1) Chemical equations represent chemical reactions through formulas showing reactants and products. They must be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
2) Types of chemical reactions include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion and more. Balancing equations ensures the same number and types of atoms are on each side.
3) Additional symbols specify physical states like (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas. Solubility rules predict if ionic compounds will dissolve or precipitate out of solution.
This document presents information about geometric sequences and series. It defines geometric sequences as sequences where each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a common ratio. Geometric series are the sums of the terms in a geometric sequence. Formulas are provided for calculating individual terms, the common ratio, and the sum of finite geometric series. Applications of geometric series discussed include calculating interest, average increases, net present values, and loan repayments. Several example problems demonstrate using the formulas to find terms, common ratios, and sums.
Mathematics 9 Lesson 1-C: Roots and Coefficients of Quadratic EquationsJuan Miguel Palero
This powerpoint presentation discusses or talks about the topic or lesson Roots and Coefficients of Quadratic Equations. It also discusses and explains the rules, steps and examples of Roots and Coefficients of Quadratic Equations
Quadratic functions have several real-life applications and can be used to model mathematical problems. To solve problems involving quadratic functions, identify given information, represent the problem as a function, and consider the maximum or minimum property to solve for the final answer. Examples provided demonstrate solving for unknown variables in quadratic equations derived from word problems about rectangles, consecutive numbers, and the dimensions of a tennis table.
This document introduces basic geometry concepts including points, lines, line segments, rays, and planes. It defines each concept and provides examples of their notation and relationships. Points have no dimension, lines extend in one dimension, and planes extend in two dimensions. Examples demonstrate identifying collinear points and opposite rays, as well as the intersection of lines and planes. The summary concludes by stating the document defines fundamental geometric objects and their properties.
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, “knowledge, study, learning”) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics
This document provides information about several important ISO standards:
- ISO is an international organization that develops voluntary consensus-based standards to support innovation and address global challenges. It has published over 21,000 standards covering many industries.
- Key ISO standards discussed include those related to quality management (ISO 9000), country codes (ISO 3166), social responsibility (ISO 26000), energy management (ISO 50001), risk management (ISO 31000), food safety (ISO 22000), information security (ISO 27001), occupational health and safety (ISO 45001), anti-bribery systems (ISO 37001), and medical devices (ISO 13485).
- The standards provide requirements and guidance for organizations to ensure quality, safety
The document discusses various angle relationships including:
- Defining acute, obtuse, right, and straight angles
- Explaining how to name angles based on their vertices
- Classifying pairs of angles as complementary, supplementary, or neither based on their degree measures
- Using properties of complementary and supplementary angles to find the measure of a missing angle
The document discusses parabolas and their key properties:
- A parabola is defined as the set of points equidistant from a fixed point (the focus) and a fixed line (the directrix).
- The vertex is the point where the axis of symmetry intersects the parabola. The focus and directrix are a fixed distance (p) from the vertex.
- The latus rectum is the line segment from the focus to the parabola, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. Its length is determined by the equation of the parabola.
This document presents information about geometric sequences and series. It defines geometric sequences as sequences where each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a common ratio. Geometric series are the sums of the terms in a geometric sequence. Formulas are provided for calculating individual terms, the common ratio, and the sum of finite geometric series. Applications of geometric series discussed include calculating interest, average increases, net present values, and loan repayments. Several example problems demonstrate using the formulas to find terms, common ratios, and sums.
Mathematics 9 Lesson 1-C: Roots and Coefficients of Quadratic EquationsJuan Miguel Palero
This powerpoint presentation discusses or talks about the topic or lesson Roots and Coefficients of Quadratic Equations. It also discusses and explains the rules, steps and examples of Roots and Coefficients of Quadratic Equations
Quadratic functions have several real-life applications and can be used to model mathematical problems. To solve problems involving quadratic functions, identify given information, represent the problem as a function, and consider the maximum or minimum property to solve for the final answer. Examples provided demonstrate solving for unknown variables in quadratic equations derived from word problems about rectangles, consecutive numbers, and the dimensions of a tennis table.
This document introduces basic geometry concepts including points, lines, line segments, rays, and planes. It defines each concept and provides examples of their notation and relationships. Points have no dimension, lines extend in one dimension, and planes extend in two dimensions. Examples demonstrate identifying collinear points and opposite rays, as well as the intersection of lines and planes. The summary concludes by stating the document defines fundamental geometric objects and their properties.
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, “knowledge, study, learning”) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics
This document provides information about several important ISO standards:
- ISO is an international organization that develops voluntary consensus-based standards to support innovation and address global challenges. It has published over 21,000 standards covering many industries.
- Key ISO standards discussed include those related to quality management (ISO 9000), country codes (ISO 3166), social responsibility (ISO 26000), energy management (ISO 50001), risk management (ISO 31000), food safety (ISO 22000), information security (ISO 27001), occupational health and safety (ISO 45001), anti-bribery systems (ISO 37001), and medical devices (ISO 13485).
- The standards provide requirements and guidance for organizations to ensure quality, safety
The document discusses various angle relationships including:
- Defining acute, obtuse, right, and straight angles
- Explaining how to name angles based on their vertices
- Classifying pairs of angles as complementary, supplementary, or neither based on their degree measures
- Using properties of complementary and supplementary angles to find the measure of a missing angle
The document discusses parabolas and their key properties:
- A parabola is defined as the set of points equidistant from a fixed point (the focus) and a fixed line (the directrix).
- The vertex is the point where the axis of symmetry intersects the parabola. The focus and directrix are a fixed distance (p) from the vertex.
- The latus rectum is the line segment from the focus to the parabola, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. Its length is determined by the equation of the parabola.
Conic sections and introduction to circlesArric Tan
Conic sections are shapes that result from slicing a cone with a plane. There are four types of conic sections: circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. Circles can be defined by the general formula x^2 + y^2 = r^2, where all points are a distance r from the center. The center and radius of a circle can be determined by shifting the circle and setting the x and y components to 0.
This document discusses graphing quadratic functions. It defines a quadratic function as having the form y = ax^2 + bx + c, where a is not equal to 0. The graph of a quadratic function is a U-shaped parabola. It discusses finding the vertex and axis of symmetry in standard form, vertex form, and intercept form. Examples are provided for graphing quadratic functions written in these three forms.
If you are looking for math video tutorials (with voice recording), you may download it on our YouTube Channel. Don't forget to SUBSCRIBE for you to get updated on our upcoming videos.
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The document discusses conic sections, which are curves formed by the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone. There are four types of conic sections: circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. Conic sections can be represented by second-degree equations in x and y, and the technique of completing the square is used to determine which equation corresponds to each type of conic section. The document also reviews the distance formula.
This document provides an introduction to union and intersection operations in SQL and Python. It explains that UNION combines results from multiple tables while avoiding duplicates, INTERSECT returns only matching rows, and EXCEPT returns rows that are not in the second table. Examples are shown using SQL queries on sample client and VIP tables, and using set operations in Python. Contact information is provided at the end for the mentoring organization that produced this document.
The document discusses solving quadratic equations by factoring. It provides examples of factoring quadratic expressions to find the solutions to the equations. These include using the zero product rule, factoring a common factor, and factoring a perfect square. It also provides two word problems involving consecutive integers and the Pythagorean theorem and shows how to set up and solve the quadratic equations derived from the word problems.
The document discusses sets and Venn diagrams. It provides examples of sets representing students' favorite subjects and animals that can be categorized as water animals or two-legged animals. It explains that the intersection of sets contains elements that are common to both sets, while the union of sets contains all unique elements of both sets. An example Venn diagram shows the intersection and union of sets A and B. Questions are provided about representing sets using Venn diagrams and calculating unions and intersections of given sets.
Two angles are adjacent if they share a common side and vertex. Vertical angles are angles opposite each other formed when two lines intersect, and they are congruent. This document discusses adjacent angles, vertical angles, and uses examples like naming angles and determining missing angle measures to teach properties of these angle types.
The document discusses different types of relations, including reflexive, symmetric, transitive, and equivalence relations. It provides examples of each type of relation and defines their key properties. Inverse relations are also discussed, where the ordered pairs of a relation R are reversed to form the inverse relation R-1. An example demonstrates finding the domain, range, and inverse of a given relation defined by an equation.
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References:
Nivera, G. C. (2015), Grade 10 Mathematics: Pattern and Practicalities. Don Bosco Press Inc. Makati City, Philippines.
Mathematics Grade 10 Learner's Module (2015). Department of Education
5.2 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoringhisema01
The document discusses various methods for factoring quadratic expressions and solving quadratic equations by factoring. These include:
- Factoring trinomials of the form x^2 + bx + c by finding two numbers whose product is c and sum is b
- Factoring when coefficients are negative
- Factoring expressions where the leading coefficient is not 1
- Factoring special patterns like the difference of squares and perfect square trinomials
- Factoring out monomials
- Using the zero product property to set each factor of a factored quadratic equation equal to 0 to solve for the roots/zeros
You will learn how to factor polynomials with common monomial factor.
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This document defines slope and discusses how to calculate it using the rise over run method. Slope is the ratio of vertical change to horizontal change between two points on a line. It provides examples of finding the slopes of various lines by calculating rise over run. The document concludes by explaining that if you know the slope and one point, you can draw the line. It provides examples of drawing lines given the slope and a point.
This document discusses inverses of matrices. It defines an invertible matrix as a square matrix A that has an inverse matrix B such that AB and BA are the identity matrix. It also defines singular and non-singular matrices. Theorems are provided to determine if a 2x2 matrix is invertible based on its determinant, and to solve systems of equations using the inverse matrix. Elementary matrices from row operations on the identity matrix are introduced. An algorithm for finding the inverse of an invertible matrix using row operations on the augmented matrix [A|I] is also given.
9.4 multiplying and dividing rational expressionshisema01
A rational expression is in simplified form when the numerator and denominator have no common factors other than 1. To simplify a rational expression, factor the numerator and denominator and cancel any common factors; this works the same as multiplying fractions by multiplying numerators and denominators and then simplifying. Examples are provided for multiplying and dividing rational expressions by factoring, multiplying or dividing numerators and denominators, and then simplifying.
This document provides an overview of operations with integers including:
- Defining integers as positive and negative whole numbers including 0
- Ordering and comparing integers
- Absolute value and opposite of integers
- Adding and subtracting integers using number lines and sign rules
- Multiplying and dividing integers and the sign of the result
- Properties like distributive property for operations with integers
The document defines key terms related to algebraic expressions. It states that a term is a constant, variable, or product of a constant and variable. The numerical coefficient is the constant number and literal coefficient is the variable and its exponent. A polynomial is an algebraic expression where each term has a whole number exponent. It classifies polynomials based on number of terms (monomial, binomial, trinomial) and degree (constant, linear, quadratic). The standard form arranges terms from highest to lowest degree with the leading term having the highest degree.
The document discusses symmetric groups and permutations. Some key points:
- A symmetric group SX is the group of all permutations of a set X under function composition.
- Sn, the symmetric group of degree n, represents permutations of the set {1,2,...,n}.
- Permutations can be written using cycle notation, such as (1 2 3) or (1 4).
- Disjoint cycles commute; the product of two permutations is their composition as functions.
- Any permutation can be written as a product of disjoint cycles of length ≥2. Cycles of even length decompose into an odd number of transpositions, and vice versa for odd cycles.
The document discusses chemical equations and reactions. It defines key terms like reactants, products, and coefficients. It explains how to write and balance chemical equations. It also describes different types of chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, and single/double replacement reactions. Guidelines are provided for predicting products and writing balanced equations.
This document provides information on stoichiometry, which involves using mole ratios from balanced chemical equations to calculate mass relationships between substances in a chemical reaction. It outlines the steps to solve stoichiometry problems, which include writing a balanced equation, identifying known and unknown quantities, setting up mole ratio conversion factors between moles of reactants and products, and checking the answer. Key concepts discussed include the mole ratio from coefficients in a balanced equation, molar mass to convert between moles and grams, and the molar volume used to calculate liters of gas at standard temperature and pressure.
Conic sections and introduction to circlesArric Tan
Conic sections are shapes that result from slicing a cone with a plane. There are four types of conic sections: circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. Circles can be defined by the general formula x^2 + y^2 = r^2, where all points are a distance r from the center. The center and radius of a circle can be determined by shifting the circle and setting the x and y components to 0.
This document discusses graphing quadratic functions. It defines a quadratic function as having the form y = ax^2 + bx + c, where a is not equal to 0. The graph of a quadratic function is a U-shaped parabola. It discusses finding the vertex and axis of symmetry in standard form, vertex form, and intercept form. Examples are provided for graphing quadratic functions written in these three forms.
If you are looking for math video tutorials (with voice recording), you may download it on our YouTube Channel. Don't forget to SUBSCRIBE for you to get updated on our upcoming videos.
https://tinyurl.com/y9muob6q
Also, please do visit our page, LIKE and FOLLOW us on Facebook!
https://tinyurl.com/ycjp8r7u
https://tinyurl.com/ybo27k2u
The document discusses conic sections, which are curves formed by the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone. There are four types of conic sections: circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. Conic sections can be represented by second-degree equations in x and y, and the technique of completing the square is used to determine which equation corresponds to each type of conic section. The document also reviews the distance formula.
This document provides an introduction to union and intersection operations in SQL and Python. It explains that UNION combines results from multiple tables while avoiding duplicates, INTERSECT returns only matching rows, and EXCEPT returns rows that are not in the second table. Examples are shown using SQL queries on sample client and VIP tables, and using set operations in Python. Contact information is provided at the end for the mentoring organization that produced this document.
The document discusses solving quadratic equations by factoring. It provides examples of factoring quadratic expressions to find the solutions to the equations. These include using the zero product rule, factoring a common factor, and factoring a perfect square. It also provides two word problems involving consecutive integers and the Pythagorean theorem and shows how to set up and solve the quadratic equations derived from the word problems.
The document discusses sets and Venn diagrams. It provides examples of sets representing students' favorite subjects and animals that can be categorized as water animals or two-legged animals. It explains that the intersection of sets contains elements that are common to both sets, while the union of sets contains all unique elements of both sets. An example Venn diagram shows the intersection and union of sets A and B. Questions are provided about representing sets using Venn diagrams and calculating unions and intersections of given sets.
Two angles are adjacent if they share a common side and vertex. Vertical angles are angles opposite each other formed when two lines intersect, and they are congruent. This document discusses adjacent angles, vertical angles, and uses examples like naming angles and determining missing angle measures to teach properties of these angle types.
The document discusses different types of relations, including reflexive, symmetric, transitive, and equivalence relations. It provides examples of each type of relation and defines their key properties. Inverse relations are also discussed, where the ordered pairs of a relation R are reversed to form the inverse relation R-1. An example demonstrates finding the domain, range, and inverse of a given relation defined by an equation.
For more instructional resources CLICK me here and please DON'T FORGET TO SUBSCRIBE.
https://tinyurl.com/y9muob6q
LIKE and FOLLOW us on Facebook!
https://tinyurl.com/y9hhtqux
https://www.facebook.com/WOW-MATH-701...
LIKE and FOLLOW us on Slideshare!
https://www.slideshare.net/FreeMathVi...
https://www.slideshare.net/ArielRogon2
References:
Nivera, G. C. (2015), Grade 10 Mathematics: Pattern and Practicalities. Don Bosco Press Inc. Makati City, Philippines.
Mathematics Grade 10 Learner's Module (2015). Department of Education
5.2 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoringhisema01
The document discusses various methods for factoring quadratic expressions and solving quadratic equations by factoring. These include:
- Factoring trinomials of the form x^2 + bx + c by finding two numbers whose product is c and sum is b
- Factoring when coefficients are negative
- Factoring expressions where the leading coefficient is not 1
- Factoring special patterns like the difference of squares and perfect square trinomials
- Factoring out monomials
- Using the zero product property to set each factor of a factored quadratic equation equal to 0 to solve for the roots/zeros
You will learn how to factor polynomials with common monomial factor.
For more instructional resources, CLICK me here! 👇👇👇
https://tinyurl.com/y9muob6q
LIKE and FOLLOW me here! 👍👍👍
https://tinyurl.com/ycjp8r7u
https://tinyurl.com/ybo27k2u
This document defines slope and discusses how to calculate it using the rise over run method. Slope is the ratio of vertical change to horizontal change between two points on a line. It provides examples of finding the slopes of various lines by calculating rise over run. The document concludes by explaining that if you know the slope and one point, you can draw the line. It provides examples of drawing lines given the slope and a point.
This document discusses inverses of matrices. It defines an invertible matrix as a square matrix A that has an inverse matrix B such that AB and BA are the identity matrix. It also defines singular and non-singular matrices. Theorems are provided to determine if a 2x2 matrix is invertible based on its determinant, and to solve systems of equations using the inverse matrix. Elementary matrices from row operations on the identity matrix are introduced. An algorithm for finding the inverse of an invertible matrix using row operations on the augmented matrix [A|I] is also given.
9.4 multiplying and dividing rational expressionshisema01
A rational expression is in simplified form when the numerator and denominator have no common factors other than 1. To simplify a rational expression, factor the numerator and denominator and cancel any common factors; this works the same as multiplying fractions by multiplying numerators and denominators and then simplifying. Examples are provided for multiplying and dividing rational expressions by factoring, multiplying or dividing numerators and denominators, and then simplifying.
This document provides an overview of operations with integers including:
- Defining integers as positive and negative whole numbers including 0
- Ordering and comparing integers
- Absolute value and opposite of integers
- Adding and subtracting integers using number lines and sign rules
- Multiplying and dividing integers and the sign of the result
- Properties like distributive property for operations with integers
The document defines key terms related to algebraic expressions. It states that a term is a constant, variable, or product of a constant and variable. The numerical coefficient is the constant number and literal coefficient is the variable and its exponent. A polynomial is an algebraic expression where each term has a whole number exponent. It classifies polynomials based on number of terms (monomial, binomial, trinomial) and degree (constant, linear, quadratic). The standard form arranges terms from highest to lowest degree with the leading term having the highest degree.
The document discusses symmetric groups and permutations. Some key points:
- A symmetric group SX is the group of all permutations of a set X under function composition.
- Sn, the symmetric group of degree n, represents permutations of the set {1,2,...,n}.
- Permutations can be written using cycle notation, such as (1 2 3) or (1 4).
- Disjoint cycles commute; the product of two permutations is their composition as functions.
- Any permutation can be written as a product of disjoint cycles of length ≥2. Cycles of even length decompose into an odd number of transpositions, and vice versa for odd cycles.
The document discusses chemical equations and reactions. It defines key terms like reactants, products, and coefficients. It explains how to write and balance chemical equations. It also describes different types of chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, and single/double replacement reactions. Guidelines are provided for predicting products and writing balanced equations.
This document provides information on stoichiometry, which involves using mole ratios from balanced chemical equations to calculate mass relationships between substances in a chemical reaction. It outlines the steps to solve stoichiometry problems, which include writing a balanced equation, identifying known and unknown quantities, setting up mole ratio conversion factors between moles of reactants and products, and checking the answer. Key concepts discussed include the mole ratio from coefficients in a balanced equation, molar mass to convert between moles and grams, and the molar volume used to calculate liters of gas at standard temperature and pressure.
The document discusses chemical equations and reactions, including:
- Indications that a chemical reaction has occurred include evolution of energy (heat/light), production of a gas, and color change.
- Chemical equations must represent known facts, contain correct formulas, and satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
- The arrow in an equation signifies a reaction occurring. Equations can show reversible reactions with double arrows.
- Types of chemical reactions include synthesis, decomposition, single-displacement, double-displacement, and combustion.
- The activity series lists elements in order of their reactivity based on displacement reactions, and can predict if a reaction will occur.
Polyatomic ions stay intact in aqueous solutions because they are held together by strong covalent bonds between their constituent atoms. When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions separate but polyatomic ions remain intact units because the covalent bonds within them are not broken by the dissociation process.
This document discusses chemical reactions and how they are represented. It covers the following key points:
1. Chemical reactions are represented by balanced chemical equations that show the reactants and products. There are four main types of reactions: synthesis, combustion, decomposition, and replacement.
2. Double replacement reactions occur between ionic compounds in aqueous solution and often produce a precipitate, water, or a gas.
3. Chemical equations must be balanced to obey the law of conservation of mass. This involves determining coefficients for the reactants and products so that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the reaction.
This document provides information about chemical reactions and equations. It discusses the main types of chemical reactions including synthesis, combustion, decomposition, and replacement reactions. It also explains how chemical reactions are represented by balanced chemical equations, which show the relative amounts of reactants and products. Double replacement reactions that occur in aqueous solutions are also covered, and can produce precipitates, water, or gases.
Chapter 8.1 : Describing Chemical ReactionsChris Foltz
The document describes chemical equations and reactions, including:
- Three observations that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred and three requirements for a correctly written chemical equation.
- Examples of word and formula equations and how to balance a chemical equation to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
- Additional symbols used in chemical equations and the significance of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation.
1) The document discusses various types of evidence that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred, including temperature change, gas formation, color change, and precipitate formation.
2) It describes word equations, skeleton equations, and how to translate between the two. Balancing equations requires using coefficients to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
3) Key characteristics of the main types of chemical reactions - synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion - are outlined.
1) A chemical reaction is a process where one or more substances are destroyed and one or more new substances are created.
2) There are five main types of chemical reactions: single replacement, double replacement, synthesis, decomposition, and combustion.
3) Evidence for a chemical reaction includes evolution of light or heat, temperature changes, formation of gases or precipitates, and color changes.
The document provides an introduction to chemical reactions, including definitions, parts of reactions, types of reactions, and evidence of reactions. It explains that a chemical reaction is a process where reactants are destroyed and products are formed, with the following key points:
- Reactants undergo chemical change to form products, as indicated by the yield arrow (→).
- Chemical equations must obey the law of conservation of mass, with the same number and type of atoms on both sides of the reaction.
- The five main types of chemical reactions are synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.
- Several tests can indicate if a chemical reaction has occurred, such as gas evolution, temperature change, color change,
1) A chemical reaction is a process where one or more substances are destroyed and one or more new substances are created.
2) There are five main types of chemical reactions: single replacement, double replacement, synthesis, decomposition, and combustion.
3) Evidence for a chemical reaction includes evolution of light or heat, temperature changes, formation of gases or precipitates, and color changes.
1) A chemical reaction is a process where one or more substances are destroyed and one or more new substances are created.
2) There are five main types of chemical reactions: single replacement, double replacement, synthesis, decomposition, and combustion.
3) Evidence for a chemical reaction includes evolution of light or heat, temperature changes, formation of gases or precipitates, and color changes.
The document discusses chemical reactions and equations. It provides information on:
- Writing balanced chemical equations to represent reactions
- Indications that a reaction occurred like heat/gas production
- Characteristics of chemical equations like conservation of mass
- Examples of balancing equations and writing equations for reactions
Chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions. They show the formulas of the reactants and products, with coefficients indicating relative amounts. A word equation also describes the reaction using names. Various symbols are used to indicate state, catalysts or conditions. For the equation to be correct, it must be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of matter, with the same number and type of atoms on each side. Balancing ensures the amounts of elements are equal before and after reaction.
1. Chemical reactions can be represented through word equations, chemical equations, and balanced chemical equations.
2. There are several types of chemical reactions including combination, decomposition, displacement, and oxidation-reduction.
3. Word equations show the reactants and products of a chemical reaction using chemical names. Chemical equations use chemical formulas and are balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
1. Chemical reactions involve chemical changes that result in the formation of new substances.
2. Chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions, with reactants on the left side of the arrow and products on the right. These equations must be balanced and follow the law of conservation of mass.
3. There are several types of chemical reactions including combination, decomposition, displacement, and oxidation-reduction. Combination reactions involve elements or compounds reacting to form a single product, while decomposition reactions involve a single reactant breaking down into simpler products.
Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms when substances undergo chemical changes. There are several signs that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred, such as a change in color, gas evolution, temperature change, state change, or precipitate formation. Chemical reactions can be described by word equations or chemical equations, with the latter providing a more concise representation where the reactants are on the left and products on the right, separated by an arrow. Chemical equations must satisfy the law of conservation of mass and show correct formulas and phases for substances. Balanced chemical equations ensure equal numbers of each type of atom are present on both sides. Common types of chemical reactions include combination, decomposition, displacement, and redox reactions.
This document discusses chemical reactions and equations. It covers:
- Four types of chemical reactions: synthesis, combustion, decomposition, and replacement reactions. Replacement reactions include single and double replacement reactions.
- Writing balanced chemical equations to represent reactions, including identifying reactants, products, and coefficients. Equations must obey the law of conservation of mass.
- Classifying reactions as synthesis, combustion, decomposition, single or double replacement based on characteristics.
- Describing aqueous solutions and writing complete ionic and net ionic equations for reactions in aqueous solutions that produce precipitates, water, or gases.
This document discusses chemical equations and reactions. It defines a chemical reaction as a process where one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. A chemical equation represents the identities and relative amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. Writing a proper chemical equation involves first writing a word equation, then a formula equation, and finally balancing the equation so the same number and type of atoms are on both sides. Common techniques for writing and balancing chemical equations are explained.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. Chemical Reactions
You should be able to
➢Classify reactions by type.
➢Write a balanced molecular equation, complete ionic equation,
and a net ionic equation.
➢Balance oxidation-reduction reactions.
➢Predict if a precipitate will form using the solubility rules.
➢Predict products of reactions given the chemical names of the
reactants.
4. Describing a Chemical Reaction
Indications of a Chemical Reaction
– Evolution of heat, light, and/or sound
– Production of a gas
– Formation of a precipitate
– Color change
5. Signs of Chemical Reactions
There are five main signs that indicate a chemical reaction has taken place:
change in color change in odor production of new
gases or vapor
input or release
of energy
difficult to reverse
release
input
6. Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of reactants and products
and their relative amounts in a reaction.
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)
The numbers in the front are called
stoichiometric coefficients.
The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the
physical states of compounds.
reactants product
aluminum oxide
7. Chemical Equations
This equation means:
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)
4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules yield 2 molecules of Al2O3
4 Al moles + 3 O2 moles yield 2 moles of Al2O3
or
4 g Al + 3 g O2 yield 2 g Al2O3
4 mol Al@27g/mol 3 mol O2@32g/mol 2 mol Al2O3@102g/mol
108 g + 96 g = 204 g
aluminum oxide
sandpaper
8. Chemical Equations
Because the same atoms are present
in a reaction at the beginning (reactants)
and at the end (products), the amount
of matter in a system does not change.
The Law of Conservation of Matter
Kotz web
Chemical
Factory
100% 100%
80%
20%
9. Chemical Equations
Because of the principle of the conservation of matter,
An equation must be balanced.
It must have the same number of atoms
of the same kind on both sides.
Lavoisier, 1788
10. Characteristics of Chemical Equations
• The equation must represent known
facts.
• The equation must contain the correct
formulas for the reactants and products.
• The law of conservation of mass must
be satisfied.
11. Chemical Equations
• Reactants – the substances that exist before a
chemical change (or reaction) takes place.
• Products – the new substance(s) that are formed
during the chemical changes.
• CHEMICAL EQUATION indicates the reactants and
products of a reaction.
REACTANTS → PRODUCTS
12. Word Equations
• A WORD EQUATION describes chemical change using
the names of the reactants and products.
Write the word equation for the reaction of methane gas
with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water.
methane + oxygen
Reactant Product
CH4 O2 CO2 H2O
+ + 2
2
carbon dioxide + water
13. Cl
Cl
Cl
H
H
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl H
H
H
H
H2 + Cl2 → HCl H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl
reactants products
H
Cl
reactants products
H
Cl
2
2
2 2
2 2
1
1
(unbalanced) (balanced)
Unbalanced and Balanced Equations
14. ?
Visualizing a Chemical Reaction
Na + Cl2 NaCl
___ mole Cl2 ___ mole NaCl
___ mole Na
2
10 5 10
2
10 5 10
16. Meaning of Chemical Formula
Chemical
Symbol Meaning Composition
H2O One molecule
of water:
Two H atoms and one O atom
2 H2O Two molecules
of water:
Four H atoms and two O atoms
H2O2 One molecule
of hydrogen
peroxide:
Two H atoms and two O atoms
17. Balancing Chemical Equations
Balanced Equation – one in which the number of
atoms of each element as a reactant is equal to the
number of atoms of that element as a product
What is the relationship between conservation of mass and
the fact that a balanced equation will always have the same
number of atoms of each element on both sides of an equation?
Determine whether the following equation is balanced.
2 Na + H2O → 2 NaOH + H2
2 Na + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2
18. Balancing Chemical Equations
• Write a word equation for the reaction.
• Write the correct formulas for all reactants
and products.
• Determine the coefficients that make the
equation balance.
19. Balancing Chemical Equations
Other examples
NO(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) is it balanced?
Is this balanced? NO(g) + O(g) → NO2(g)
Is this OK?
NO(g) + ½ O2(g) → NO2(g)
Is this balanced?
Is this OK?
20. Balancing Chemical Equations
An important point to remember
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
The 2 to the left of NO(g) and NO2(g) refers to the number
of molecules present in the balanced equation.
It is a “multiplier” for every atom in the molecule.
The subscript 2 in O2 (g) and NO2(g) refers to the number
of atoms of this type that are present in each molecules
(or ionic compound).
21. Guidelines for Balancing Chemical Equations
1) polyatomic ions first
2) even / odd (make all even)
3) H2O Mg(OH)2
2
4) single elements last
Example: need 13 oxygen atoms
Multiply by O2 = 13
13
2
“ ”
3X + O2 2Y + Z
13
2
3X + O2 2Y + Z
13
2
2
6X + 13 O2 4Y + 2Z
H-OH vs.
?
23. 1) Write a word equation for the reaction.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction between chlorine
and sodium bromide to produce bromine and sodium chloride.
2) Write the correct formulas for all reactants and products.
3) Determine the coefficients that make the equation balance.
chlorine + sodium bromide → bromine + sodium chloride
Cl2 + NaBr → Br2 + NaCl
Cl2 + 2 NaBr → Br2 + 2 NaCl
24. 1) Write a word equation for the reaction.
2) Write the correct formulas for all reactants and products.
3) Determine the coefficients that make the equation balance.
aluminum sulfate + calcium chloride → calcium sulfate
Al2(SO4)3 + CaCl2 → CaSO4 + AlCl3
Write the balanced equation for the reaction between
aluminum sulfate and calcium chloride to form a white
precipitate of calcium sulfate.
Al2(SO4)3 + 3 CaCl2 → 3 CaSO4 + 2 AlCl3
+ aluminum chloride
? ?
25. CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O
Reactants Products
1 C atom 1 C atom
4 H atoms 4 H atoms
4 O atoms 4 O atoms
27. Showing Phases in
Chemical Equations
Solid Phase – the substance is relatively rigid and has a
definite volume and shape. NaCl(s)
Liquid Phase – the substance has a definite volume, but is
able to change shape by flowing. H2O(l)
Gaseous Phase – the substance has no definite volume or
shape, and it shows little response to gravity. Cl2(g)
H2O(s) H2O(l) H2O(g)
28. Additional Symbols Used in Chemical Equations
“Yields”; indicates result of reaction
Used to indicate a reversible reaction
A reactant or product in the solid state;
also used to indicate a precipitate
Alternative to (s), but used only to indicate a precipitate
A reactant or product in the liquid state
A reactant or product in an aqueous solution
(dissolved in water)
A reactant or product in the gaseous state
(s)
(l)
(aq)
(g)
29. Additional Symbols Used in Chemical Equations
Alternative to (g), but used only to indicate a gaseous product
Reactants are heated
Pressure at which reaction is carried out, in this case 2 atm
Pressure at which reaction is carried out exceeds normal
atmospheric pressure
Temperature at which reaction is carried out, in this case 0 oC
Formula of catalyst, in this case manganese (IV) oxide,
used to alter the rate of the reaction
2 atm
pressure
0 oC
MnO2
D
30. Solubility Ionic Equations
Cover the answers, work the problem, then check the answer.
1. Dissolve ammonium nitrate:
2. Precipitate cupric hydroxide:
3. Dissolve chromium thiocyanate:
4. Precipitate lead arsenate:
5. Dissolve silicon permanganate:
6. Precipitate zinc phosphate:
NH4NO3 (s) ---> NH4
+1 (aq) + NO3
-1 (aq)
Cu+2 (aq) + 2OH-1 (aq) ---> Cu(OH)2 (s)
Cr(SCN)3 (s) ---> Cr+3 (aq) + 3SCN-1 (aq)
3Pb+2 (aq) + 2AsO4
-3 (aq) ---> Pb3(AsO4)2 (s)
Si(MnO4)4 (s) ---> Si+4 (aq) + 4MnO4
-1 (aq)
3Zn+2 (aq) + 2PO4
-3 (aq) ---> Zn3(PO4)2 (s)
31. Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis (Combination) reaction
Decomposition reaction
ASingle-replacement reaction
BDouble-replacement reaction
Neutralization reaction
Combustion reaction (of a hydrocarbon)
A + B → AB
AB → A + B
A + BC → AC + B
AB + CD → AD + CB
HX + BOH → BX + HOH
CH + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Ause activity series to predict
Bdriving force…water, gas, or precipitate
Polymerization Polymer = monomer + monomer + …
element compound element
compound
compound compound compound compound
acid base salt water
32. Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis (Combination) reaction
Decomposition reaction
ASingle-replacement reaction
BDouble-replacement reaction
Neutralization reaction
Combustion reaction (of a hydrocarbon)
A + B → AB
AB → A + B
A + BC → AC + B
AB + CD → AD + CB
HX + BOH → BX + HOH
CH + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Ause activity series to predict
Bdriving force…water, gas, or precipitate
Polymerization Polymer = monomer + monomer + …
34. Synthesis Reaction
Direct combination reaction (Synthesis)
General form: A + B → AB
element or element or compound
compound compound
Na
Cl
Na
Cl
2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl
→
Cl
Na
Na
Cl
35. Synthesis Reaction
Direct combination reaction (Synthesis)
General form: A + B → AB
element or element or compound
compound compound
Na+
Cl -
Na
Cl
Na
Cl
Na+ Cl -
2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl
36. Formation of a solid: AgCl
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → KNO3 (aq) + AgCl(s)
40. Single and Double Replacement
Reactions
Double-replacement reaction
CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2CO3
General form:
AB + CD → AD + CB
Single-replacement reaction
Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu
General form:
A + BC → AC + B
41. Ca
Activity Series
Foiled again –
Aluminum loses to Calcium
Element Reactivity
Li
Rb
K
Ba
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H2
Cu
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
Halogen Reactivity
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
Printable
Version
of
Activity
Series
42. TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES IN WATER
aluminum ss s n s n i s s i s d
ammonium s s s s s s s s s s s
barium s s i s i s s s i i d
calcium s s i s s ss s s i ss d
copper (II) s s i s i i n s i s i
iron (II) s s i s n i s s i s i
iron (III) s s n s i i n s i ss d
lead s ss i ss i i ss s i i i
magnesium s s i s s i s s i s d
mercury (I) ss i i i ss n i s i ss i
mercury (II) s ss i s ss i i s i d i
potassium s s s s s s s s s s s
silver ss i i i ss n i s i ss i
sodium s s s s s s s s s s s
zinc s s i s s i s s i s i
acetate
bromide
carbonate
chloride
chromate
hydroxide
iodide
nitrate
phosphate
sulfate
sulfide
i = insoluble
ss = slightly soluble
s = soluble
d = decomposes
n = not isolated
SOLID
SOLID
AQUEOUS
Legend
43. TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES IN WATER
aluminum s aq n s n s aq aq s aq d
ammonium aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq
barium aq aq s aq s aq aq aq s s d
calcium aq aq s aq aq ss aq aq s s d
copper (II) aq aq s aq s s n aq s aq s
iron (II) aq aq s aq n s s aq s aq s
iron (III) aq aq n aq s s n aq s s d
lead aq s s ss s s s aq s s s
magnesium aq aq s aq aq s aq aq s aq d
mercury (I) s s s s s n s aq s s si
mercury (II) aq s s aq s s s aq s d si
potassium aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq
silver s s s s s n s s s s s
sodium aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq
zinc aq aq s aq aq s aq aq s aq s
acetate
bromide
carbonate
chloride
chromate
hydroxide
iodide
nitrate
phosphate
sulfate
sulfide
Legend
s = solid
aq = aqueous
d = decomposes
n = not isolated
44. TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES IN WATER
aluminum ss s n s n i s s i s d
ammonium s s s s s s s s s s s
barium s s i s i s s s i i d
calcium s s i s s ss s s i ss d
copper (II) s s i s i i n s i s i
iron (II) s s i s n i s s i s i
iron (III) s s n s i i n s i ss d
lead s ss i ss i i ss s i i i
magnesium s s i s s i s s i s d
mercury (I) ss i i i ss n i s i ss i
mercury (II) s ss i s ss i i s i d i
potassium s s s s s s s s s s s
silver ss i i i ss n i s i ss i
sodium s s s s s s s s s s s
zinc s s i s s i s s i s i
acetate
bromide
carbonate
chloride
chromate
hydroxide
iodide
nitrate
phosphate
sulfate
sulfide
Legend
s = solid
aq = aqueous
d = decomposes
n = not isolated
45. Solubility Rules
1. Most nitrates are soluble.
2. Most salts containing Group I ion and ammonium ion, NH4
+, are soluble.
3. Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble, except Ag+, Pb2+
and Hg2
2+.
Ohn-Sabatello, Morlan, Knoespel, Fast Track to a 5 Preparing for the AP Chemistry Examination 2006, page 91
4. Most sulfate salts are soluble, except BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4, and CaSO4.
5. Most hydroxides except Group 1 and Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2 are
only slightly soluble.
6. Most sulfides, carbonates, chromates, and phosphates are only slightly
soluble.
48. Synthesis Reactions
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
H2 + O2 H2O
Na + Cl2 NaCl
6 6 6
Photosynthesis
Formation of water
2 2
2 2
Formation of salt
A + B C
General Form
49. H2O H2 + O2
electricity
Decomposition Reactions
H2O2 H2O + O2
NI3 N2 + I2
2 2
Hydrogen Peroxide
Electrolysis of water
2 2
Nitrogen triiodide
AB A + B
General Form
2 3
50. Mg + AlCl3
Al + MgCl2
Predict if these reactions will occur
Al + MgCl2
Can magnesium replace aluminum?
Activity Series
YES, magnesium is more reactive than aluminum.
2 2
3 3
Can aluminum replace magnesium?
Activity Series
NO, aluminum is less reactive than magnesium.
Therefore, no reaction will occur.
No reaction
MgCl2 + Al No reaction
The question we must ask is can the single element replace its counterpart?
metal replaces metal or nonmetal replaces nonmetal.
Order of reactants
DOES NOT
determine how
they react.
51. Single-Replacement Reactions
FeCl2 + Cu
MgBr2 + Cl2
“Magic blue-earth”
Zinc in nitric acid
2
A + BC AC + B
General Form
Zn(NO3)2 + H2
Can Fe replace Cu? Yes
Li
Rb
K
Ba
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H2
Cu
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
Can Zn replace H? Yes
Can Br replace Cl? No
NO REACTION
Fe + CuCl2
Zn + HNO3
MgCl2 + Br2
Activity Series
52. H2O
KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O
H
K NO3
OH H
K
How would you prepare potassium nitrate
(using a double replacement reaction)?
KNO3
_________
+ _________
+
Ca(NO3)2
Both potassium nitrate and
calcium chloride are soluble
(no driving force – no reaction!)
H2O
formation of water
is a driving force.
potassium nitrate
Combine a potassium hydroxide solution with nitric acid
to yield soluble potassium nitrate.
The water could then be removed by distillation to recover solid potassium nitrate.
_________
Ca(NO3)2 KNO3 Ca(OH)2
KOH + +
2 2
KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + ?
53. FeCO3
Na1+
Fe2+
iron (II) chloride + sodium carbonate
Cl2
Using a SOLUBILITY TABLE:
sodium chloride is soluble
iron (II) carbonate is insoluble
CO3
Fe2+
Fe
Na1+
Na2
Cl1- CO3
2-
Cl1- CO3
2-
NaCl
sodium chloride iron (II) carbonate
+
(aq) (ppt)
2
FeCl2 Na2CO3 NaCl FeCO3
(aq) (ppt)
+ +
Predict if a reaction will occur when you combine aqueous solutions
of iron (II) chloride with aqueous sodium carbonate solution.
If the reaction does occur, write a balanced chemical equation showing it.
(be sure to include phase notation)
(aq) (aq)
Balanced chemical equation
Complete Ionic Equation
Fe2+(aq) + 2Cl1-(aq) + 2Na1+(aq) + CO3
2-(aq) 2Na1+(aq) + 2Cl1-(aq) + FeCO3(s)
54. ?
Visualizing a Chemical Reaction
Na + Cl2 NaCl
___ mole Cl2 ___ mole NaCl
___ mole Na
2
10 5 10
2
10 5 10
55. Formation of Ammonia
2 atoms N 6 atoms H
6 atoms H
2 atoms N and
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1 molecule N2 3 molecules H2 2 molecules NH3
10 molecule N2 30 molecules H2 20 molecules NH3
1 mol N2 3 mol H2 2 mol NH3
28 g N2 3 x 2 g H2 2 x 17 g NH3
34 g reactants 34 g products
N2 (g) 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
22.4 L N2 67.2 L H2 44.8 L NH3
22.4
L
22.4
L
22.4
L
22.4
L
22.4
L
22.4
L
Assume
STP
1 x 3 x 2 x
6.02 x 1023
molecules N2
6.02 x 1023
molecules H2
6.02 x 1023
molecules NH3
56. Proportional Relationships
I have 5 eggs. How many cookies can I make?
3/4 c. brown sugar
1 tsp vanilla extract
2 eggs
2 c. chocolate chips
Makes 5 dozen cookies.
2 1/4 c. flour
1 tsp. baking soda
1 tsp. salt
1 c. butter
3/4 c. sugar
5 eggs
2 eggs
= 12.5 dozen cookies
Ratio of eggs to cookies
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
150 cookies
5 dozen
Conversion
Factor
57. Proportional Relationships
• Stoichiometry
– mass relationships between substances in a chemical
reaction
– based on the mole ratio
• Mole Ratio
– indicated by coefficients in a balanced equation
2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
58. Stoichiometry Steps
1. Write a balanced equation.
2. Identify known & unknown.
3. Line up conversion factors.
– Mole ratio - moles moles
– Molar mass - moles grams
– Molarity - moles liters soln
– Molar volume - moles liters gas
Core step in all stoichiometry problems!!
– Mole ratio - moles moles
4. Check answer.
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
59. 1 mol of a gas=22.4 L
at STP
Molar Volume at STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C and 1 atm
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
60. Molar Volume at STP
Molar Mass
(g/mol)
6.02 1023
particles/mol
MASS
IN
GRAMS
MOLES
NUMBER
OF
PARTICLES
LITERS
OF
SOLUTION
Molar Volume
(22.4 L/mol)
LITERS
OF GAS
AT STP
Molarity (mol/L)
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
61. Stoichiometry Problems
• How many moles of KClO3 must decompose
in order to produce 9 moles of oxygen gas?
9 mol O2 2 mol KClO3
3 mol O2
= 6 mol KClO3
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
? mol 9 mol
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
63. 7.5 mol
1. 2 Sb + 3 Cl2 → 2 SbCl3
How many moles of chlorine gas are required to react with 5 moles of antimony?
5 mol x mol
x mol Cl2 = 5 mol Sb
2 mol Sb
3 mol Cl2
= 7.5 mol Cl2
How many moles of SbCl3 are produced from 5 moles of antimony and excess Cl2?
x mol SbCl3 = 5 mol Sb
2 mol Sb
2 mol SbCl3
= 5 mol SbCl3
excess x mol
How many moles of SbCl3 are produced from 7.5 moles of Cl2 and excess Sb?
x mol SbCl3 = 7.5 mol Cl2
3 mol Cl2
2 mol SbCl3
= 5 mol SbCl3
2
5 mol
3
x mol
=
2 x = 15
x = 7. 5 mol
excess
64. 2. 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
How many moles of magnesium oxide are produced from the burning of 10 mol of Mg?
x mol MgO = 10 mol Mg
2 mol Mg
2 mol MgO
= 10 mol MgO
x mol
10 mol
How many liters of oxygen are needed to burn 10 mol of Mg?
x L O2 = 10 mol Mg
2 mol Mg
1 mol O2
= 5 mol O2
Assume 1 mol O2 = 22.4 L
1 mol O2
22.4 L O2
= 112 L O2
x L
x L O2 = 10 mol Mg
2 mol Mg
1 mol O2
1 mol O2
22.4 L O2
= 112 L O2
65. 3. CaCl2 → Ca + Cl2
How many moles of calcium metal are produced
from the decomposition of 8 mol of calcium chloride?
x mol Ca = 8 mol CaCl2
1 mol CaCl2
1 mol Ca
= 8 mol Ca
x mol
8 mol
How many moles of calcium metal and chlorine gas are produced
from the decomposition of 8 mol of calcium chloride?
x mol Cl2 = 8 mol CaCl2
1 mol CaCl2
1 mol Cl2
= 8 mol Cl2
and chlorine gas
+
calcium chloride calcium chlorine
66. Pb2+
NO3
1–
Na1+ I1–
Ions in Aqueous Solution
Pb(NO3)2(s) Pb(NO3)2(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO3
1–(aq)
add
water
NaI(s)
+ H2O(l)
dissociation:
+ H2O(l)
Na1+(aq) + I1–(aq)
Mix them and get…
Balance to get overall ionic equation…
Cancel spectator ions to get net ionic equation…
Print
Copy
of Lab
NaI(aq)
NO3
1–
Pb2+
NO3
1–
NO3
1–
in solution
Na1+ I1–
67. Mix them and get…
Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO3
1–(aq) + 2 Na1+(aq) + 2 I1–(aq) PbI2(s) + 2 NO3
1–(aq) + 2 Na1+(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + 2 I1–(aq) PbI2(s)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NaI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2 NO3
1–(aq) + 2 Na1+(aq)
Balance to get overall ionic equation…
Cancel spectator ions to get net ionic equation…
Solubility
Chart
solid
in solution
Pb2+
NO3
1–
Na1+ I1–
NO3
1–
Na1+ I1–
Pb2+
NO3
1–
Na1+
I1–
NO3
1–
Na1+
I1–
PbI2 + NaNO3
(s) (aq)
68. Ba2+
OH1–
OH1–
NO3
1–
NO3
1–
Mix together Zn(NO3)2(aq) and Ba(OH)2(aq):
Zn2+(aq) + 2 NO3
1–(aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH1–(aq)
Ba(OH)2(aq)
Zn(NO3)2(aq)
Balance to get overall ionic equation…
Zn2+
Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 NO3
1–(aq) + Ba2+(aq)
Zn2+(aq) + 2 NO3
1–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH1–(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 NO3
1–(aq) + Ba2+(aq)
Mix them and get…
Zn2+(aq) + 2 OH1–(aq) Zn(OH)2(s)
Cancel spectator ions to get net ionic equation…
Solubility
Chart
Ba(NO3)2 and Zn(OH)2
(aq) (ppt)
70. Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6 NH4OH(aq) → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 (NH4)2SO4
2 Al3+(aq) + 3 SO4
2-(aq) + 6 NH4
1+(aq) + 6 OH1-(aq) → 2 Al(OH)3(ppt) + 6 NH4
1+(aq) + 3 SO4
2-(aq)
2 Al3+(aq) + 6 OH1-(aq) → 2 Al(OH)3(ppt)
Net Ionic Equation
Identify the spectator ions and write a net ionic equation when an aqueous
solution of aluminum sulfate is mixed with aqueous ammonium hydroxide.
sulfate + hydroxide →
aluminum ammonium
aluminum ammonium aluminum hydroxide ammonium sulfate
+
Al3+ SO4
2- NH4
1+ OH1- Al3+
SO4
2-
NH4
1+
OH1-
(ppt) (aq)
“spectator ions”
71. Meaning of Coefficients
2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl
2 g sodium 1 g chlorine 2 g sodium chloride
+ =
2 mol sodium 1 mol chlorine 2 mol sodium chloride
(2 mol Na) x (23 g/mol) (1 mol Cl2) x (71 g/mol) (2 mol NaCl) x (58.5 g/mol)
46 g 71 g 117 g
117 g
2 atoms Na 1 molecule Cl2 2 molecules NaCl
72. Classes of Reactions
Chemical reactions
Precipitation
reactions
Acid-Base
Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
Combustion
Reactions
73. Summary of Classes of Reactions
Chemical reactions
Precipitation
reactions
Acid-Base
Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
Combustion
Reactions
Decomposition
reactions
(Products are
elements.)
Synthesis
reactions
(Reactants are
elements.)
74. Summary of Classes of Reactions
Chemical reactions
Precipitation
reactions
Acid-Base
Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
Combustion
Reactions
Decomposition
reactions
Synthesis
reactions
75. IONIC BONDING:
Formation of Magnesium Chloride
Mg Mg2+
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Loses 2e- Each gains 1e- One magnesium ion Two chloride ions
Mg2+ Cl1-
[(2+) 2 (1-) = 0]
MgCl2 magnesium chloride
76. Mg2+
IONIC BONDING:
Formation of Magnesium Chloride
Mg Mg2+
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Loses 2e- Each gains 1e- One magnesium ion Two chloride ions
Mg2+ Cl1-
[(2+) 2 (1-) = 0]
MgCl2 magnesium chloride