Water pollution occurs when energy and materials contaminate water supplies, reducing its quality for other uses. Various causes were presented including marine dumping, industrial waste, sewage, nuclear waste, oil pollution, and underground storage leaks. Effects impact the environment through toxic water and thermal heating, as well as human health through diseases from drinking, swimming in, or contacting polluted water. Animals are also harmed, as evidenced by 200 Australian turtles dying annually and birds/mammals becoming coated in oil. Individuals can help by conserving water usage, proper disposal, fertilizing correctly, participating in cleanups, joining advocacy groups, and spreading awareness.