- Bohr's model explains the stability of atoms and quantization of energy levels in atoms.
- Electrons in atoms can only occupy certain discrete energy levels called orbits or shells corresponding to radii.
- The energy of an electron is given by E = -Z2e4m/8ε02h2n2, where n is the principal quantum number.
- Electrons jump between discrete energy levels by absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation.
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 3.1 hormonesRai University
The document discusses the key functions and properties of hormones in the endocrine system. It describes how hormones regulate various bodily processes through negative feedback mechanisms. Hormones are transported through the bloodstream and interact with target tissues through membrane-bound or intracellular receptors to influence metabolic activities and tissue maturation. The endocrine system helps control important body functions such as growth, development, immune response, and reproductive functions.
chapter 4 PsychopharmacologyOutline· ■ Principles of Psy.docxrobertad6
chapter 4 Psychopharmacology
Outline
· ■ Principles of Psychopharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Drug Effectiveness
Effects of Repeated Administration
Placebo Effects
Section Summary
· ■ Sites of Drug Action
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
Effects on Receptors
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters
Section Summary
· ■ Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
Acetylcholine
The Monoamines
Dopamine
Amino Acids
Peptides
Lipids
Nucleosides
Soluble Gases
Section Summary
Several years ago I spent the academic year in a neurological research center affiliated with the teaching hospital at a medical center. One morning as I was having breakfast, I read a brief item in the newspaper about a man who had been hospitalized for botulism. Later that morning, I attended a weekly meeting during which the chief of neurology discussed interesting cases presented by the neurological residents. I was surprised to see that we would visit the man with botulism.
We entered the intensive care unit and saw that the man was clearly on his way to recovery. His face was pale and his voice was weak, but he was no longer on a respirator. There wasn’t much to see, so we went back to the lounge and discussed his case.
Just before dinner a few days earlier, Mr. F. had opened a jar of asparagus that his family had canned. He noted right away that it smelled funny. Because his family had grown the asparagus in their own garden, he was reluctant to throw it away. However, he decided that he wouldn’t take any chances. He dipped a spoon into the liquid in the jar and touched it to his tongue. It didn’t taste right, so he didn’t swallow it. Instead, he stuck his tongue out and rinsed it under a stream of water from the faucet at the kitchen sink. He dumped the asparagus into the garbage disposal.
About an hour later, as the family was finishing dinner, Mr. F. discovered that he was seeing double. Alarmed, he asked his wife to drive him to the hospital. When he arrived at the emergency room, he was seen by one of the neurological residents, who asked him, “Mr. F., you haven’t eaten some home-canned foods recently, have you?”
Learning that he had indeed let some liquid from a suspect jar of asparagus touch his tongue, the resident ordered a vial of botulinum antitoxin from the pharmacy. Meanwhile, he took a blood sample from Mr. F.’s vein and sent it to the lab for some in vivo testing in mice. He then administered the antitoxin to Mr. F., but already he could see that it was too late: The patient was showing obvious signs of muscular weakness and was having some difficulty breathing. He was immediately sent to the intensive care unit, where he was put on a respirator. Although he became completely paralyzed, the life support system did what its name indicates, and he regained control of his muscles.
What fascinated me the most was the in vivo testing procedure for the presence of botulinum toxin in Mr. F..
Introduction and sources of drugs, routs of drug administration, principles ...Subramani Parasuraman
This document discusses the introduction to pharmacology including the history and sources of drugs, routes of drug administration, and principles of drug action. It covers how pharmacology evolved from herbal medicine and alchemy. The major sources of drugs are described as plants, animals, microbes, minerals, and synthesis. Common routes of administration include oral, inhalation, and parenteral. The principles of drug action are that drugs alter physiological activity by interacting with targets like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors as agonists, antagonists, or other mechanisms.
- Drugs are classified based on their structure, mechanism of action, and pharmacological effects. Drugs interact with biomolecules like lipids and proteins, called drug targets.
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. Drugs can inhibit enzymes by competing for active sites or binding to allosteric sites.
- Receptors are proteins involved in cell communication. Chemical messengers bind to receptor sites to transmit messages without entering cells.
- Different classes of drugs are used to treat various conditions like pain, infection, inflammation, and more. Drugs are classified based on their therapeutic use and chemical structure.
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. It readily penetrates bacterial cells and binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing the binding of aminoacyl tRNA and inhibiting peptide bond formation. Sulphonamides are antibacterial and antifungal agents that act as antimetabolites by competitively inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, preventing the formation of metabolites vital for microbial growth. Common sulphonamides include sulphanilamide, sulphacetamide, and sulphamethoxazole, often used in combination with trimethoprim. Paracetamol is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic with few anti-
The document provides an introduction to endocrine physiology and compares the endocrine and nervous systems. It discusses how the endocrine system communicates via hormones traveling through the bloodstream to target cells, while the nervous system uses electrical signals. Both systems work together to coordinate body functions. The endocrine system includes glands that secrete hormones, such as the thyroid, to regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction through distant effects on target cells.
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 3.1 hormonesRai University
The document discusses the key functions and properties of hormones in the endocrine system. It describes how hormones regulate various bodily processes through negative feedback mechanisms. Hormones are transported through the bloodstream and interact with target tissues through membrane-bound or intracellular receptors to influence metabolic activities and tissue maturation. The endocrine system helps control important body functions such as growth, development, immune response, and reproductive functions.
chapter 4 PsychopharmacologyOutline· ■ Principles of Psy.docxrobertad6
chapter 4 Psychopharmacology
Outline
· ■ Principles of Psychopharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Drug Effectiveness
Effects of Repeated Administration
Placebo Effects
Section Summary
· ■ Sites of Drug Action
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
Effects on Receptors
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters
Section Summary
· ■ Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
Acetylcholine
The Monoamines
Dopamine
Amino Acids
Peptides
Lipids
Nucleosides
Soluble Gases
Section Summary
Several years ago I spent the academic year in a neurological research center affiliated with the teaching hospital at a medical center. One morning as I was having breakfast, I read a brief item in the newspaper about a man who had been hospitalized for botulism. Later that morning, I attended a weekly meeting during which the chief of neurology discussed interesting cases presented by the neurological residents. I was surprised to see that we would visit the man with botulism.
We entered the intensive care unit and saw that the man was clearly on his way to recovery. His face was pale and his voice was weak, but he was no longer on a respirator. There wasn’t much to see, so we went back to the lounge and discussed his case.
Just before dinner a few days earlier, Mr. F. had opened a jar of asparagus that his family had canned. He noted right away that it smelled funny. Because his family had grown the asparagus in their own garden, he was reluctant to throw it away. However, he decided that he wouldn’t take any chances. He dipped a spoon into the liquid in the jar and touched it to his tongue. It didn’t taste right, so he didn’t swallow it. Instead, he stuck his tongue out and rinsed it under a stream of water from the faucet at the kitchen sink. He dumped the asparagus into the garbage disposal.
About an hour later, as the family was finishing dinner, Mr. F. discovered that he was seeing double. Alarmed, he asked his wife to drive him to the hospital. When he arrived at the emergency room, he was seen by one of the neurological residents, who asked him, “Mr. F., you haven’t eaten some home-canned foods recently, have you?”
Learning that he had indeed let some liquid from a suspect jar of asparagus touch his tongue, the resident ordered a vial of botulinum antitoxin from the pharmacy. Meanwhile, he took a blood sample from Mr. F.’s vein and sent it to the lab for some in vivo testing in mice. He then administered the antitoxin to Mr. F., but already he could see that it was too late: The patient was showing obvious signs of muscular weakness and was having some difficulty breathing. He was immediately sent to the intensive care unit, where he was put on a respirator. Although he became completely paralyzed, the life support system did what its name indicates, and he regained control of his muscles.
What fascinated me the most was the in vivo testing procedure for the presence of botulinum toxin in Mr. F..
Introduction and sources of drugs, routs of drug administration, principles ...Subramani Parasuraman
This document discusses the introduction to pharmacology including the history and sources of drugs, routes of drug administration, and principles of drug action. It covers how pharmacology evolved from herbal medicine and alchemy. The major sources of drugs are described as plants, animals, microbes, minerals, and synthesis. Common routes of administration include oral, inhalation, and parenteral. The principles of drug action are that drugs alter physiological activity by interacting with targets like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors as agonists, antagonists, or other mechanisms.
- Drugs are classified based on their structure, mechanism of action, and pharmacological effects. Drugs interact with biomolecules like lipids and proteins, called drug targets.
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. Drugs can inhibit enzymes by competing for active sites or binding to allosteric sites.
- Receptors are proteins involved in cell communication. Chemical messengers bind to receptor sites to transmit messages without entering cells.
- Different classes of drugs are used to treat various conditions like pain, infection, inflammation, and more. Drugs are classified based on their therapeutic use and chemical structure.
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. It readily penetrates bacterial cells and binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing the binding of aminoacyl tRNA and inhibiting peptide bond formation. Sulphonamides are antibacterial and antifungal agents that act as antimetabolites by competitively inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, preventing the formation of metabolites vital for microbial growth. Common sulphonamides include sulphanilamide, sulphacetamide, and sulphamethoxazole, often used in combination with trimethoprim. Paracetamol is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic with few anti-
The document provides an introduction to endocrine physiology and compares the endocrine and nervous systems. It discusses how the endocrine system communicates via hormones traveling through the bloodstream to target cells, while the nervous system uses electrical signals. Both systems work together to coordinate body functions. The endocrine system includes glands that secrete hormones, such as the thyroid, to regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction through distant effects on target cells.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical and physiological concepts. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and relationships between structures, and physiology as the study of how body structures function. It describes the structural hierarchy of the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to systems. Key concepts covered include homeostasis, feedback loops, disease, anatomical position and planes, and directional terms.
Human Anatomy and Physiology are the branches of biology that concerns with forms (structures) and functions of human body. ANATOMY- Study of structure of whole body and individual parts (organs) and their correlation with each other.
This document discusses pharmacodynamics and the mechanisms of drug action. It defines pharmacodynamics as the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action at organ and cellular levels. It describes the major mechanisms as:
1) Interaction with biomolecules like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Most drugs target these proteins.
2) At the receptor level, drugs can act as agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, or inverse agonists depending on their affinity and intrinsic activity.
3) The receptor occupation theory explains how drug-receptor binding results in a functional response based on concepts of affinity, intrinsic activity, and two-state receptor models.
It is a science that deals with the interaction of drugs with living systems. Pharmacology encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs including their composition, effects on the body, mechanisms of action, how the body processes drugs, and their applications. The key areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which is how drugs act on the body, and pharmacokinetics, which refers to how the body affects drugs. Pharmacology plays an important role in developing treatments and ensuring their safe and effective use in medicine.
This document provides an overview of general physiology and cell physiology concepts. It discusses homeostasis and how the body maintains stable internal conditions through negative feedback loops. Key organelles like the mitochondria, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and nucleus are described. The structure and function of the plasma membrane, including the fluid mosaic model, transport proteins, and passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology concepts including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It discusses how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated by the body. Key concepts covered include drug absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, distribution to tissues, the blood-brain barrier, and first-pass hepatic metabolism. Factors that influence drug absorption such as solubility, pH, formulation and blood flow are also summarized.
This document discusses endocrinology and hormones. It defines endocrinology as the science of endocrine glands and their functions and disorders. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts. Hormones are chemical messengers that affect cells distant from their site of secretion. There are two types of hormonal action - through intracellular mediators like cAMP or through gene mediators by binding to DNA. Major endocrine glands and their hormones are described.
This document provides an introduction to endocrinology. It defines endocrinology as the study of hormones secreted by ductless glands. It then classifies the different types of chemical messenger systems, including neurotransmitters, endocrine hormones, neuroendocrine hormones, paracrines, autocrines, and cytokines. The document further classifies hormones based on their chemical nature as proteins and polypeptides, steroids, or derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. It also discusses the synthesis, transport, regulation of secretion, and clearance of different hormone types.
follow med_students0
Introduction of endocrine
AT THE END OF THIS SESSION, STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Define and differentiate between various chemical messengers in the body.
Define hormones and list the major functions of hormones in the body.
Enumerate the hormone secreting tissues and their hormones.
Classify hormones according to their chemical nature.
Describe briefly the major mechanisms for hormone actions.
Describe nervous-endocrine relationship.
Revise feedback as a mechanism of control of hormone secretion.
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis in the body by releasing hormones that target specific organs and tissues. Hormones are chemical messengers that circulate through the bloodstream and are produced by endocrine glands. The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate various bodily functions through hormonal and neural pathways. There are two main types of glands - endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, and exocrine glands which secrete substances through ducts.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of drug movement in, through and out of the body. Membrane transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport which can be primary or secondary. Major drug transporters are ATP Binding Cassettes and Solute Carriers which mediate drug uptake and efflux. Absorption of drugs can be affected by factors related to the drug like molecular size and lipid solubility, and factors related to the site of administration like blood flow. Distribution of drugs involves passage to tissues via capillaries and is influenced by plasma protein binding, tissue binding, and blood flow.
This document provides an overview of basic toxicology principles. It defines toxicology as the study of adverse chemical effects on living organisms. Key points discussed include: definitions of toxicology, toxicants, and adverse effects; toxicokinetics concepts like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; dose-response relationships; target organ toxicity; individual susceptibility factors; and types of toxic reactions. The goal of the document is to discuss factors that affect the actions of poisons like dose, route of exposure, and individual health status.
This document provides definitions and key concepts related to clinical pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of how drugs interact with living systems, and related terms like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, xenobiotics, and toxicology. The document outlines different drug classifications and names. It describes the goals of drug therapy to prevent, control or cure disease. The main concepts of pharmacokinetics involving absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in the body are introduced. Different mechanisms of drug permeation like diffusion, active transport and endocytosis are also summarized.
The document discusses key principles of pharmacology including:
1. Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems, specifically how they bind to regulatory molecules and affect body processes.
2. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to drugs including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
3. Pharmacodynamics describes what drugs do to the body including their effects, mechanisms of action, and interactions with receptors.
The document discusses the endocrine system and mechanisms of hormonal regulation. It describes how the endocrine system evolved to establish relationships between cells and organs. The endocrine system regulates metabolic activities through hormonal signals carried by the bloodstream, allowing for longer-duration responses compared to the faster neural system. Hormones can be classified based on their biochemical structure as steroids, proteins/peptides, or amines. They act through specific target tissues and receptors to influence various physiological processes like reproduction and metabolism.
This document discusses the classification and storage of drugs. It outlines 16 categories that drugs can be classified into based on their pharmacological effect, including analgesics, antipyretics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and others. It also provides examples of drugs that fall into each category. The document concludes by describing best practices for storing drugs, such as keeping them in a cool, dry, locked cabinet or refrigerator and arranging them alphabetically.
have reported the synthesis of a range of fluoroquinolone derivatives with 4-(carbopiperazin-1-yl)piperazinyl moieties at the C-7 position and the results indicated that a 7-[4-(4-(benzoyl)carbopiperazin-1-yl)]piperazinyl derivatives and two 7-[4-(4-(benzenesulfonyl)carbopiperazin-1-yl)]piperazinyl derivatives are showed more have synthesize novel 1,7-disubstituted-6-nitroquinolones. The new derivatives were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) as well as against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Some derivatives were also found more potent
PowerPoint Presentation on the Topic - "Control and Coordination". For class - 10th
Made By - NehaRohtagi1
This presentation will help the students to clear their concepts and learn many new things.
Thank you!
1. The document discusses various concepts related to solutions including concentration units like mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality.
2. It also discusses Henry's law and how the solubility of gases in liquids is directly proportional to pressure. Examples of applications like carbonation of drinks and decompression sickness in divers are provided.
3. Several numerical problems are included relating to calculation of concentration units and solubility of gases using Henry's law constant values.
This document discusses the classification and properties of different types of matter. It begins by classifying matter into pure substances and mixtures based on chemical composition. Pure substances are further divided into elements and compounds. Mixtures are classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous based on whether their composition is uniform or not. Various properties of pure substances, mixtures, solutions, colloids and suspensions are described. Common examples are provided. Different techniques for separating components of mixtures like evaporation, centrifugation, filtration etc. are also summarized.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical and physiological concepts. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and relationships between structures, and physiology as the study of how body structures function. It describes the structural hierarchy of the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to systems. Key concepts covered include homeostasis, feedback loops, disease, anatomical position and planes, and directional terms.
Human Anatomy and Physiology are the branches of biology that concerns with forms (structures) and functions of human body. ANATOMY- Study of structure of whole body and individual parts (organs) and their correlation with each other.
This document discusses pharmacodynamics and the mechanisms of drug action. It defines pharmacodynamics as the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action at organ and cellular levels. It describes the major mechanisms as:
1) Interaction with biomolecules like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Most drugs target these proteins.
2) At the receptor level, drugs can act as agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, or inverse agonists depending on their affinity and intrinsic activity.
3) The receptor occupation theory explains how drug-receptor binding results in a functional response based on concepts of affinity, intrinsic activity, and two-state receptor models.
It is a science that deals with the interaction of drugs with living systems. Pharmacology encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs including their composition, effects on the body, mechanisms of action, how the body processes drugs, and their applications. The key areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which is how drugs act on the body, and pharmacokinetics, which refers to how the body affects drugs. Pharmacology plays an important role in developing treatments and ensuring their safe and effective use in medicine.
This document provides an overview of general physiology and cell physiology concepts. It discusses homeostasis and how the body maintains stable internal conditions through negative feedback loops. Key organelles like the mitochondria, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and nucleus are described. The structure and function of the plasma membrane, including the fluid mosaic model, transport proteins, and passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology concepts including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It discusses how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated by the body. Key concepts covered include drug absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, distribution to tissues, the blood-brain barrier, and first-pass hepatic metabolism. Factors that influence drug absorption such as solubility, pH, formulation and blood flow are also summarized.
This document discusses endocrinology and hormones. It defines endocrinology as the science of endocrine glands and their functions and disorders. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts. Hormones are chemical messengers that affect cells distant from their site of secretion. There are two types of hormonal action - through intracellular mediators like cAMP or through gene mediators by binding to DNA. Major endocrine glands and their hormones are described.
This document provides an introduction to endocrinology. It defines endocrinology as the study of hormones secreted by ductless glands. It then classifies the different types of chemical messenger systems, including neurotransmitters, endocrine hormones, neuroendocrine hormones, paracrines, autocrines, and cytokines. The document further classifies hormones based on their chemical nature as proteins and polypeptides, steroids, or derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. It also discusses the synthesis, transport, regulation of secretion, and clearance of different hormone types.
follow med_students0
Introduction of endocrine
AT THE END OF THIS SESSION, STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Define and differentiate between various chemical messengers in the body.
Define hormones and list the major functions of hormones in the body.
Enumerate the hormone secreting tissues and their hormones.
Classify hormones according to their chemical nature.
Describe briefly the major mechanisms for hormone actions.
Describe nervous-endocrine relationship.
Revise feedback as a mechanism of control of hormone secretion.
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis in the body by releasing hormones that target specific organs and tissues. Hormones are chemical messengers that circulate through the bloodstream and are produced by endocrine glands. The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate various bodily functions through hormonal and neural pathways. There are two main types of glands - endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, and exocrine glands which secrete substances through ducts.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of drug movement in, through and out of the body. Membrane transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport which can be primary or secondary. Major drug transporters are ATP Binding Cassettes and Solute Carriers which mediate drug uptake and efflux. Absorption of drugs can be affected by factors related to the drug like molecular size and lipid solubility, and factors related to the site of administration like blood flow. Distribution of drugs involves passage to tissues via capillaries and is influenced by plasma protein binding, tissue binding, and blood flow.
This document provides an overview of basic toxicology principles. It defines toxicology as the study of adverse chemical effects on living organisms. Key points discussed include: definitions of toxicology, toxicants, and adverse effects; toxicokinetics concepts like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; dose-response relationships; target organ toxicity; individual susceptibility factors; and types of toxic reactions. The goal of the document is to discuss factors that affect the actions of poisons like dose, route of exposure, and individual health status.
This document provides definitions and key concepts related to clinical pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of how drugs interact with living systems, and related terms like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, xenobiotics, and toxicology. The document outlines different drug classifications and names. It describes the goals of drug therapy to prevent, control or cure disease. The main concepts of pharmacokinetics involving absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in the body are introduced. Different mechanisms of drug permeation like diffusion, active transport and endocytosis are also summarized.
The document discusses key principles of pharmacology including:
1. Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems, specifically how they bind to regulatory molecules and affect body processes.
2. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to drugs including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
3. Pharmacodynamics describes what drugs do to the body including their effects, mechanisms of action, and interactions with receptors.
The document discusses the endocrine system and mechanisms of hormonal regulation. It describes how the endocrine system evolved to establish relationships between cells and organs. The endocrine system regulates metabolic activities through hormonal signals carried by the bloodstream, allowing for longer-duration responses compared to the faster neural system. Hormones can be classified based on their biochemical structure as steroids, proteins/peptides, or amines. They act through specific target tissues and receptors to influence various physiological processes like reproduction and metabolism.
This document discusses the classification and storage of drugs. It outlines 16 categories that drugs can be classified into based on their pharmacological effect, including analgesics, antipyretics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and others. It also provides examples of drugs that fall into each category. The document concludes by describing best practices for storing drugs, such as keeping them in a cool, dry, locked cabinet or refrigerator and arranging them alphabetically.
have reported the synthesis of a range of fluoroquinolone derivatives with 4-(carbopiperazin-1-yl)piperazinyl moieties at the C-7 position and the results indicated that a 7-[4-(4-(benzoyl)carbopiperazin-1-yl)]piperazinyl derivatives and two 7-[4-(4-(benzenesulfonyl)carbopiperazin-1-yl)]piperazinyl derivatives are showed more have synthesize novel 1,7-disubstituted-6-nitroquinolones. The new derivatives were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) as well as against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Some derivatives were also found more potent
PowerPoint Presentation on the Topic - "Control and Coordination". For class - 10th
Made By - NehaRohtagi1
This presentation will help the students to clear their concepts and learn many new things.
Thank you!
1. The document discusses various concepts related to solutions including concentration units like mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality.
2. It also discusses Henry's law and how the solubility of gases in liquids is directly proportional to pressure. Examples of applications like carbonation of drinks and decompression sickness in divers are provided.
3. Several numerical problems are included relating to calculation of concentration units and solubility of gases using Henry's law constant values.
This document discusses the classification and properties of different types of matter. It begins by classifying matter into pure substances and mixtures based on chemical composition. Pure substances are further divided into elements and compounds. Mixtures are classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous based on whether their composition is uniform or not. Various properties of pure substances, mixtures, solutions, colloids and suspensions are described. Common examples are provided. Different techniques for separating components of mixtures like evaporation, centrifugation, filtration etc. are also summarized.
This document provides information about atoms and molecules:
1) It summarizes Dalton's atomic theory which states that matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms that combine in small whole number ratios to form compounds.
2) It describes that an atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains chemical properties, and molecules are groups of atoms that are bonded together.
3) Key terms like atomic mass, molecular mass, ions, and the mole concept are explained which relate the mass of substances to the number of atoms or molecules.
- Carbocations are carbon-containing species that are electron deficient with a positively charged carbon atom. They contain only six electrons in three bonds and are commonly sp2 hybridized with an empty p orbital.
- Carbocations can be stabilized by inductive or resonance effects from adjacent groups. They undergo various reactions such as proton loss, addition to nucleophiles, addition to alkenes, and molecular rearrangements.
This document discusses balancing redox reactions through two methods: the ion-electron method and the oxidation number method. It provides examples of balancing equations for reactions occurring in acidic, basic, and neutral solutions using the oxidation number method. This method involves writing the skeletal equation, indicating oxidation numbers, identifying elements whose oxidation numbers change, calculating changes in oxidation numbers, and balancing the equation while considering the reaction medium.
This document discusses chemical reactions, specifically nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. It provides examples of SN1 and SN2 reactions and the factors that determine which pathway occurs such as concentration of the nucleophile and alkyl group size. Elimination reactions are also discussed, including the E1 and E2 mechanisms and how the base strength determines the pathway. Saytzeff's rule and reactivity trends of haloalkanes are described.
Haloalkanes and haloarenes are hydrocarbons where one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen atoms, with the primary difference being that haloalkanes are derived from open-chain alkanes while haloarenes come from aromatic hydrocarbons.
1) Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It can be classified based on physical state (solid, liquid, gas), chemical composition (pure substances and mixtures), and early Indian philosophy (five basic elements).
2) Matter is made up of very tiny particles that are in continuous motion, have space between them, and attract each other. The physical state depends on how closely packed the particles are and how strongly they attract each other.
3) Solids have a fixed shape and volume while liquids and gases can flow and take the shape of their containers. The properties of each state depend on factors like inter-particle forces, movement, and compressibility. Changes in temperature or pressure can cause changes between
The document provides information about various chemical reactions:
1. Decomposition reactions involve a single reactant breaking down into simpler products, such as ferrous sulfate decomposing into ferric oxide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide when heated.
2. Displacement reactions occur when a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound, like iron displacing copper from copper sulfate solution.
3. Double displacement reactions involve the switching of ions between reactants to form new ionic compounds, exemplified by the reaction of barium chloride and sodium sulfate forming barium sulfate and sodium chloride.
4. Combination reactions form a single product from two or more reactants, such as calcium oxide react
Chemical Equilibruim lecture 2 8 Jan.pdfTincymolck
1. The document introduces the concept of chemical equilibrium, including that it is a state where the concentrations of reactants and products do not change over time, and that forward and backward reactions continue at the microscopic level.
2. It describes the law of mass action, which states that the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the product of the molar concentrations of reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.
3. It provides expressions for calculating equilibrium constants (Kc) in both gaseous and liquid/solid systems based on the law of mass action and reaction stoichiometry.
- Bond formation occurs when two atoms are brought close together. Initially, the force of attraction dominates as the atoms approach each other.
- At a certain point, the forces of attraction and repulsion become equal. The atoms stop approaching each other further at this equilibrium point.
- Molecular orbital theory states that the number of molecular orbitals equals the number of atomic orbitals involved in bond formation. Electrons fill these molecular orbitals based on aufbau principle, Hund's rule and Pauli's exclusion principle. The total energy of the molecular orbitals equals the total energy of the constituent atomic orbitals.
Rutherford's model of the atom proposed that:
1. Most alpha particles passed through the atom undeflected, indicating most of the atom is empty space.
2. Some alpha particles were deflected, indicating a small, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom.
3. Very few alpha particles were reflected backwards, showing the nucleus occupies an extremely small volume compared to the atom.
This model explained experimental observations of alpha particle scattering and established the basics of atomic structure, including the small, dense nucleus at the center of the atom.
The document discusses different concepts related to solutions including mole fraction, molality, parts per million, and Henry's law. Mole fraction is defined as the ratio of moles of one component to the total moles of all components in a solution. Molality is the number of moles of solute per kg of solvent. Parts per million refers to the number of parts of a component per million parts of the solution. Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas is directly proportional to its partial pressure in the solution.
The document discusses unit cells in crystals. It defines a unit cell as the smallest repeating unit that generates the entire crystal structure when translated in three dimensions. There are two main types of unit cells - primitive and centered. Primitive unit cells contain atoms only at the corners, while centered unit cells contain atoms at both corners and other positions like faces or body centers. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the chemical formula of compounds based on the arrangement of atoms within the unit cell.
Atomic Structure Lecture -3 12 june (1).pptxTincymolck
This document contains a lecture on the Bohr model of the atom and electromagnetic waves. It discusses Bohr's model, including formulas for the radius and speed of electrons in different orbits. It provides examples calculating the energy of electrons in different orbits of hydrogen and helium. It also covers the quantization of energy, absorption and emission of radiation, ionization energy, and the successes of Bohr's model in explaining atomic spectra and stability. The document ends with practice problems calculating wavelength, frequency, and wave number for different electromagnetic radiations.
This document contains lecture notes on solutions chemistry concepts including:
- Avogadro's number and using it to calculate moles of substances
- Definitions of atomic mass, molecular mass, gram atomic/molecular mass
- Expressing concentration of solutions using molarity, mole fraction, molality, and other units
- Sample calculations are shown for converting between grams and moles of substances and determining molarity and mole fraction of solutions
Carboxylic acids can be prepared through several methods including oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes. They contain a carboxyl group consisting of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group. In IUPAC nomenclature, monocarboxylic acids are called alkanoic acids. Carboxylic acids can also be prepared from nitriles, amides, Grignard reagents, and through oxidation of alkylbenzenes and aldehydes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Chemistry in day today life .pptx
1.
2.
3. • It is useful for doctors as it provides a whole range of
drugs available for the treatment of a particular type
of problem.
Analgesics have pain killing effect.
• It is based on the action of a drug on a particular
biochemical process.
All antihistamines inhibit the action of the
compound.
4. • Drugs usually interact with biomolecules such as Lipids,
Proteins. These are called target molecules or Drug
Targets.
• Drugs possessing some common structural features may
have the same mechanism of action on targets.
H2N S
• Drugs classified in the way share common structural
features and often have similar pharmacological activity.
–Ex :- Sulphonamides have common structural feature.
O
O
NHR
5. – Proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in
the body are called
– Those proteins which are crucial to communication
system in the body are called
– Those proteins which carry polar molecules across the
membranes are called
6. of an enzyme is to hold the substrate
for a chemical reaction. Active sites of enzymes hold the
substrate molecule in a suitable position, so that it can
be attacked by the reagent effectively.
of an enzyme is to provide
functional groups that will attack the substrate and carry
out the chemical reaction.
7. – Drug inhibit the attachment of substrate on active site of
Enzymes in two different ways : -
• Drugs compete with the natural substrate for their attachment
in the active sites of enzymes. Such drugs are
• Some drugs do not bind to the enzyme’s active site. These bind
to a different site of enzyme which is called This
binding of inhibitor at allosteric site changes the shape of the
active site in such a way that substrate cannot recognize it.
8. are proteins which are crucial to the
communication system in the body. Majority of these
are embedded in cell membranes in such a way that
their small part possessing the active site projects out
of the surface of the membrane and opens in the
outside region of the cell membrane.
9. • In the body, message between two neurons and that
between neurons to muscles is communicated through
certain chemicals. These chemicals, known as CHEMICAL
MESSENGERS are received at the binding sites of receptor
proteins. To accommodate a messenger, shape of the
receptor site changes. This brings about the transfer of
message into the cell. Thus, chemical messenger gives
message to the cell without entering the cell.
10. – Those substances which neutralizes the excess acid and raise the
pH to an appropriate level in stomach are called
– Most commonly used antacids are :-
• Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide etc.
• Cimetidine
• Ranitidine
– Drugs used recently :-
• Omeprazole
• Lansoprazole
11.
12. – The hypersensitivity of some persons to some drugs,
and is
in the
dust, pollen grains, cat fur etc. is called
due to release of a substance called
body.
– The drugs which interfere with the natural action of
histamine by competing with histamine for binding sites
of receptor where histamine exerts its effects are called
or
– The antihistamines which are widely used are : -
• Bromopheniramine
– (Dimetapp, Dimetane)
• Terfenadine
– (Seldane)
13. • Drugs which are used for the treatment of stress, fatigue, mild
and severe mental disease are called
• They relive anxiety, stress, irritability by inducing a sense of
well being.
• If a person suffers from , In such cases,
are used.
• The Important antidepressant drugs are :-
– Iproniazid
– Phenelzine
14. • Analgesic Neurologically active drugs which reduce or abolish
pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental
confusion, incoordination or paralysis or some other
disturbance or disorder of the nervous system are called
• These can be classified in two categories : -
» Non-narcotic analgesics are medications used to control
pain and inflammation.
» Non-Narcotic are used to treat acute or persistent pain
that is mild to moderate. They also may be used in
combination with other medications or therapies to
treat moderate to severe pain.
Aspirin, Motrin or Advil (Ibuprofen), and Aleve or
Naprosyn (Naproxen Sodium).
15. » Narcotic are medications that mimic the activity of
endorphins, substances produced by the body to control
pain.
» Narcotic are used to treat acute pain related to surgery
and other
medical procedures, as well as for persistent (chronic) and
breakthrough pain that is moderate to severe.
» Morphine and many of its homologous, when administrated in
medical doses, relieve pain and produce sleep. In poisonous
doses, these produce stupor, coma and ultimately death.
» Ex :- Roxanol (morphine), Codeine, Dolophine (methadone),
Heroin etc.
MORPHINE
H3CO O
NCH3
OH
HO O
NCH3
OH
CODIENE
AcO O
NCH3
OAc
HEROIN
16. – Drugs which are used to cure diseases caused by
microbes or microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses,
fungi etc. are called .
• These are chemical substances , which in low concentration,
either kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms by
intervening in their metabolic processes.
• The first antibiotic was Penicillin. Its structure is :-
17. • Types of Antibiotics :
» Penicillin
» Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin)
» Ofloxacin
Erythromycin
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
• The full range of microorganisms attacked by an antibiotic is
called its
• Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram – Positive
and Gram – Negative bacteria are called
Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin etc.
• The antibiotics which are effective mainly against Gram –
Positive or Gram – Negative bacteria are
Penicillin G etc.
• The antibiotics which are effective against a single organism or
disease, they are called
18.
19. are the chemical substances which prevent
the growth of microorganisms and may even kill them.
They are safe to be applied to living tissues.
–Commonly used antiseptics, Dettol is a mixture of
chloroxylenol and terpineol.
Furacine, Soframicine etc.
are chemical substances which kill
microorganisms but are not safe to be applied to living
tissues.
–These are applied to inanimate objects such as Floors,
Drainage system etc.
1% solution of Phenol work as a Disinfectant, 0.2
– 0.4 ppm in Aq. Solution of Chlorine and low
concentration of Sulphur Dioxide are Disinfectants.
20. – Chemical substances which are used to check pregnancy
in women are called or
or
– These control the female menstrual cycle and ovulation.
– Some of the commonly used pills contain a mixture of
Norethindrone (progesterone derivative) and Novestrol or
Ethinlestradiol (An Estrogen).
– All such drugs are expected to have side effects and hence
should be used under proper medical advice.
Ethinlestradiol
22. r =
..to be Learnt !!
1. RADIUS of various orbits (Shell)
n2
h2
42
mkZe2
Bohr’s Model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
The formula is applicable for hydrogen and hydrogen like species
i.e. species containing single electron.
23. ..to be Learnt !!
1. Speed of electron in various orbits (Shell)
v =
Bohr’s Model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
The formula is applicable for hydrogen and hydrogen like species
i.e. species containing single electron.
24. Energy of an electron :
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
25. Energy of an electron :
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
26. Energy of an electron :
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
27. To be remembered
(i) K.E. =
on increasing r, k.E. decreases.
(ii) P.E. =
on increasing r, P.E. increases.
(ii) T.E. =
on increasing r, total TE increases.
kZe2
2r
1
r
i.e. k.E
–kZe2
2r
–1
r
i.e. P.E
–kZe2
2r
1
r
i.e. E –
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
28. 1. What is the energy of the electron in He+ in ground state ?
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
29. 2. Calculate the energy associated with the second orbit of He+. What is
the radius of this orbit ?
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
30. 3. Calculate the energy associated with the first ,second third and fourth
bohr orbit of H.
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
31. Energy difference between two energy levels
For H:
E2 – E1 = – 3.4 + 13.6 = 10.2 eV
E3 – E2 = – 1.51 + 3.4 = 1.89 eV
E4 – E3 = – 0.85 + 1.51 = 0.66 eV
E5 – E4 = – 0.54 + 0.85 = 0.16 eV
i.e. (E2 – E1) > (E3 – E2) > (E4 – E3) > (E5 – E4)…..
n2 n1 2 2
n n
E – E –13.6 Z2 1
–
1
2 1
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
32. SUCCESSES OF BOHR’S MODEL
1. Bohr’s model could explain the stability of an atom.
2. Bohr’s theory helped in calculating energy of an electron in a particular
orbit of hydrogen.
3. Bohr’s model could explain the atomic spectrum of hydrogen.
4. Bohr’s model also accounts for the existence of so many lines in
hydrogen spectrum.
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
33. 4. The energy associated with the first orbit of hydrogen atom is
–2.18 × 10–18 J/atom. What is the energy associated with the fifth
orbit ?
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
34. 4th POSTULATE
If the e– remains in the stationary state then it does not lose
energy. Such a state is called ground state (lowest energy state)
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
35. 5th POSTULATE
Each stationary orbit is associated with definite amount of E
therefore these orbits are also called as energy levels and are
numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…… or K, L, M, N, O…… from the nucleus
outwards.
E1 < E2 < E3 < E4 < E5…….
(E2 – E1) > (E3 – E2) > (E4 – E3) > (E5 – E4)……
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
36. 6th POSTULATE
The emission or absorption of energy in the form of radiation
can occur only when e– jumps from one stationary state to another.
E is absorbed when e– jumps from inner to outer orbit and
emitted when e– moves from outer to inner orbit.
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
37. QUANTISATION OF ENERGY AND BOHR’S MODEL
Quantization means that a quantity cannot vary continuously to have any
arbitrary values but can change only discontinuously to have some specific
values.
(a) Quantized Energy (b) Continuous change of energy
Bohr’s model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
38. E absorbed
Ground State Exited State
E released
1st excited state = 2nd orbit
2nd excited state = 3rd orbit & so on.
IONIZATION ENERGY : Energy req. to librate an e– from ground state of an isolated
atom.
Bohr’s Model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
39. 5. Find radius ratio of 1st & 3rd Bohr orbit of He.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
40. 6. Find velocity of e– on 3rd energy level of He.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
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59. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength () of 580
nm. Calculate the frequency and wave number of this light.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
60. 5. The frequency of strong yellow line in the spectrum of sodium is
5.09 × 1014 sec–1.
Calculate the wavelength of the light in nanometer.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
61. 6. The wavelength of a spectral line of cesium is 460 nm.
Calculate the frequency of the line.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
62. 7. A certain radio station broadcasts on a frequency of 980 kHz
(kilohertz). What is the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation
broadcast by the ratio station ?
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
63. 8. Calculate the wave number of radiation having a frequency of
4×1011 kHz.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
64. 9. The wavelength of blue light is 480 nm. Calcualte the frequency
and wave number of this light.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
65. 10. Calculate (i) wave number and (ii) frequency of yellow radiation having
wavelength 5800 Å.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
66. 11. Calculate the compare the energies of two radiations, one with a
wavelength of 400 nm and the other with 800 nm.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
67. 12. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength () of 580 nm.
Calculate frequency (v) and wave number ( v ) of the yellow light.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!
68. 13. The wave number of a beam of light is 400 cm–1. What is the wavelength
of the light in nanometers ? Also find out frequency of the light.
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
Can u Crack it!