic condition from those provided in your text and consider how you might feel, think, and behave differently if the condition were affecting you versus if the condition were affecting a stranger. How might you think differently about this chronic condition if it were affecting someone close to you, your neighbor, or someone in your community? Please include at least two supporting scholarly resources.
2.Our stage of life, intellectual/cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position in life, affect our perspectives and resultant behaviors about a number of conditions including cancer. Consider the information provided in the
“Introduction to the Miller Family”
document. Both Ella and Elías have been diagnosed with cancer. Ella has been fighting cancer with complementary and alternative methods with some success for many years. Elías, her grandson, is 10 years old and has recently been diagnosed with leukemia but has not yet begun treatment. Putting yourself in either Ella or Elías’s place, what might your perspective on your cancer be? Integrate how the stage of life, cognitive abilities, and sociocultural position of your chosen person impacts her/his perspective on his/her individual disease.
.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docx
1. Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna
Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology
Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza
University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting
political ideology when people make environmental decisions.
In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the
relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-
reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC,
pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation
analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental
behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2:
We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and
economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2
showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and
2. pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with
pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic
conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-
environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism,
cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
3. ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; Webster & Kruglanski, 1994) and eco-
friendly behavior, as well as the key role that political
ideology may play in this relationship. In the following
sections, we briefly discuss recent literature findings con-
necting political ideology to pro-environmental behavior
on the one hand, and connecting NCC to political ideology,
on the other hand.
Political Ideology and Pro-Environmental
Behavior
Many findings converge to show that a left-wing or liberal
political ideology is positively linked to pro-environmental
behavior, while a right-wing or conservative orientation is
negatively linked to it (e.g., Carrus et al., in press; Dunlap
& McCright, 2008; Neumayer, 2004; Zia, & Todd, 2010,
Panno, Carrus, Maricchiolo, & Mannetti, 2015). More
specifically, a number of studies have shown that liberals
have a stronger environmental concern than conserva-
tives. For example, liberals show stronger support for pro-
environmental legislation and regulation (Allen, Castano,
& Allen, 2007; Cottrell, 2003; Dietz, Stern, & Guagnano,
� 2018 Hogrefe Publishing Social Psychology (2018), 49(2),
103–112
https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000333
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
8. ly
.
1998; Dunlap & Van Liere, 1984), and show greater con-
cern for global climate change (e.g., Carrus et al., in press;
Dunlap & McCright, 2008; Neumayer, 2004; Zia & Todd,
2010; Panno et al., 2015).
Earlier studies hypothesized some reasons for this
(e.g., Dunlap, 1975). Conservatives support business and
industry that do not usually support environmental reform.
In addition, conservatives might often oppose environ-
mental reform because they entail an extension of govern-
ment activities and regulations over individual will and
actions (Dunlap, 1975; Van Liere & Dunlap, 1981; Howell
& Laska, 1992; Gamba & Oskamp, 1994). On the other
hand, environmentalism usually entails the promotion of
environmental justice, rejection of discrimination against
vulnerable groups, and holds concern for the welfare of
future generations and nonhuman species, along with
the preservation of the natural landscape (Forgas &
Jolliffe, 1994; Sabbagh, 2005). These values are more
characteristic of a liberal, rather than a conservative,
ideology, which supports an industrial and capitalist social
order, and shows resistance to massive societal changes
that alter the status quo (McCright & Dunlap, 2010).
Despite the consistency of these findings, not enough
attention has been paid to the psychological ante-
cedents of political ideology, to explain their role as key
predictors of pro-environmental behavior through people’s
ideologies.
Need for Cognitive Closure and Political
9. Ideology
The need for cognitive closure (NCC) represents a person-
ality disposition that encompasses individual differences in
information processing (Webster & Kruglanski, 1994; see
Roets, Kruglanski, Kossowska, Pierro, & Hong, 2015, for a
recent review). It has been defined as people’s desire for a
firm answer to a question, any firm answer, as opposed
to confusion and/or ambiguity (Kruglanski, 2004, p. 6).
Thus, it can be considered a psychological need to limit
ambiguity and to intrinsically find ambiguous situa-
tions unpleasant (Roets & Van Hiel, 2011b; Webster &
Kruglanski, 1994). In fact, people showing a stronger ten-
dency for chronic use of NCC prefer order, predictability,
avoid uncertainty, and they are close-minded, as well as
intolerant of ambiguity (e.g., Dhont, Roets, & Van Hiel,
2011; Kruglanski, 1989; Kruglanski & Webster, 1996;
Roets & Van Hiel, 2011a, 2011b). The NCC represents a
motivational disposition making people reluctant to
accept information inconsistent with their beliefs and
opinions. Accordingly, individuals feel stressed when this
inconsistency occurs (e.g., Roets & Van Hiel, 2008).
For the reasons discussed above, NCC is generally consid-
ered a factor that heavily affects individuals’ epistemic
motivation, that is, the willingness to hold a rich and accu-
rate view of the world (Kruglanski, 1989).
Since the mid-1990s, the NCC has been studied exten-
sively, examining its impact on individual, interpersonal,
and group processes (Roets et al., 2015). One of the most
interesting theoretical developments, among the many
derived from NCC theory, is the motivated social cognition
model proposed by Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, and Sulloway
(2003), that focuses on the relationship between cognitive
functioning and conservative beliefs. According to this
10. model, people who avoid uncertain situations and are risk
averse find conservative ideologies appealing because
they preserve the status quo (Jost et al., 2003, 2007).
Jost and colleagues (2003) proposed the need for closure
as a motivated cognitive factor that provides a conceptual
link to conservative ideology. Many studies have indeed
found a relation between NCC and a right-wing political
ideology (e.g., Chirumbolo, Areni, & Sensales, 2004;
Kemmelmeier, 1997; Ksiazkiewicz, Ludeke, & Krueger,
2016; Onraet, Van Hiel, Roets, & Cornelis, 2011). The
pioneering genetic study by Ksiazkiewicz et al. (2016) also
demonstrated that individuals’ NCC can be heritable. Their
work supports previous research positing that personality
dispositions emerge very early in life, while political atti-
tudes are not particularly coherent at early ages, then begin
to emerge in adolescence and grow in stability up through
early adulthood (e.g., Hatemi et al., 2009; Jennings &
Markus, 1984; Jennings, Stoker, & Bowers, 2009; McCrae
et al., 2000; Sears & Funk, 1999). In sum, this suggests
that NCC is a precursor of right-wing political ideology
rather than the other way round. With regard to the present
studies, Chirumbolo and colleagues (2004) found that high
NCC individuals (vs. low NCC) showed a right-wing
political affiliation in the Italian context. Moreover,
closed-minded people exhibited a preference for autocratic
leadership and centralized forms of political power, as
well as stronger antiimmigrant attitudes and nationalism.
In sum, several authors have claimed that various motives
drive people’s worldviews, including epistemic motives to
manage complexity, reduce uncertainty, and address
ambiguity, which are captured, in large part, by cognitive
style such as the NCC (e.g., Jost et al., 2003; Kruglanski
& Webster, 1996; Ksiazkiewicz et al., 2016; Roets et al.,
2015). We build upon this approach to investigate the
relationships between NCC, political ideology, and pro-
environmental behavior. In the following section, we
11. discuss recent studies that suggest a connection between
epistemic motivation and eco-friendly behavior (i.e.,
Barbaro, Pickett, & Parkhill, 2015; Nisbet, Hart, Myers, &
Ellithorpe, 2013).
Social Psychology (2018), 49(2), 103–112 � 2018 Hogrefe
Publishing
104 A. Panno et al., Need for Closure and Pro-Environmental
Behavior
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
gh
te
d
by
th
15. ot
to
b
e
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
Epistemic Motivation and Eco-Friendly
Attitude
To the best of our knowledge, there are only two studies
relating other variables that are typically associated with
epistemic motivation to an eco-friendly attitude. In the first
(Nisbet et al., 2013), people’s open-/closed-mindedness has
been shown to moderate the effects of competitive (i.e.,
including arguments in favor and against a climate change
mitigation policy) versus noncompetitive (i.e., including only
arguments in favor of such a policy) messages on the
16. perceived costs and benefits of government climate policies.
Results of this study showed that especially for open-
rather than closed-minded individuals, viewing the compet-
itive message resulted in a favorable cost-benefit calculus,
leading to increased support for climate change mitigation
policy. These results are interesting for communication
campaigns dealing with climate change phenomena, but
say little about the relationship between NCC and pro-
environmental behavior itself, as well as the role that
people’s political ideology plays in this relationship.
Other work (Barbaro et al., 2015) examined the impact of
need for cognition, which reflects the extent to which one
actively seeks information and enjoys critical thinking, on
pro-environmental goal choice. Barbaro and colleagues’
results showed that need for cognition has a positive impact
on pro-environmental goal choice through environmental
attitude. Need for cognition is theoretically distinct from
NCC, as it represents an individual orientation toward a
certain type of mental process (i.e., systematic, effortful cog-
nition) aimed at forming beliefs regardless of their content,
whereas the need for cognitive closure is considered an ori-
entation toward reaching a stable conclusion with minimal
ambiguity, which may require heuristic processing in some
situations and systematic processing in others (Jost et al.,
2003; Kruglanski & Webster, 1996; Roets et al., 2015). For
researchers, these differences give rise to different mecha-
nisms underlying people’s behavior and deserve to be exam-
ined separately (e.g., Kruglanski & Webster, 1996; Roets
et al., 2015). Taken together, the results of these studies
(i.e., Barbaro et al., 2015; Nisbet et al., 2013) represent a first
attempt to shed light on the relationship between epistemic
motivations and the pro-environmental domain. Nonethe-
less, Nisbet et al. (2013) focused on the relationship between
a facet of NCC and climate change policies but they did not
17. use a measure of pro-environmental behavior. On the other
hand, Barbaro et al. (2015) used a pro-environmental
attitude measure but focusing on the construct of need for
cognition. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, there are no
studies investigating these relationships using either a
measure of NCC or measures of pro-environmental prefer-
ences and behavior. The current research sought to fill such
a gap (see below for more details).
The Present Study
Social and political psychology have provided theoretical
arguments and coherent empirical results suggesting that
an epistemic motivation, such as the NCC, can be a relevant
psychological antecedent of conservative ideology and right-
wing political orientation (see Ksiazkiewicz et al., 2016, for
more details). As shown through environmental psychology,
these political beliefs have been frequently identified as
proximal factors of an antienvironmental stance, linked to
individual and group reactions such as denial of climate
change, opposition to environmental conservation policies,
and reluctance to undertake behavioral and lifestyle changes
that go in the direction of a reduced environmental footprint
(e.g., Hoffarth & Hodson, 2016). Taken together these lines
of research suggest that a potential link between NCC and
pro-environmental preferences and behavior could be
explained through political ideology. The theoretical account
behind the hypotheses of the present research is that high
NCC individuals encompass a conservative political stance,
which does not pay attention to environmental policies, and
in turn, such a stance reflects the way they behave. In other
words, these individuals are averse to change, and accord-
ingly, they might envisage certain behavioral changes (e.g.,
pro-environmental preferences and behavior) as a deviation
from the status quo. Moreover, such behavioral changes
might also be seen as possible factors in the undermin-
18. ing of conservative policies supporting the status quo.
Thus, drawing on social and environmental psychological
research, in the current work, we present two studies testing
the following hypotheses: first, we expected that disposi-
tional NCC is related to pro-environmental preferences
and behavior through people’s political ideology (Study 1).
Specifically, we hypothesized that individuals showing a
higher NCC would also report a conservative political ideol-
ogy, which in turn, is negatively related to pro-environmental
preferences and behavior. Second, we expected that the
social dimension of political ideology, and not the economic
dimension, would mediate the relationship between NCC
and pro-environmental preferences and behavior (Study 2).
Study 1
Method
Participants and Procedure
Two hundred and seventy-nine undergraduate students at
two university campuses participated in the study (Mage =
22.95; SD = 2.48; range = 19–31 years; 60% women). The
aim of collecting data across two university campuses
including different faculties (i.e., Psychology, Engineering,
Educational Studies, Economics and Business, Law) was
� 2018 Hogrefe Publishing Social Psychology (2018), 49(2),
103–112
A. Panno et al., Need for Closure and Pro-Environmental
Behavior 105
T
hi
s
23. b
ro
ad
ly
.
twofold. First, this procedure allowed us to recruit partici-
pants with political ideologies ranging between liberal and
conservative. Second, recruiting participants across differ-
ent faculties of these two university campuses helped to
better balance gender. The questionnaires were adminis-
tered in public areas of the campuses and took about
15 min to complete. Data were collected through an online
questionnaire administered by trained assistants. Partici-
pants individually completed the questionnaire on a laptop.
They were assured the anonymity of their responses. The
online survey included demographic information, the need
for cognitive closure scale, political ideology, and pro-
environmental measures, and other scales unrelated to
the goals of the current study (i.e., regulatory focus, trait
emotional intelligence, and empathy).
Measures
The Need for Closure was measured using the Italian NCC
version developed by Pierro and Kruglanski (2005). The
scale is composed of 14 items that loaded on singular factor
score. Responses to the items were rated on a 5-point scale
ranging from 1 (= strongly disagree) to 5 (= strongly agree),
with higher scores indicating a greater need to attain cogni-
tive closure. In this sample, the internal consistency was
.76. To measure pro-environmental preferences and behav-
ior, we used 17 items measuring people’s tendency to
24. endorse pro-environmental preferences and behavior (e.g.,
recycle paper, plastic, and metal, see the Electronic Supple-
mentary Material ESM 1 for an overview of these items).
Some items were borrowed and adapted from the Student
Environmental Behavior Scale (Markowitz, Goldberg,
Ashton, & Lee, 2012). This measure assesses eco-friendly
activities that people adopt in order to reduce their ecolog-
ical footprint. A composite score of these 17 items indicated
participants’ pro-environmental preferences and behavior.
The internal consistency of this measure in this sample
was α = .72. Ratings were made on a 5-point Likert
type scale, with the response anchored at the ends with
1 (= strongly disagree) and 5 (= strongly agree). Self-placement
on the left-right (liberal-conservative) dimension was
measured by the following item: “Considering the current
political context in Italy, how would you describe your
political orientation?” A 5-point scale was used (1 = left,
2 = center-left, 3 = center, 4 = center-right, and 5 = right).
Results
The zero-order correlations between need for cog-
nitive closure, political ideology, and pro-environmental
preferences and behavior are presented in Table S1 of
ESM 1.
To investigate our hypotheses of the relationships
between need for cognitive closure, political ideology, and
pro-environmental preferences and behavior, we used
regression analyses in which we control for gender and
university campus. Gender is known to be related to pro-
environmental behavior (e.g., Panno et al., 2015; Unanue,
Vignoles, Dittmar, & Vansteenkiste, 2016). Students at dif-
ferent campuses could differ in relevant variables, thus it is
important to control for these variables as well. The results
25. of these analyses are presented in Figure 1. In a regression
model controlling for gender and university campus, the
relationship between NCC and political ideology was posi-
tive, β = .15, p < .05; Bunstandardized = .03, 95% CI [.006,
.046], meaning that people high in NCC had a more
right-wing political ideology. In this regression model hav-
ing political ideology as the outcome variable, gender and
university campus were found to have nonsignificant
effects, p = .244 and p = .626, respectively. In a similar
regression model with pro-environmental preferences and
behavior as the outcome variable, the relationship between
NCC and pro-environmental preferences and behavior was
negative and marginally significant, β = �.11, p = .061;
Bunstandardized = �.13, 95% CI [�.267, .007]. When we
added political ideology as a predictor to this model, polit-
ical ideology had a negative relationship with pro-environ-
mental preferences and behavior (β = �.18, p < .01;
Bunstandardized = �1.27, 95% CI [�2.077, �0.468]) and the
Bunstandardized coefficient for NCC dropped from �.13 to
�.10 (see Figure 1 for more details). In line with previous
studies (e.g., Panno et al., 2015; Unanue et al., 2016), we
found a significant effect of gender on pro-environmental
preferences and behavior (β = �.19, p < .01; Bunstandardized
= �3.53, 95% CI [�5.67, �1.39]), with men being less envi-
ronmentally oriented than women. The university campus
was found to have a nonsignificant effect (p = .414).
To understand the mechanisms underlying the relation-
ships between need for closure, political ideology, and
pro-environmental preferences and behavior, we used the
PROCESS macro for SPSS (Hayes, 2013), which tested
our mediation hypothesis. The mediation model was esti-
mated to derive the total, direct, and indirect associations
of need for closure with pro-environmental preferences
and behavior through political ideology. Since participants’
gender and/or university campus could influence the rela-
tionships investigated, we therefore tested a mediation
26. model that included gender (women coded as 1 and
men coded as 2) and university campus as covariates
1 Hayes and other authors (e.g., MacKinnon, Krull, &
Lockwood, 2000) recommend that “researchers not require a
significant total effect before
proceeding with tests of indirect effects. A failure to test for
indirect effects in the absence of a total effect can lead to you
miss some potentially
interesting, important, or useful mechanisms by which X exerts
some kind of effect on Y” (Hayes, 2009, p. 414).
Social Psychology (2018), 49(2), 103–112 � 2018 Hogrefe
Publishing
106 A. Panno et al., Need for Closure and Pro-Environmental
Behavior
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
30. se
r a
nd
is
n
ot
to
b
e
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
(see Hayes, 2013, for this procedure). We estimated the
indirect effect of need for closure on pro-environmental
preferences and behavior, quantified as the product of the
OLS regression coefficient estimating political ideology
31. from need for closure controlling for covariates (path a in
Figure 1, and the OLS regression coefficient estimating
pro-environmental preferences and behavior from political
ideology, controlling for need for closure, as well as covari-
ates (path b in Figure 1). Using the PROCESS macro with
5,000 bootstrap samples, our results revealed a signifi-
cant negative indirect effect of need for closure on pro-
environmental preferences and behavior through political
ideology (point estimate = �0.033; 95% CI [�0.076,
�0.008]). As gender was related to pro-environmental
preferences and behavior, we tested a further model includ-
ing participants’ gender and need for cognitive closure as
the independent variables of the mediation model (political
ideology = mediator; pro-environmental preferences and
behavior = dependent variable; university campus = covari-
ate) in order to understand whether gender was also related
to pro-environmental preferences and behavior through
political ideology. We did not find a significant association
of gender with pro-environmental preferences and behavior
through political ideology (point estimate = �0.242; 95% CI
[�0.864, 0.127]). These results will be discussed together
with the results from Study 2.
Study 2
Study 1 showed that NCC is related to pro-environmental
preferences and behavior through a general measure of
political ideology. Study 2 included two dimensions of polit-
ical ideology (i.e., social and economic dimensions) to rule
out the possibility that a general measure of the political
ideology might mask a specific indirect effect of one of
these dimensions. Moreover, in Study 2, we measured
pro-environmental attitude as well as pro-environmental
behavior through two reliable and standardized measures
(i.e., The environmental attitude inventory, Milfont &
32. Duckitt, 2010; General ecological behavior, Kaiser, 1998)
in order to test our hypothesized model for both of these
outcomes separately. More specifically, in continuity with
the previous study, we used a measure to assess rather con-
crete, daily pro-environmental preferences and behavior,
but we also added a new scale tapping more into the gen-
eral attitude toward the environment and the importance
of its preservation. This adds a new perspective and new
information, since concrete behavioral tendencies tend to
be affected to a great extent by contextual constraints
(e.g., rules, habits, influence of peers) which could be very
influential (especially) for high need for closure individuals.
General attitude, in contrast, is more likely to reflect a
stance toward environmental issues that will be less likely
affected by contextual factors. Finally, to rule out possible
alternative explanations based on sampling artifacts, the
second study was conducted using a nonstudent sample.
Method
Participants and Procedure
Two hundred and forty participants from the United States
were recruited through Mechanical Turk (MTurk) for this
purpose (Mage = 36.80; SD = 11.20; range = 19–74 years;
50% women).
Participants completed a brief questionnaire on Amazon.
com’s Mechanical Turk online survey program. According
to Buhrmester, Kwang, and Gosling (2011), MTurk partici-
pants are significantly more diverse than typical college
samples; realistic compensation rates do not affect data
quality; the data obtained are at least as reliable as those
obtained via traditional methods. The online survey
included demographic information as well as the following
questionnaires.
33. a = .03*; SE = .01
Political Ideology
Pro-Environme ntal
Preferences/Behavior
c' = -.10; SE = .07
Need for Cognitive Closure
c = -.13†; SE = .07
b = -1.27**; SE = .41
Figure 1. Path coefficients for
mediation analysis in Study 1.
Dotted line denotes the effect of
need for cognitive closure on pro-
environmental behavior, when polit-
ical ideology is not included as a
mediator. a, b, c, and c0 are unstan-
dardized OLS regression coeffi-
cients. †p = .06; *p < .05; **p < .01.
� 2018 Hogrefe Publishing Social Psychology (2018), 49(2),
103–112
A. Panno et al., Need for Closure and Pro-Environmental
Behavior 107
T
hi
s
do
38. ro
ad
ly
.
Measures
Need for Closure
The Need for Closure was measured with the short version
scale developed by Roets and Van Hiel (2011b). The scale
constitutes a 15-item measure in which these items load
in a singular factor score (e.g., “I don’t like situations that
are uncertain”; “I dislike questions which could be
answered in many different ways”). Responses to items
were rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (= strongly dis-
agree) to 5 (= strongly agree), with higher scores indicating a
greater need to attain cognitive closure (α = .91; M = 3.49,
SD = 0.76).
Pro-Environmental Attitude
We measured pro-environmental attitude through the
Environmental Attitudes Inventory (EAI – 24 items form;
Milfont & Duckitt, 2010; see ESM 1, for an overview of
these items). Sample items include: “Humans are severely
abusing the environment.” A composite score of these
24 items indicated participants’ pro-environmental attitude.
Ratings were made on a 5-point Likert type scale, with the
response anchored at the ends with 1 (= strongly disagree)
and 5 (= strongly agree) (α = .88; M = 3.46, SD = 0.64).
Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
We measured pro-environmental preferences and behavior
through General Ecological Behavior scale (GEB; Kaiser,
39. 1998). It is a 38-item scale that is able to measure ecological
behavior across cultures (Kaiser, 1998). As this measure
contains eight items referring to general prosocial behavior
(e.g., Sometimes I give change to panhandlers) then, to rule
out potential confounding factors, we excluded such items
from analyses (see ESM 1, for an overview of the items
used). We computed a composite score of these 30 items
indicating participants’ pro-environmental preferences and
behavior (e.g., “I bring empty bottles to a recycling bin,”
“I prefer to shower rather than to take a bath,” “Usually
I do not drive my automobile in the city,” “In the winter,
I keep the heat on so that I do not have to wear a sweater”;
see ESM 1). Ratings were made on a 5-point Likert type
scale, with the response anchored at the ends with
1 (= strongly disagree) and 5 (= strongly agree) (α = .79; M =
3.05, SD = 0.51).
Economic and Social Political Ideology
These were assessed using economic and social items
(Federico, Ergun, & Hunt, 2014). Participants responded
to the following items: “How would you describe your
political outlook with regard to economic issues?” and “How
would you describe your political outlook with regard to
social issues?” (M = 2.91, SD = 1.20, and M = 2.51, SD =
1.18, respectively; see Federico et al., 2014, for a similar
procedure). Ratings were made on a 5-point scale ranging
from 1 (= strongly liberal) to 5 (= strongly conservative), so
higher responses to both indicated greater conservatism.
Results
To investigate the relationships between need for cognitive
closure, social and economic dimensions of political ideol-
ogy, as well as pro-environmental outcomes, we computed
zero-order correlations among these variables (see Table S2
40. in ESM 1). A strong need for closure was significantly and
positively related to both dimensions of conservative polit-
ical ideology. By contrast, a strong need for closure was
significantly and negatively associated with pro-environ-
mental behavior, only. No significant association between
need for closure and pro-environmental attitude emerged.
Our results also showed that pro-environmental attitude
and behavior were significantly and negatively related to
both dimensions of conservative political ideology. Finally,
these results showed that pro-environmental attitude
and behavior were significantly and positively correlated
with each other (see Table S2 in ESM 1 for descriptive
statistics).
To test our hypotheses concerning the relationships
between NCC, political ideology and pro-environmental
outcomes, we used the PROCESS macro for SPSS (Hayes,
2013), which simultaneously tested the role of both social
and economic dimensions of political ideology as media-
tors. Such models included as outcomes the measures of
pro-environmental preferences and behavior (i.e., Model
1) and pro-environmental attitude (i.e., Model 2), respec-
tively. Moreover, these models included gender (coded as
in Study 1, see above) as a covariate. Mediating analyses
of Model 1 revealed significant indirect effects of the
NCC on pro-environmental preferences and behavior
through social conservatism (point estimate = �0.082, BC
95% CI [�0.164, �0.027]). By contrast, the economic
dimension of the political ideology did not show a mediat-
ing effect between NCC and pro-environmental prefer-
ences and behavior (point estimate = �0.029, BC 95%
CI [�0.092, 0.005]; see Table 1). These results replicate
Study 1’s results.
Mediating analyses of the Model 2 revealed significant
indirect effects of the NCC on pro-environmental attitude
41. through both social (point estimate = �0.118, BC 95% CI
[�0.206, �0.057]) and economic (point estimate =
�0.053, BC 95% CI [�0.124, �0.014]) dimensions of the
political ideology. The effect of NCC on pro-environmental
attitude moves from a negative direction to a positive direc-
tion when controlling for both social and economic dimen-
sions of the political ideology (see Table 1). This finding is
consistent with a suppression pattern. More specifically,
contrary to a typical mediation pattern in which controlling
Social Psychology (2018), 49(2), 103–112 � 2018 Hogrefe
Publishing
108 A. Panno et al., Need for Closure and Pro-Environmental
Behavior
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
gh
te
45. nd
is
n
ot
to
b
e
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
for the mediator reduces the magnitude of the association
between the independent and the dependent variables
(IV and DV), a suppression is present when the magnitude
of the association between the IV and DV is stronger after
controlling for the suppressor (MacKinnon et al., 2000).
In other words, the positive direct association between need
46. for closure and pro-environmental attitude (i.e., c0 coeffi-
cient in Table 1) was apparently suppressed by political
ideology. Gender was nonsignificant in both models (p > .1).
General Discussion
These studies investigate the relationships between need
for closure, political ideology (in its social and economic
dimensions), and pro-environmental outcomes. Taken
together, these results suggest that dispositional NCC is
associated with a conservative political ideology, which in
turn, is related to pro-environmental outcomes. In compar-
ison to earlier studies (e.g., Barbaro et al., 2015; Nisbet
et al., 2013), this study is the first to show a relationship
between need for closure and pro-environmental outcomes
through specific facets of conservative political ideology.
Moreover, these results extend previous research in
the following ways: First, previous research investigating
the relationship between epistemic motivation and pro-
environmental outcomes focused on the need for cognition
(Barbaro et al., 2015) or climate change policies (Nisbet
et al., 2013). To the best of our knowledge, there are no
studies investigating these relationships using either a mea-
sure of NCC or measures of pro-environmental preferences
and behavior. Thus, the current research sought to fill this
gap indicating a relationship between dispositional NCC
and pro-environmental preferences and behavior. Second,
the present studies shed light on a mechanism underlying
this relationship as they identify people’s social conser-
vatism as a key factor playing a mediation role in this
connection. More precisely, Study 1 shows that political
ideology in general mediates the relationship between
NCC and pro-environmental behavior. In Study 2, the rela-
tionship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior
was mediated by social conservatism and not by economic
47. conservatism. The stronger role of one type of conservatism
over the other should come as no surprise considering that
previous work clearly indicates that NCC is more strongly
associated with social rather than economic conservatism
(Federico et al. 2014).
The fact that the overall mediational model holds
through two reliable and standardized measures of pro-
environmental behavior increases confidence in the belief
that our findings substantiate a broad-spectrum model that
could be highly generalizable to several types of environ-
mental-related outcomes.
It should also be noted that in Study 2 the correlation of
NCC with pro-environmental attitude is nonsignificant
and much weaker than the correlation of NCC with pro-
environmental preferences and behavior. In addition,
whereas the indirect effects of NCC through social and
economic conservatism on pro-environmental attitude are
consistent with the indirect effects for pro-environmental
behavior, the pattern for pro-environmental attitude sug-
gests the presence of a suppression rather than a mediation.
More specifically, when conservatism was controlled for, the
tendency toward a negative association between NCC
and pro-environmental attitude changed direction (but
remained nonsignificant). This suggests, that when social
and economic concerns are ruled out, a positive attitude
toward nature tends to emerge. Speculating on these find-
ings, we suspect that the pro-environmental attitude mea-
sure incorporates both elements that are consistent and
inconsistent with the view endorsed by need for closure
individuals, thus leading to a weak overall effect and to
the aforementioned suppression. For example, high NCC
individuals could be favorable to altering the environ-
ment to support humans’ interests and yet, at the same time,
acknowledge that this constitutes a loss of a heritage that, in
48. many cases, might be considered a source of identification.
Likewise, closed-minded people might support the preserva-
tion of some natural sites because this would prevent more
chaotic human activities (e.g., water sports on a lake) which
might even increase their concern for order and reduce the
ease of processing that typically characterizes the naturalis-
tic domain (Kaplan & Berman, 2010). These speculations
Table 1. Path coefficients for mediation analyses in Study 2
Political ideology Path coefficients
Dimension – mediator a (SE) b (SE) c (SE) c0 (SE)
Model 1 – Outcome variable Social .03 (.01)*** �2.60 (1.01)*
�.19 (.09)* �.08 (.09)
Pro-environmental preferences and behavior Economic .02
(.01)** �1.52 (1.07) �.19 (.09)* �.08 (.09)
Model 2 – Outcome variable Social .03 (.01)*** �3.76
(0.94)*** �.04 (.08) .12 (.08)
Pro-environmental attitude Economic .02 (.01)** �2.83
(1.00)** �.04 (.08) .12 (.08)
Notes. a = the effect of NCC on respective mediator; b = the
effect of mediators on respective outcome; c = the effect of
NCC on respective outcome, when
mediators are not included; c0 = the effect of NCC on
respective outcome, when mediators are included. a, b, c, and c0
are unstandardized OLS regression
coefficients. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.
� 2018 Hogrefe Publishing Social Psychology (2018), 49(2),
103–112
A. Panno et al., Need for Closure and Pro-Environmental
53. em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
are based on weak trends and future studies need to inves-
tigate more directly whether, among high NCC individuals,
some ambivalence actually exists.
Our results are consistent with social psychology
research, that recognizes NCC as a driver of conservative
political ideology because such a factor represents a process
rooted in more basic psychological needs (e.g., Carney, Jost,
Gosling, & Potter, 2008; Jost, Federico, & Napier, 2009).
Broadly speaking, the results of the present research
increase our knowledge, shedding light on antecedents
and consequences of political ideology about a relevant
phenomenon that is garnering the attention of a number
of scholars across different fields of psychological science
(i.e., the reduction of ecological footprint). Up until now,
little attention has been paid to epistemic motivation as a
precursor of pro-environmental behavior, which could
potentially have a broad societal impact (see Bamberg &
Möser, 2007, for a review). The present study offers fruitful
insights into the connections between epistemic motivation
54. and political ideology in predicting environmentally friendly
activities.
The present research focuses on a dispositional associa-
tion of NCC with pro-environmental behavior through social
conservatism but these associations need to be supported by
further empirical evidence. For example, future research
should use experimental manipulations inducing a situa-
tional effect of NCC on pro-environmental outcomes to
shed light on a possible situational effect of such a factor
on these outcomes. Even so, although the cross-sectional
nature of the studies does not allow causal inferences, our
results provide relevant insights into the relationships
between NCC, social and economic dimensions of political
ideology, as well as pro-environmental outcomes. Further
studies are needed to also explore more extensively whether
and how the impact of the NCC on pro-environmental
behavior itself could be influenced by other personal and/
or situational variables. Although it was beyond the scope
of the present research to investigate all of these aspects,
we could consider some possible additional factors of inter-
est. Some authors (e.g., Onraet et al., 2011; Roets & Van
Hiel, 2011a) have shown that NCC is positively related to
people’s social dominance orientation. From a different line
of research, other authors have shown that the social
dominance orientation is negatively related to pro-
environmental behavior and belief in global climate change
(Carrus et al., in press; Milfont et al., 2013; Panno et al.,
2018). Thus, from a theoretical perspective it could be
interesting to investigate whether social dominance could
represent a further mediator in these relationships.
Our findings also have practical implications for
policy makers who seek to stimulate pro-environmental
behavior. Our research has revealed that there is a
relationship between a dispositional need for closure and
55. pro-environmental behavior, with social conservatism as a
mediator. One implication of these findings would be that
need for closure can act as a lever for policy makers to stim-
ulate pro-environmental behavior. In fact, policy makers,
taking into account that a significant proportion of people
have a chronically high need for closure, might design
communication campaigns presenting pro-environmental
behavior as the default option, the habitual choice of the
majority of citizens in order to persuade high NCC citizens
to also adopt them. On the other hand, since need for
closure can also be induced by situational factors such as
feelings of uncertainty (e.g., Brizi, Mannetti, & Kruglanski,
2016), time pressure (e.g., De Grada, Kruglanski, Mannetti,
& Pierro, 1999), and cognitive load (e.g., Chirumbolo, Brizi,
Mastandrea, & Mannetti, 2014; Van Hiel & Mervielde,
2002), policy makers could take into account these aspects
in designing social policies and daily life settings that help
to prevent the occurrence of high need for closure.
To conclude, our results increase the knowledge about
the need for cognitive closure theory (e.g., Kruglanski,
2004; Roets et al., 2015; Webster & Kruglanski, 1994)
and are also relevant for research that relies on political ide-
ology in predicting pro-environmental behavior (e.g., Dun-
lap, Xiao, & McCright, 2001; Dunlap & McCright, 2008;
Hoffarth & Hodson, 2016; Mercado-Doménech, Carrus,
Terán-Álvarez-Del-Rey, & Pirchio, 2017). More broadly
speaking, investigations using paradigms that include the
NCC promise novel insight into the connections between
epistemic motivation and pro-environmental behavior
across various fields including social psychology, as well
as environmental research.
Electronic Supplementary Material
The electronic supplementary material is available with the
56. online version of the article at https://doi.org/10.1027/
1864-9335/a000333
ESM 1. Texts and Tables (.pdf)
Items used to measure pro-environmental preferences and
behavior and attitude in Studies 1 and 2. Means, standard
deviations, and intercorrelations among variables investi-
gated in Studies 1 and 2.
References
Allen, R. S., Castano, E., & Allen, P. D. (2007). Conservatism
and
concern for the environment. Quarterly Journal of Ideology, 30,
1–25.
Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines,
Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social
determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Envi-
ronmental Psychology, 27, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jenvp.2006.12.002
Social Psychology (2018), 49(2), 103–112 � 2018 Hogrefe
Publishing
110 A. Panno et al., Need for Closure and Pro-Environmental
Behavior
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
61. ly
.
Barbaro, N., Pickett, S. M., & Parkhill, M. R. (2015).
Environmental
attitudes mediate the link between need for cognition and
pro-environmental goal choice. Personality and Individual
Differ-
ences, 75, 220–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.032
Brewer, G. D., & Stern, P. C. (2005). Decision making for the
environment: Social and behavioral science research priorities.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Brizi, A., Mannetti, L., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2016). The
closing of open
minds: Need for closure moderates the impact of uncertainty
salience on outgroup discrimination. British Journal of Social
Psychology, 55, 244–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12131
Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s
Mechanical Turk a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality,
data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. https://
doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393980
Carney, D. R., Jost, J. T., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008).
The
secret lives of liberals and conservatives: Personality profiles,
interaction styles, and the things they leave behind. Political
Psychology, 29, 807–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.
2008.00668.x
Carrus, G., Panno, A., & Leone, L. (in press). The moderating
62. role of
interest in politics on the relations between conservative
political orientation and denial of climate change. Society &
Natural Resources.
Chirumbolo, A., Areni, A., & Sensales, G. (2004). Need for
cognitive
closure and politics: Voting, political attitudes and attributional
style. International Journal of Psychology, 39, 245–253. https://
doi.org/10.1080/00207590444000005
Chirumbolo, A., Brizi, A., Mastandrea, S., & Mannetti, L.
(2014).
“Beauty is no quality in things themselves”: Epistemic moti-
vation affects implicit preferences for art. PLoS one, 9,
e110323. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110323
Clayton, S., & Myers, G. (2015). Conservation psychology:
Under-
standing and promoting human care for nature (2nd ed.).
Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Cottrell, S. P. (2003). Influence of sociodemographics and
environmental attitudes on general responsible environmental
behavior among recreational boaters. Environment and
Behavior,
35, 347–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503035003003
De Grada, E., Kruglanski, A. W., Mannetti, L., & Pierro, A.
(1999).
Motivated cognition and group interaction: Need for closure
affects the contents and processes of collective negotiations.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 346–365.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1376
Dhont, K., Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2011). Opening closed
63. minds:
The combined effects of intergroup contact and need for
closure on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bul-
letin, 37, 514–528. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211399101
Dietz, T., Stern, P. C., & Guagnano, G. A. (1998). Social
structural and social psychological bases of environmental
concern. Environment and Behavior, 30, 450–471. https://doi.
org/10.1177/001391659803000402
Dunlap, R. E. (1975). The impact of political orientation on
environmental attitudes and actions. Environment and Behav-
ior, 7, 428–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391657500700402
Dunlap, R. E., & McCright, A. M. (2008). A widening gap:
Repub-
lican and Democratic views on climate change. Environment:
Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 50, 26–35.
https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35
Dunlap, R. E., & Van Liere, K. D. (1984). Commitment to the
dominant social paradigm and concern for environmental
quality. Social Science Quarterly, 65, 1013–1028.
Dunlap, R. E., Xiao, C., & McCright, A. M. (2001). Politics and
environment in America: Partisan and ideological cleavages in
public support for environmentalism. Environmental Politics,
10, 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/714000580
Federico, C. M., Ergun, D., & Hunt, C. (2014). Opposition to
equality
and support for tradition as mediators of the relationship
between epistemic motivation and system-justifying identifi-
cations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17, 524–541.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430213517273
64. Forgas, J. P., & Jolliffe, C. D. (1994). How conservative are
greenies?
Environmental attitudes, conservatism, and traditional morality
among university students. Australian Journal of Psychology,
46,
123–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049539408259486
Gamba, R. J., & Oskamp, S. (1994). Factors influencing
community
residents’ participation in commingled curbside recycling
programs. Environment and Behavior, 26, 587–612. https://
doi.org/10.1177/0013916594265001
Hatemi, P. K., Funk, C. L., Medland, S. E., Maes, H. M.,
Silberg,
J. L., Martin, N. G., & Eaves, L. J. (2009). Genetic and environ-
mental transmission of political attitudes over a life time.
Journal of Politics, 71, 1141–1156. https://doi.org/10.1017/
S0022381609090938
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical
mediation
analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs,
76, 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and
conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New
York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hoffarth, M. R., & Hodson, G. (2016). Green on the outside, red
on
the inside: Perceived environmentalist threat as a factor
explaining political polarization of climate change. Journal of
Environmental Psychology, 45, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jenvp.2015.11.002
65. Howell, S. E., & Laska, S. B. (1992). The changing face of the
envi-
ronmental coalition: A research note. Environment and
Behavior,
24, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916592241006
Jennings, M. K., & Markus, G. B. (1984). Partisan orientations
over the long haul: Results from the three-wave political
socialization panel study. American Political Science Review,
78, 1000–1018. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955804
Jennings, M. K., Stoker, L., & Bowers, J. (2009). Politics across
generations: Family transmission reexamined. Journal of Poli-
tics, 71, 782–799. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090719
Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political
ideology:
Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. Annual Review
of
Psychology, 60, 307–337. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.
psych.60.110707.163600
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J.
(2003).
Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psycho-
logical Bulletin, 129, 339–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-
2909.129.3.339
Jost, J. T., Napier, J. L., Thorisdottir, H., Gosling, S. D., Palfai,
T. P.,
& Ostafin, B. (2007). Are needs to manage uncertainty and
threat associated with political conservatism or ideological
extremity? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 989–
1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301028
Kaiser, F. G. (1998). A general measure of ecological
66. behavioral.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 395–422. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01712.x
Kaplan, S., & Berman, M. G. (2010). Directed attention as a
common resource for executive functioning and self-regulation.
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 43–57. https://doi.
org/10.1177/1745691609356784
Kemmelmeier, M. (1997). Need for closure and political
orientation
among German university students. Journal of Social
Psychology,
137, 787–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549709595501
Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). The psychology of being “right”: The
problem of accuracy in social perception and cognition.
Psychological Bulletin, 106, 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/
0033-2909.106.3.395
� 2018 Hogrefe Publishing Social Psychology (2018), 49(2),
103–112
A. Panno et al., Need for Closure and Pro-Environmental
Behavior 111
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
71. .
Kruglanski, A. W. (2004). The psychology of the closed
mindedness.
New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing
of
the mind: “Seizing” and” freezing”. Psychological Review, 103,
263–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263
Ksiazkiewicz, A., Ludeke, S., & Krueger, R. (2016). The Role
of
cognitive style in the link between genes and political ideology.
Political Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.
org/10.1111/pops.12318
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000).
Equiva-
lence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect.
Prevention Science, 1, 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/
A:1026595011371
Markowitz, E. M., Goldberg, L. R., Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K.
(2012).
Profiling the “pro-environmental individual”: A personality
perspective. Journal of Personality, 80, 81–111. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00721.x
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A.,
Hrebícková, M., Avia, M. D., . . . Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature
over
nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173–186.
72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173
McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2010). Anti-reflexivity the
American conservative movement’s success in undermining
climate science and policy. Theory, Culture & Society, 27,
100–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409356001
Mercado-Doménech, S. J., Carrus, G., Terán-Álvarez-Del-Rey,
A.,
& Pirchio, S. (2017). Valuation theory: An environmental,
developmental and evolutionary psychological approach.
Implications for the field of environmental education. Journal
of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies, 16, 77–97.
https://doi.org/10.7358/ecps-2017-016-merc
Milfont, T. L., & Duckitt, J. (2010). The environmental
attitudes
inventory: A valid and reliable measure to assess the struc-
ture of environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental
Psychology, 30, 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.
09.001
Milfont, T. L., Richter, I., Sibley, C. G., Wilson, M. S., &
Fischer, R.
(2013). Environmental consequences of the desire to dominate
and be superior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39,
1127–1138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213490805
Neumayer, E. (2004). The environment, left-wing political
orienta-
tion and ecological economics. Ecological Economics, 51,
167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006
Nisbet, E. C., Hart, P. S., Myers, T., & Ellithorpe, M. (2013).
Attitude change in competitive framing environments? Open-/
closed-mindedness, framing effects, and climate change.
73. Journal of Communication, 63, 766–785. https://doi.org/
10.1111/jcom.12040
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., Roets, A., & Cornelis, I. (2011). The
closed
mind: “Experience” and “cognition” aspects of openness to
experience and need for closure as psychological bases for
right-wing attitudes. European Journal of Personality, 25,
184–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.775
Panno, A., Carrus, G., Maricchiolo, F., & Mannetti, L. (2015).
Cognitive reappraisal and pro-environmental behavior: The role
of global climate change perception. European Journal of Social
Psychology, 45, 858–867. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2162
Panno, A., Giacomantonio, M., Carrus, G., Maricchiolo, F.,
Pirchio,
S., & Mannetti, L. (2018). Mindfulness, pro-environmental
behavior, and belief in climate change: The mediating role of
social dominance. Environment and Behavior. Advance on line
publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916517718887
Pierro, A., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2005). Revised need for
cognitive
closure scale. Unpublished manuscript, Universita` di Roma,
“La Sapienza”, Italy, Rome.
Roets, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Kossowska, M., Pierro, A., &
Hong,
Y. Y. (2015). Chapter four-the motivated gatekeeper of our
minds: New directions in need for closure theory and research.
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 221–283.
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.01.2015.01.001
Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2008). Why some hate to dilly-dally
and
74. others do not: The arousal-invoking capacity of decision-
making for low-and high-scoring need for closure individuals.
Social Cognition, 26, 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.
2008.26.3.333
Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2011a). Allport’s prejudiced
personality
today: Need for closure as the motivated cognitive basis of
prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20,
349–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411424894
Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2011b). Item selection and
validation of a
brief, 15-item version of the Need for Closure Scale.
Personality
and Individual Differences, 50, 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.paid.2010.09.004
Sabbagh, C. (2005). Environmentalism, right-wing extremism,
and
social justice beliefs among East German adolescents. Inter-
national Journal of Psychology, 40, 118–131. https://doi.org/
10.1080/00207590544000095
Schultz, P. W., & Kaiser, F. G. (2012). Promoting pro-environ-
mental behavior. In S. Clayton (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of
environmental and conservation psychology (pp. 556–580).
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Sears, D. O., & Funk, C. L. (1999). Evidence of the long-term
persistence of adults’ political predispositions. Journal of
Politics, 61, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/2647773
Turaga, R. M. R., Howarth, R. B., & Borsuk, M. E. (2010). Pro-
environmental behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences, 1185, 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-
75. 6632.2009.05163.x
Unanue, W., Vignoles, V. L., Dittmar, H., & Vansteenkiste, M.
(2016).
Life goals predict environmental behavior: Cross-cultural and
longitudinal evidence. Journal of Environmental Psychology,
46,
10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp. 2016.02.001
Van Hiel, A., & Mervielde, I. (2002). The effects of ambiguity
and
need for closure on the acquisition of information. Social
Cogni-
tion, 20, 380–408. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.20.5.380.21124
Van Liere, K. D., & Dunlap, R. E. (1981). Environmental
concern: Does
it make a difference how it's measured? Environment and
Behav-
ior, 13, 651–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916581136001
Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual
differences
in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 67, 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/
0022-3514.67.6.1049
Zia, A., & Todd, A. M. (2010). Evaluating the effects of
ideology on
public understanding of climate change science: How to
improve communication across ideological divides? Public
Understanding of Science, 19, 743–761. https://doi.org/
10.1177/0963662509357871
Received April 17, 2016
Revision received November 4, 2017
76. Accepted November 6, 2017
Published online March 15, 2018
Angelo Panno
Department of Education
Roma Tre University
Via Milazzo 11/b
00185 Rome
Italy
[email protected]
Social Psychology (2018), 49(2), 103–112 � 2018 Hogrefe
Publishing
112 A. Panno et al., Need for Closure and Pro-Environmental
Behavior
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
gh
te
81. Intersession4 Final Project Projection
Introduction:
In this week we are discussing about which cloud service model
we are going to use for the organization. Assuming that the
users of the software include both the home users and business
users, we are considering the SaaS service model as our cloud
service.
Software as a Service (SaaS) Model:
Before deciding the type of service model, company should
consider the usage of the software by different users. Assuming
that the users use the software once in year and business users
may use four times in a year, we are considering SaaS model.
Some of the core benefits to consider SaaS are:
· Compatibility where all the users have same version of
software
· Global Accessibility
· Patch management and automatic updates
· Ready to use
In this model the users can use the cloud service based on their
usage. This will help the organization to reduce the cost in
developing and maintaining its servers, operating systems,
storage or data storage.
In this service model users can use the application using
different web services. Users can use the both application and
configure the application based on their usage. For business
users SaaS platforms like salesforce.com can be considered as it
helps to avoid development of additional programming for the
business users. This helps the users to use the application
without installing any additional software. Even if the devices
are not working the data will be secured.
While using this service the user should mention if there are
multiple users or the user alone use the service. By providing
the number of users details the components like data storage,
business components etc., can be shared with mentioned
multiple users. The users need not to worry about the
82. installation of software as the SaaS providers will take care of
it.
The SaaS applications having salesforce.com include Google
Docs for document sharing, Web e-mail systems like Gmail,
Yahoo and Hot mail. This model is useful for the small scale
industries who have very less budget and during collaborating
with multiple projects can use SaaS platform.
References
· Kale, Vivek. Guide to Cloud Computing for Business and
Technology Managers: From Distributed Computing to
Cloudwa.. [VitalSource Bookshelf].
· https://www.fingent.com/blog/cloud-service-models-saas-iaas-
paas-choose-the-right-one-for-your-business
· https://doublehorn.com/saas-paas-and-iaas-understanding/
· https://www.paranet.com/blog/bid/128267/the-three-types-of-
cloud-computing-service-models
· https://www.bluepiit.com/blog/different-types-of-cloud-
computing-service-models/
· https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/iaas-paas-saas
Reardon / PSYC 291
Writing up Results – Multiple Regression
1. Indicate what model you tested by saying what the criterion
variable was and what the predictor variables were.
2. Say whether the overall regression was significant. How do
you know this? Look at the p-value associated with the F
statistic in the ANOVA table. Be sure to indicate the F value
(with degrees of freedom), R2, and the associated p-value. You
should also interpret what the value for R2 means (this is not
usually done in results sections but I want you to do it for this
class).
83. 3. Indicate which predictor variables are significant. Be sure to
include the slope (b or Beta but Beta is usually used), the
standard error, and the p-value. Then, interpret the slope. (*This
is not always done in actual results sections but I want you to
do it.) You do not need to mention or interpret predictors that
were not significant.
Example:
A multiple regression tested whether depression score was
predicted by alcohol use, negative life events, and gender. The
overall regression was significant, F(3,112) = 3.24, p < .001, R2
= .23. Together, alcohol use, negative life events and gender
account for about 23% of the variability in depression scores.
Alcohol use significantly predicted depression score, β = .34,
SE = 1.12, p = .023. As alcohol use increased one standard
deviation, depression score increased by .34 standard
deviations, holding negative life events and gender constant.
Gender also significantly predicted depression score, β = -.18,
SE = 0.98, p = .032. Being male was associated with a decrease
in depression score of .18 standard deviations, holding alcohol
use and negative life events constant.
* Notice that the statistics were included in such a way that
even if they are taken out, it is still a complete sentence. Also
notice that the letters are in italics for the reported statistics.
Paper Format
84. OverviewAbstractIntroductionLiterature
reviewMethodResultsDiscussion
Purpose of PaperPresent & describe new research
findingsFindings should be put in context of current knowledge
Class project
AbstractConcise summary not to exceed 120 wordsShould
includeInformation on the problem under studyThe nature of the
sampleA description of methods, equipment, and proceduresA
statement of the results (broadly, no stats)A statement of the
conclusions drawn
*
IntroductionNeed to review and describe the research that has
already been done on the topic
Should include at least 5 sources
Purposes of Literature ReviewTo fully describe the results from
prior researchWhat is the “state of the knowledge”?
85. To clearly state the purposes of the studyPurpose is to address
some need
To clearly state the hypotheses, which should follow logically
from the literature review
Literature ReviewBegin with broad introductionState & describe
the problemWhy is this topic theoretically or practically
important?
Introduce the problem or theory
Literature ReviewNext discuss the research - organize by
variable or topic (not by study)Begin by summarizing the entire
literature on that variable/topicPrior research either (1) supports
a clear effect; (2) is mixed; or (3) is non-existent.If there is a
clear effect, what is it?
Current StudyWhat variable(s) are you looking atWhy is this
research needed (not why it is important)Your hypothesis –
what you expect your results to showShould be a separate
hypothesis for each IV in your studyImportant to indicate
(explicitly) why you think that is what will happen – is it based
on what prior research has found?
86. Research NeedResearch is “needed” if:Variable has never been
investigated beforeVariable has been investigated before,
but…Something was done wrongInconsistent resultsNot in all
contexts (new context, new sample)Not investigated at same
time as another variable
Good HypothesesContain two variablesSpecify values of
measured variable or levels of manipulated variablePredict
whether relationship existsIndicate direction of the
effectPredictive - which value or range of the measured variable
has more or less of the dependent variableCausal - which level
of the independent variable has more or less of the dependent
variable
Organization of Intro
1.unknown
Method SectionPurposeTo explain to the reader exactly how you
conducted your studyOther researchers should be able to
replicate your study based solely on the info provided in this
section
87. *
Method SectionParticipantsDesignProcedureMaterials and
Measures
* Should include each of these as separate sections
- Use subheadings in italics
*
What to IncludeDescription of participantsHow
manyDemographicsRace, Age, Gender breakdownCompensation
if applicable
ExampleParticipants were 250 undergraduate psychology
students who participated as jurors in return for class credit.
Mock jurors were predominantly Hispanic (54%), followed by
African American (20%), Caucasian (15.2%), Asian (4.8%), and
Other (6%). The mean age of participants was 20.4 years. A
majority of participants (81.2%) were female, with no prior jury
experience (98.4%).
88. What to IncludeDesignType of designCorrelational /
ExperimentalCorrelational designSpecify variablesExperimental
designBetween/within subjects design# of Independent
variablesLevels of manipulated variablesMention what the DV
is
*
DesignCorrelational designThe design was a correlational
design, examining the relationship between Variable 1 and
Variable 2.
Experimental designThe design was a single factor (IV: level 1
vs. level 2) between-subjects [within-subjects] design.The
design was a single factor (treatment type: new vs. old)
between-subjects design.
DesignFactorial designThe design was a 2 (IV: level 1 vs. level
2) X 3 (IV: level 1 vs. level 2 vs. level 3) between/within
subjects design…
The design was a 2 (testimony: examination only vs.
examination plus videotape) X 2 (ID accuracy: accurate vs.
inaccurate) mixed design with testimony as a between-subjects
factor, and identification accuracy as a within-subjects factor.
89. What to IncludeProcedureDescription of the experimentWhat
happens?What do your participants do?Be as detailed as
possible – other researchers should be able to replicate your
experiment
* Don’t include details specific to IUP (e.g., experimenter
evaluation sheets), or to you as the experimenter (e.g., tested 5
participants)
What to IncludeMaterials and MeasuresDescription of any
materials usedQuestionnaire – should describe it in this section
ContentNumber of questionsContent of questions (give
examples)Types of questions (open-ended, restricted)Scale, end
points
Results SectionPurpose of this sectionReport your
findingsDescriptive statistics (e.g., Normality) only included if
there were problems with normalityIf that is the case note that
there was a problem and what you did to correct it
Transformations used
*
Results SectionFirst paragraphExplain what you did for data
analysisWhat statistical tests you applied and in what orderNote
that you used SPSS 17 to conduct the analysesMake sure to note
the alpha level you used for inferential tests“All statistical tests
90. employed an alpha level of .05.”
Results SectionThe dependent variable was analyzed with an
analysis of variance (ANOVA). For all comparisons p < .05 was
adopted as the criterion for establishing statistical significance.
Necessary follow up comparisons were done using Bonferroni.
All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Version 16.
Results SectionNext, report what you foundUse complete
sentencesIncludedThe effect being evaluated Whether or not
difference between treatment levels was statistically
significantCritical statistic used, Degrees of freedomValue of
obtained statisticLevel of significance achieved
Statistical Notation
Statistical Test Format
Analysis of variance F (1,85) = 5.96, p < .01
Chi-square χ2(3,N = 100) = 11.34, p < .01
t test t (56) = 4.78, p < .01
z test z = 2.04, p < .05
Pearson correlation r = .87 or r = -.87
coefficient
91. *
Statistical NotationRound means & beta values to 2 decimal
placesGive p values like this:If .000 write p < .001If between
.001 and .009 write p < .01If between .010 and .044 write exact
p value to 2 decimal places (so = .01 to .04)If between .045 and
.050, write p < .05If between .051 and .080, give exact p value
to 3 decimal placesMeans can be given in text or in Table (your
choice)In text easier if few results and they are simple
*
Discussion SectionIn Discussion section, results are interpreted,
conclusions drawn, and findings are related to previous research
Section begins with a brief restatement of hypotheses
Next, indicate if hypotheses were confirmed
Discussion SectionConsider your results & hypotheses in light
of previous research Because your hypotheses come from prior
researchIf your results support your hypothesis, is more
research needed? May some other variable moderate the effect?
Are there different samples or methods to use to study the
effect? Can a firm conclusion be reached?
92. Discussion SectionIf results are not the same as hypothesized,
suggest a reason why not - reason “can be investigated in future
research”
It is fine to speculate, but make sure speculations are supported
by the data
Discussion SectionPoint out any methodological problems you
may have encountered during the study that could restrain some
of your conclusions
Should discuss real-world implications of the resultsWhat
would be the effect in the real world?Would you suggest that
lawyers, clinicians, employers, parents do something different?
Discussion SectionNeed a part on “Directions for Future
Research”Based on your results what is the next step?Other
relevant variables?, replication in other contexts?
Need a part on “Limitations”Any challenges to internal or
external validity?
Organization of Discussion
2.unknown
Discussion Section
Restatement of hypotheses
(2) Integration of results with prior research
93. (3) Discussion of real-world implications
(4) Limitations
(5) Directions for future research
Present a general
introduction to your topic
Review relevant
literature
Link literature review to
your hypotheses
State your
hypotheses
Restate your hypotheses
or major finding
Tie your results with
previous research and
theory
State broad implications of
your results, methodological
implications, directions for
future research
Reardon / Spring 2012
Final Paper Grading Sheet
Name:
APA Style
Title page (2)
Headers/ pg # (2)
Font/spacing/ headings (2)
94. Citations (2)
References (2)
/ 10 points
Abstract
Inclusion of necessary info (3)
Clarity
(2)
/ 5 points
Literature Review
Organization & clarity (5)
Ability to summarize research –
(including appropriate number of sources) (5)
95. Presentation of research need (1)
Justification of hypothesis (2)
Statement of hypothesis (2)
/ 15 points
Method
Inclusion of necessary sections in correct order (4)
Clarity (3)
Level of detail (5)
Quality of design (3)
/ 15 points
Results
Miscellaneous (alpha level, program used, etc.) (2)
Explanation of test used (4)
96. Description of result (6)
Complete sentences (3)
Discussion
Short summary of hypothesis (2)
Integration with prior research (5)
Real world implications (3)
Future research (2)
Limitations (3)
/ 15 points
Writing & Grammar
97. / 15 points
Total:
/ 90 points
GET
FILE='C:UsersqhtwAppDataLocalPackagesMicrosoft.Micro
softEdge_8wekyb3d8bbweTempStateDownloadsPSYC 291
Environmental Survey - Fall 2019_November 12, 2019_14.18
(1).sav'.
DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT.
GET
FILE='C:UsersqhtwAppDataLocalPackagesMicrosoft.Micro
softEdge_8wekyb3d8bbweTempStateDownloadsPSYC 291
Environmental Survey - Fall 2019_November 12, 2019_14.18
(3).sav'.
DATASET NAME DataSet2 WINDOW=FRONT.
DATASET ACTIVATE DataSet1.
SET TLook=None Small=0.0001 SUMMARY=None
THREADS=AUTO TFit=Both DIGITGROUPING=No
LEADZERO=No TABLERENDER=light.
SET Small=0.0001 THREADS=AUTO DIGITGROUPING=No
LEADZERO=No.
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=Gender Race Polit_Party
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
99. Cases Used
Statistics are based on all cases with valid data.
Syntax
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=Gender Race Polit_Party
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources
Processor Time
00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time
00:00:00.00
[DataSet1]
C:UsersqhtwAppDataLocalPackagesMicrosoft.MicrosoftEd
ge_8wekyb3d8bbweTempStateDownloadsPSYC 291
Environmental Survey - Fall 2019_November 12, 2019_14.18
(1).sav
Statistics
Preferred Gender
Race
When it comes to
voting, with which party do you consider yourself to be
affiliated?
N
Valid
94
95
96
Missing
102. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
3
3.1
3.2
100.0
Total
95
99.0
100.0
Missing
System
1
1.0
Total
96
100.0
When it comes to
voting, with which party do you consider yourself to be
affiliated?
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Strong Democrat
19
19.8
103. 19.8
19.8
Not a very strong Democrat
25
26.0
26.0
45.8
Strong Republican
6
6.3
6.3
52.1
Not a very strong Republican
9
9.4
9.4
61.5
Independent/Unaffiliated
37
38.5
38.5
100.0
Total
96
100.0
100.0
DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=Age Political_Leaning
Knowledge_proportion
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX.
105. User defined missing values are treated as missing.
Cases Used
All non-missing data are used.
Syntax
DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=Age Political_Leaning
Knowledge_proportion
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX.
Resources
Processor Time
00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time
00:00:00.00
Descriptive Statistics
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
Age
94
18
53
19.43
3.823
When it comes to most
political issues, do you think of yourself as a...?
95
1
7
3.45
1.420
106. Environmental knowledge proportion
96
.00
91.67
46.7014
17.99444
Valid N (listwise)
93
REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT Eviron_attitude1
/METHOD=ENTER Eviron_attitude2 Political_att_general
Environ_Knowl.
Regression
Notes
Output Created
14-NOV-2019 09:59:25
Comments
Input
Data
107. C:UsersqhtwAppDataLocalPackagesMicrosoft.MicrosoftEd
ge_8wekyb3d8bbweTempStateDownloadsPSYC 291
Environmental Survey - Fall 2019_November 12, 2019_14.18
(1).sav
Active Dataset
DataSet1
Filter
<none>
Weight
<none>
Split File
<none>
N of Rows in Working Data File
96
Missing Value Handling
Definition of Missing
User-defined missing values are treated as missing.
Cases Used
Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any
variable used.
Syntax
REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT Eviron_attitude1
/METHOD=ENTER Eviron_attitude2 Political_att_general
Environ_Knowl.
Resources
108. Processor Time
00:00:00.02
Elapsed Time
00:00:00.02
Memory Required
19184 bytes
Additional Memory Required for Residual Plots
0 bytes
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model
Variables Entered
Variables Removed
Method
1
Environmental knowledge, Political attitudes, Environ Attitude
2: Nature is for Humansb
.
Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Environ Attitude 1: Environment is
threatened
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
109. .659a
.434
.413
2.996
a. Predictors: (Constant), Environmental knowledge, Political
attitudes, Environ Attitude 2: Nature is for Humans
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
577.463
3
192.488
21.445
.000b
Residual
753.991
84
8.976
Total
1331.455
87
110. a. Dependent Variable: Environ Attitude 1: Environment is
threatened
b. Predictors: (Constant), Environmental knowledge, Political
attitudes, Environ Attitude 2: Nature is for Humans
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
(Constant)
28.100
2.409
11.663
.000
Environ Attitude 2: Nature is for Humans
-.397
.081
-.487
-4.919
.000
Political attitudes
111. -.084
.037
-.211
-2.263
.026
Environmental knowledge
-.227
.158
-.126
-1.432
.156
a. Dependent Variable: Environ Attitude 1: Environment is
threatened
REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT Environ_Behavior
/METHOD=ENTER Eviron_attitude2 Political_att_general
Environ_Knowl Eviron_attitude1.
Regression
Notes
Output Created
14-NOV-2019 10:15:06
Comments
112. Input
Data
C:UsersqhtwAppDataLocalPackagesMicrosoft.MicrosoftEd
ge_8wekyb3d8bbweTempStateDownloadsPSYC 291
Environmental Survey - Fall 2019_November 12, 2019_14.18
(1).sav
Active Dataset
DataSet1
Filter
<none>
Weight
<none>
Split File
<none>
N of Rows in Working Data File
96
Missing Value Handling
Definition of Missing
User-defined missing values are treated as missing.
Cases Used
Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any
variable used.
Syntax
REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT Environ_Behavior
113. /METHOD=ENTER Eviron_attitude2 Political_att_general
Environ_Knowl Eviron_attitude1.
Resources
Processor Time
00:00:00.03
Elapsed Time
00:00:00.03
Memory Required
19760 bytes
Additional Memory Required for Residual Plots
0 bytes
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model
Variables Entered
Variables Removed
Method
1
Environ Attitude 1: Environment is threatened, Environmental
knowledge, Political attitudes, Environ Attitude 2: Nature is for
Humansb
.
Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Environmental behavior
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
114. Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
.401a
.160
.119
18.301
a. Predictors: (Constant), Environ Attitude 1: Environment is
threatened, Environmental knowledge, Political attitudes,
Environ Attitude 2: Nature is for Humans
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
5184.017
4
1296.004
3.869
.006b
Residual
27129.471
81
334.932
Total
115. 32313.488
85
a. Dependent Variable: Environmental behavior
b. Predictors: (Constant), Environ Attitude 1: Environment is
threatened, Environmental knowledge, Political attitudes,
Environ Attitude 2: Nature is for Humans
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
(Constant)
98.000
23.970
4.088
.000
Environ Attitude 2: Nature is for Humans
1.441
.561
.358
116. 2.570
.012
Political attitudes
.040
.236
.020
.168
.867
Environmental knowledge
-.227
.994
-.025
-.229
.820
Environ Attitude 1: Environment is threatened
-.301
.672
-.061
-.449
.655
a. Dependent Variable: Environmental behavior
PSYC 291 Environmental Survey
Fall 2019
Environmental Attitudes
Source:
Milfont, T., & Duckitt, J. (2010). The environmental attitudes
inventory: A valid and reliable measure to assess the structure
of environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental
Psychology, 30(1), 80-94.
117. Please rate your agreement with these statements.
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A1. If things continue on their present course, we will soon
experience a major ecological catastrophe.
A2. When humans interfere with nature it often produces
disastrous consequences.
A3. Humans are severely abusing the environment.
A4. The idea that we will experience a major ecological
catastrophe if things continue on their present course is
misguided nonsense. (R)
A5. It is all right for humans to use nature as a resource for
economic purposes.
A6. Protecting peoples’ jobs is more important than protecting
the environment.
A7. People have been giving far too little attention to how
human progress has been damaging the environment. (R)
A8. Protecting the environment is more important than
protecting economic growth. (R)
A9. We should no longer use nature as a resource for economic
purposes. (R)
118. A10. The benefits of modern consumer products are more
important than the pollution that results from their production
and use.
Political Attitudes
Source:
Harvard Kennedy School Institute of Politics (2019). Survey of
young Americans’ attitudes toward politics and public service.
Retrieved from Harvard Kennedy School Institute of Politics
Website:
https://iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/content/190419_Harva
rd%20IOP%20Spring%202019_Topline.pdf.
P1. When it comes to voting, with which party do you consider
yourself to be affiliated?
Strong Democrat
Not a very strong Democrat
Strong Republican
Not a very strong Republican
Independent/Unaffiliated
P2. When it comes to most political issues, do you think of
yourself as a...?
Liberal
Conservative
1
2
3
4
5
6
119. 7
P3. Do you consider yourself to be a proud member of your
party, or not?
Yes, I am proud
No, I am not
P4. How likely is it that you will vote in the general election for
President in November 2020?
Definitely will be voting
Probably will be voting
Probably won't be voting
Definitely won't be voting
P5. How likely is it that you will vote in your state’s primary or
caucus for President in 2020?
Definitely will be voting
Probably will be voting
Probably won't be voting
Definitely won't be voting
P6. Thinking about national issues for a moment, which issue
concerns you most?
Immigration
Economy
National Debt/budget deficit
Taxes
Financial Stability
Unemployment/Jobs
Environment/Global Warming
President Trump/Ineffective leadership
Health Care
Racial Issues
Gun Control/Second Amendment Issues
Abortion
Safety/Security
120. Education
Government/Political Corruption
Political Partisanship/Divide
Housing
Moral Issues
Equality/Equal Rights
Women’s Rights
Foreign Policy
Other
None
P7. Approximately how many times a day do you check your
phone (including social media)
for news and current events related content?
0 times
1-5 times
6-10 times
11-20 times
21+ times
P8. On which of the following platforms, if any, do regularly
access for news and current events related content? (multiple
responses allowed)
Facebook
Instagram
Twitter
Snapchat
None of them
Below is a list of statements about politics. Do you agree or
disagree with these statements?
Strongly
Disagree
121. Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
P9. Donald Trump cares about people like me.
P10. The Republican party cares about people like me.
P11. The Democratic party cares about people like me.
P12. Voters who are part of the Baby Boomer generation (age
55 to 73) care about people like me.
P13. Elected officials who are part of the Baby Boomer
generation (age 55 to 73) care about people like me.
P14. Community service is an honorable thing to do.
P15. I want to do what I can to help unite, not further divide,
America.
P16. Elected officials seem to be motivated by selfish reasons.
P17. I am confident that I will be allowed to cast a ballot and
have it counted in the 2020 Presidential election.
P18. Despite our challenges, I would rather live in America than
any other place.
P19. Elected officials don’t seem to have the same priorities I
have.
P20. I feel like the government does not represent the America I
love.
P21. Politics has become too partisan.
P22. I feel like I need more practical information about politics
before I get involved.
P23. Politics today are no longer able to meet the challenges our
country is facing.
P24. People like me don’t have any say about what the
122. government does.
P25. Running for office is an honorable thing to do.
P26. I don’t believe my vote will make a real difference.
P27. The idea of working in some form of public service is
appealing to me.
P28. Political involvement rarely has any tangible results.
P29. The results of my previous involvement in politics have
left me disappointed.
P30. Politics is not relevant to my life right now.
P31. It really doesn’t matter to me who the President is.
P32. Based on the current state of the economy, how easy or
difficult do you think it will be for students in your class to find
a permanent job upon graduation?
Very easy
Somewhat easy
Somewhat difficult
Very difficult
Environmental Behaviors
Sources:
Oreg, S., Katz-Gerro, T. (2006). Predicting proenvironmental
behavior cross-nationally: Values, the theory of planned
behavior, and value-belief-norm theory. Environment and
Behavior, 38(4), 462-483.
Lynn, P. (2014). Distinguishing dimensions of pro-
environmental behavior. ISER Working Paper Series, No. 2014-
19, University of Essex, Institute for Social and Economic
Research (ISER), Colchester.
Please rate the extent to which you do the following:
Never
Always
123. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B1. Leave your TV on at night. (R)
B2. Switch off lights in rooms that aren’t being used.
B3. Keep the tap running while you brush your teeth. (R)
B4. Put more clothes on when you feel cold rather than putting
the heating on or turning it up.
B5. Decide not to buy something because you feel it has too
much packaging.
B6. Buy recycled paper products such as toilet paper or tissues.
B7. Take your own shopping bag when shopping.
B8. Use public transportation rather than travel by car.
B9. Walk or bike for trips less than two or three miles.
B10. Car share with others who need to make a similar trip.
B11. Take fewer flights
B12. In the winter, I keep the heat at such a temperature that I
can wear light clothing inside my house. (R)
B13. In winter, I leave the windows of my house open for long
periods of time to air the house. (R)
B14. In winter, I turn off the heat in my house at night.
B15. In winter, when I leave my house for more than 30
minutes, I turn off the heat.
B16. I make the most use out of natural light.
B17. I turn off any lights I am not using.
B18. I unplug any electrical appliances I am not using.
B19. I buy biodegradable detergents to wash laundry.
B20. I buy organic products.
B21. I buy rechargeable batteries.
B22. I buy energy-efficient light bulbs.
B23. I buy products in reusable or returnable containers.
124. B24. After spending a day outside, I leave the site as clean as it
was when I got there.
B25. I visit national parks and/or nature reserves.
B26. I try to repair leaky faucets quickly.
B27. I leave the water running in the shower until it reaches the
proper temperature. (R)
B28. I try to turn off the faucet when I brush my teeth.
B29. I wait until I have a full load of laundry before putting it
in the washing machine.
B30. I drive in such a way to minimize the amount of gas I
consume.
B31. I sort papers and cardboard for recycling.
Environmental Knowledge
Sources:
Murphy, T. P. (2004). The Second Minnesota Report Card on
Environmental Literacy. The Second Minnesota Report Card on
Environmental Literacy. Minnesota Office of Environmental
Assistance. Retrieved from
https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/p-ee5-06.pdf
O’Brien, S. R. (2007). Indications of environmental literacy:
Using a new survey instrument to measure awareness,
knowledge, and attitudes of university-aged students. Retrieved
from
http://www.academia.edu/34876091/Indications_of_environmen
tal_literacy_using_a_new_survey_instrum_2
K1. Compared to other students in your college and/or
department, how
much do you feel you know about environmental issues and
problems in general?
1. A lot
125. 2. A reasonable amount
3. A little
4. Almost nothing
5. Nothing
6. Don't know
K2. What are your primary sources for environmental
information? Check as many as applicable:
1. TV
2. Radio
3. Internet
4. Magazines
5. Newspaper
6. Classes/courses
7. Books
8. Library
9. Friends/ relatives
10. Other
11. None
K3. During the past 10 years, do you think that the overall
quality of the planet's environment has
1. Improved a lot
2. Somewhat improved
3. Stayed the same
4. Somewhat declined
5. Declined a lot
6. Don't know
K4. What is the most common cause of pollution of streams,
rivers and oceans?
Dumping of garbage by cities,
Surface water running off yards, city streets, paved lots, and
farm fields,**
126. Trash washed into the ocean from beaches
Waste from factories
Other
K5. Thinking about the country as a whole, how is most of the
electricity in the U.S. generated?
By burning fossil fuels, such as coal and oil,**
With nuclear power
Through solar energy
At hydroelectric power plants
Other
K6. Carbon monoxide is a major contributor to air pollution in
the U.S. Which of the following is the biggest source of carbon
monoxide?
Factories and businesses
People breathing
Motor vehicles**
Trees
Other
K7. What is one of the main benefits of wetlands?
Help to control global climate change
Help filter and store water before it enters lakes, streams, rivers
or oceans**
Prevent the spread of undesirable plants and animals
Provide good sites for landfills
Other
K8. What do you think is the main cause of global climate
change, that is, the warming of the planet Earth?
A recent increase in oxygen in the atmosphere
127. Sunlight radiating more strongly through a hole in the upper
ozone layer
More carbon emissions from autos, homes and industry**
Increased activity from volcanoes worldwide
You don’t believe there is global climate change
K9. Many communities are concerned about running out of
space in their community trash dumps and landfills. The
greatest source of landfill material is
Disposable diapers
Lawn and garden clippings, trimmings and leaves
Paper products including newspapers, cardboard and packing**
Glass and plastic bottles and aluminum and steel cans
Other
K10. Where does most of the energy that people use worldwide
come from?
1. Fossil fuels***
2. Wind power
3. Hydro power
4. Nuclear power
5. Don't know
K11. Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
1. White-tailed deer
2. Fresh water
3. Oil ***
4. Trees
5. Don't know
K12. To maintain healthy woodlands and forests, we must:
1. Leave them alone
128. 2. Check them every 40-50 years
3. Carefully manage them, including some trimming and cutting
***
4. Maintain abundant wildlife populations
5. None of the above
K13. Sustainable agriculture aims to...
1. Produce enough food to sustain human society
2. Meet the demand for food at any costs
3. Produce enough food while maintaining stable economic
costs
4. Produce enough food while maintaining a stable environment
5. Meet the requirement for food while maintaining a healthy
social, economic, and
ecological environment ***
6. Don't know
K14. What is the most common cause for plant and animal
species to become extinct?
1. Predation by other species
2. Habitat loss and fragmentation ***
3. Temperature change
4. Competition between species
5. Don't know
K15. If one is to say a species exceeded the carrying capacity of
its habitat, it means that:
1. It no longer has enough food, water, and cover available to
sustain the species in its current condition for an indefinite
future ***
2. It no longer has enough food, water, and cover available to
sustain the species at all anymore
3. It no longer has enough food, water, and cover available to
share with other species
4. None of the above
5. Don't know
129. Demographic Questions
Source:
Written by researchers
Please answer the following demographic questions.
Preferred Gender
Male
Female
Other
Race
White
Black/African American
Asian
American Indian or Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
Age __________
Name (for credit granting purposes only, your name will be
deleted once credit is given)
________________________________________________
___________
APA Style
130. OverviewLanguageParts of research paperAPA styleIn-text
citationsReferences
Avoiding Biased LanguageAPA committed to fair treatment of
individuals and groups“APA publications [have] to avoid
perpetuating demeaning attitudes and biased assumptions about
people in their writing” (pg. 61)
Describe at appropriate level of specificity“Gay” vs. “gay men
and lesbians”Only mention differences (e.g., marital status,
sexual orientation) when they are relevant
APA = American Psychological Association
GuidelinesBe sensitive to labelsCall people what they prefer to
be called (this may change over time)Avoid labels that cause
people to lose their individualityE.g., “the elderly” vs. “elderly
participants” or “people that are elderly”
Acknowledge participationUse active voice“Our study included
60 people” vs. “Sixty people participated”Use the term
“participants” instead of “subjects”
Best to be more specific (e.g., instead of asian american note
their region of origin – chinese american)
Don’t use offensive labels (oriental vs. asian)
Revise the FollowingThe participants were asked to think of
their favorite teacher from elementary school and to rate her on
the 20 evaluative dimensions.