The document provides a comprehensive overview of hormones, including their definitions, classifications based on synthesis site, chemical nature, receptor location, and solubility. It details the mechanisms of hormone action for polar and non-polar hormones, as well as the pharmaceutical applications of various hormones like steroid hormones, growth hormones, thyroid drugs, and insulin. Additionally, it highlights the significance of endocrinology in studying hormone functions and interactions within the body.

2. • FARHAN
• USAMA
• MUSA
• ADEEL
• RUKHSAR
• BEHZAD
• ASIF
• RAFIQUE
• MUHAMMAD

3. CONTENTS OF TOPIC
 Introduction
 Classification of Hormones
 Chemistry of Hormones
 Pharmaceutical Applications

4. INTRODUCTIION
 Definition:
 A hormone can be defined as a
substance produced by an endocrine gland,
secreted into the blood and delivered to a
target organ on which it will act and elicit an
appropriate physiological response.

5.  The meaning of hormone in “GREEK” is to
excite.
 Hormones are used to communicate
between organs and tissues for physiological
regulations and behavioral activities.
 Entire field of endocrinology is derived to the
study of hormone.

6. Classification of Hormones
 Hormones are classified according to :
 Site of synthesis
 Chemical nature
 Location of the receptors
 Nature of their solubility

7. According to the site of
synthesis
 Endocrine Hormones:They are synthesized
by one gland and transported via blood
stream to the target cells. Example : FSH,LH
etc .
 Paracrine Hormones:They are secreted by
the cell into the ECF and effect neighboring
target cells.Example : Kinin.

8.  Autocrine Hormones :These hormone effect
the cell where synthesize from.Example
:Histamine.
 Steroid Hormones:These are derived from
cholestrol.Example:Testosterone and
Progesterone.

9. According to their chemical
nature:
 Protein Hormones:These hormones are
formed of large polypeptides.
Exmaple:insulin .
 Amino Acid Hormones :These hormones are
derived from aminoacids. Example :Thyroid
hormone and thyroxin.

11. According to location of
Receptors:
 Group 1 Hormones: Binds to intracellular
receptors, to form receptor complex and
perform their function.
 Mostly lipophilic in nature.
 For example steroid and thyroid hormone.

12.  Group 2 Hormones :They bind to cell surface
receptors and stimulate the release of certain
molecules called second messenger, which in
turn perform bio chemical functions.
 For example :ACTH and FSH.

13. According to their water
solubility:
 The water soluble hormone :The water
soluble hormones are the catecholamines
(epinephrine and nor epinephrine) and
peptide or protein hormones.
 The lipid soluble hormone :The lipid soluble
hormones incude thyroid and steroid
hormone.

14. Mechanism of Hormone Action
 The glands of the endocrine system secrete
hormone directly into the extracellular fluid
.The hormones then diffuse to blood stream
via cappilaries and are transported to the
target cells.The mechanism by which
hormones act on their target cell depends on
the chemical nature of the hormone.

15. Mechanism of Hormone action

16.  Polar Hormones:Do not enter into the target
cells, instead bind to receptors on the plasma
membrane .These hormones exert their
effect through second messenger.
 Some of the hormones may enter into the
cell by pinocytosis but most of their effect
results from their binding to receptor protein
on the surface of the membrane.

17.  Non polar hormones:These hormones can
easily pass through plasma membrane and
bind to the specific protein in their target
cells.
 As they are lipophillic so they can easily pass
the cell membrane.

18. Mechanism of action of steroid
and thyroid hormone:
 The steroid hormones diffuse through the
membrane of all the cells.
 Inside the cell they interact with the
intracellular receptors.
 Structural changes occur in the receptor and
this complex now enter into the nucleus.
 This attach to the hormone responsive
element on DNA.

19. Mechanism of steroid action

20. Pharmaceutical Application of
Hormones
 There are many application of Hormones :
 Steroid:oral steroid preparations (prednisone)
may be used to treat poison , hay fever and
insect bite as well as inflammatory disease.
e.g. arthritis ,allergies and asthama.

21.  Growth Hormone: Is commonly used to treat
:
 Children with growth retardation
“Enhancement therapy” is done to promote
the growth in such pateint.
 Recently growth hormone is approved and
marketed for enhancing milk production in
daily cattle.

22.  Thyroid drugs: synthetic form e.g
Levothyroxin is prescribed for the pateints
who are unable to produce sufficient amount
of thyroid hormone.
 Insulin: It is used in the treatment of diabetes
mellitus (inability of the body to produce or
utilize insulin).
 Insulin or Oral-diabetic drugs are
administrated in such cases.

23. Here the figure shows the location of hormones and glands in body

24. GOOD BYE