The document discusses chemistry and its relationship to other sciences and applications. It covers topics like the fields and branches of chemistry, how chemistry relates to other sciences like biology and physics, and examples of how chemistry contributes to advances in areas like technology and medicine. Key concepts discussed include the definition of chemistry, different types of matter, physical and chemical properties and changes, and states of matter. The document also provides exercises and examples to illustrate these chemistry concepts.
Chemistry in our daily life and its importanceAMIR HASSAN
Chemistry in our daily life and its importance
A Short Introduction to Chemistry and its branches.
There are five main branches of Chemistry:
1)Organic Chemistry
2)Inorganic Chemistry
3)Analytical Chemistry
4)Physical Chemistry
5)Biochemistry
Presented By: Amir Hassan Chemistry Department, Government Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
Chemistry in our daily life and its importanceAMIR HASSAN
Chemistry in our daily life and its importance
A Short Introduction to Chemistry and its branches.
There are five main branches of Chemistry:
1)Organic Chemistry
2)Inorganic Chemistry
3)Analytical Chemistry
4)Physical Chemistry
5)Biochemistry
Presented By: Amir Hassan Chemistry Department, Government Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
Two Ideas of Redox Reaction: Misconceptions and Their Challeges in Chemistry ...iosrjce
In interpretations of chemical phenomena students particularly of Secondary School level like to mix
substances from the macroscopic level, that is substances that can be seen, touched and smell with particles
from the sub-micro level; atoms, ions, molecules etc. “hydrochloric acid is giving one proton” (instead of “One
H3O
+
(aq) gives one proton”). For redox reactions students are doing this too: “one Copper two ions takes two
electrons and is reduced to Copper”: (instead of “to one Copper atom”). That is Cu2
+
ion + 2e –
Cu
atom. Another difficulty seems to be the historical redox definition with the “Oxygen transfer”, this idea is so
attractive that students argue most with Oxygen participation instead of the transfer of electrons. On the one
hand the students do not see any connection between both levels; on the other hand it is left up to them to figure
out which mental model they may choose concerning the sub-microscopic level. They are building up ideas on
their own, mostly wrong ones. This paper reflects those misconceptions and proposes way of instructions that
will serve as a preventative measure against such school – made misconceptions.
Branches of chemistry, careers in chemistry, in the chemistry laboratory, laboratory rules, why chemistry apparatus are made of glass, the bunsen burner, differences between a luminous and non-luminous flame, apparatus for measuring volume, temperature, mass, time, etc
What is physical chemistry, scope and uses of Physical ChemistryAdeel Abbas
In this lecture the author has explained What is physical chemistry, history, scope, importance and uses of physical chemistry. What is physical chemistry? Physical chemistry is the study of energy and matter. It examines how these two elements interact with each other in various environments. In this blog post, we will explore what exactly constitutes physical chemistry, as well as its history and some common applications of it in our everyday life.
Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of matter and all the chemical reactions taking place in a matter.
It also deals about the changes taking place in matter.
Due to concern with different methods and changes, chemistry is divided into 8 branches.
All of these eight branches has been discussed in above slides.
John Dalton was the first who discoered the atomic theory.
Two Ideas of Redox Reaction: Misconceptions and Their Challeges in Chemistry ...iosrjce
In interpretations of chemical phenomena students particularly of Secondary School level like to mix
substances from the macroscopic level, that is substances that can be seen, touched and smell with particles
from the sub-micro level; atoms, ions, molecules etc. “hydrochloric acid is giving one proton” (instead of “One
H3O
+
(aq) gives one proton”). For redox reactions students are doing this too: “one Copper two ions takes two
electrons and is reduced to Copper”: (instead of “to one Copper atom”). That is Cu2
+
ion + 2e –
Cu
atom. Another difficulty seems to be the historical redox definition with the “Oxygen transfer”, this idea is so
attractive that students argue most with Oxygen participation instead of the transfer of electrons. On the one
hand the students do not see any connection between both levels; on the other hand it is left up to them to figure
out which mental model they may choose concerning the sub-microscopic level. They are building up ideas on
their own, mostly wrong ones. This paper reflects those misconceptions and proposes way of instructions that
will serve as a preventative measure against such school – made misconceptions.
Branches of chemistry, careers in chemistry, in the chemistry laboratory, laboratory rules, why chemistry apparatus are made of glass, the bunsen burner, differences between a luminous and non-luminous flame, apparatus for measuring volume, temperature, mass, time, etc
What is physical chemistry, scope and uses of Physical ChemistryAdeel Abbas
In this lecture the author has explained What is physical chemistry, history, scope, importance and uses of physical chemistry. What is physical chemistry? Physical chemistry is the study of energy and matter. It examines how these two elements interact with each other in various environments. In this blog post, we will explore what exactly constitutes physical chemistry, as well as its history and some common applications of it in our everyday life.
Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of matter and all the chemical reactions taking place in a matter.
It also deals about the changes taking place in matter.
Due to concern with different methods and changes, chemistry is divided into 8 branches.
All of these eight branches has been discussed in above slides.
John Dalton was the first who discoered the atomic theory.
If you are in search of the Chemistry book in pdf format for class 9 matric then you are at right page because here we have shared the Punjab Textbook board PTB 9th class Chemistry Book pdf Download or you can read it online below:
.Chemistry 9Th Book, PUNJAB TEXT BOOK
Chemistry 9th Class Book (English Medium) Free Download. Free download the book Chemistry is for 9th class english medium students.
The subject of Science plays an important role in developing ell-defined abilities in cognitive, effective and psychomotor domains in children. It augments the spirit of enquiry, creativity, objectivity and aesthetic sensibility.
A report based on the topic of Organic Synthesis
and my learning experience for WOW! 08 Attachment at:
Nanyang Technological University, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
This is the Basic Education Curriculum developed by the Education Department as a guide for teachers handling the subject Science. Included are the COMPETENCIES that the learners must acquire in the course of the session
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Stage 1 Chemistry and its contribution to the advances of science and technology
Field and applications of chemistry
Relationship with other sciences
Classification and physical properties of matter
Everyday physical and chemical phenomena
Matter and energy interactions
3. Session 2
Review of propedeutic activities 1.1 and 1.2
Generic competences
4.1) Expresses ideas and concepts through linguistic, mathematical or graphical, representations.
4.3) Identifies key ideas in a text or speech and infers conclusions from them.
4.4) Communicates in a second language in daily life situations.
4.5) Handles information and communication technologies to obtain information and expressing ideas.
4. Session 2
Review of propedeutic activities 1.1 and 1.2
Disciplinary competences
2. Base opinions on science and technology impact of in our daily life assuming ethical considerations.
6. What is studied by chemistry?
Matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
What is technology?
The practical use of scientific information.
Chemistry and technology
9. What is Nanotechnology
The creation of useful or functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter on the nanometer lenght scale.
10. Field and applications of chemistry
Does chemistry happens only or mainly in a laboratory?
11. Field and applications of chemistry
Does chemistry happens only or mainly in a laboratory?
12. Field and applications of chemistry
Does chemistry happens only or mainly in a laboratory?
13. Branches of chemistry
•Substances containing carbon
Organic
•Study of all other substances EXCEPT those containing carbon.
Inorganic
•Composition, properties, and reactions of matter General
14. Contribution of chemistry and other sciences to the advances of humanity
Review main ides from the readings:
“Chemistry and other sciences”
“From the stone age to silicon era”
Main uses of:
Copper
Silicon
Petroleum
Examples of relation of chemistry with other sciences
15. Relationship with other sciences
Chemistry is often combined with other sciences such as :
Geology
Physics
Biology
Medicine
16. Relation of chemistry w/ other sciences
Science that studies:
Chemical compositions of ores, minerals, soils of the surface of the earth.
Geochemistry
Chemical reactions in biological systems.
Biochemistry
Physical nature of chemical systems including energy changes.
Physical chemistry
18. Classwork #1 Relationship of chemistry with other sciences
Compare/contrast table of the relationship of chemistry with other sciences.
1.Read carefully each of the following paragraphs that describe the process of gasoline combustion in an automobile engine, make a connection between Chemistry and other sciences such as Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.
19. The chemistry of engines
•When gasoline burns in the engine of an automobile a chemical reaction occurs producing water vapor, carbon dioxide but also a huge amount of energy is released, this energy is transformed into mechanical energy that produces the motion of the vehicle, electrical energy is also obtained which is used in the radio, lights and air conditioner.
Chemistry is related with_______
Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.
20. The chemistry of engines
The efficiency of this reaction is never a 100%, this efficiency is variable and it depends on the quality of the gasoline. Petrochemical engineers most perform calculations to predict the reaction yield obtained with each type of gasoline and let the consumer know.
Chemistry is related with____
Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.
21. The chemistry of engines
•In the process polluting substances are released. The main products of the process are CO2, water and soot. The effects of inhaling the products of combustion have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death.
Chemistry is related with:________
Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.
22. The chemistry of engines
•The excess of carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline, contributes to environmental pollution, one of the main effects being the global warming. This is why governments of first world countries limit these emissions.
Chemistry is related with:___________
Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.
23. Conclusion
What can you conclude about the contributions of chemistry and other sciences in technology advances?
24. Session 3
Review of propedeutic activities 1.4, 1.5
Generic competences
4.3) Identifies key ideas in a text or speech and infers conclusions from them.
4.4) Communicates in a second language in daily life situations.
4.5) Handles information and communication technologies to obtain information and expressing ideas.
25. Session 3
Review of propedeutic activities 1.4, 1.5
Generic competences
5.1) Follows directions and procedures in a reflective way, understanding how each step contributes to achieve an objective.
5.2) Arrange information according to categories, hierarchies, and relationships.
5.3) Identifies the systems and rules or core principles that lead to a series of phenomena.
5.6) Uses information and communication technologies to process and interpret information.
26. Session 3
Review of propedeutic activities 1.4, 1.5
Disciplinary competences
2. Base opinions on science and technology impact of in our daily life assuming ethical considerations.
10. Relate symbolic expressions of a natural phenomenon and the observable features in plain sight or through instruments and scientific models.
27. Matter: Anything that has a mass and occupies space.
Pure substance: Matter with fixed/definite composition.
Elements: Composed of only 1 type of material.
Compounds: 2 or more elements chemically combined in the same proportions.*
* An important difference is that compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical processes. Elements cannot. Activity I.4 Vocabulary terms
28. Mixture: 2 or more substances are physically but, not chemically combined.
Homogeneous or solution: Uniform composition throughout the sample.
Heterogeneous: Do not have a uniform composition throughout the sample
*Can be separated by physical processes, because there are no chemical interactions b/w components. Activity I.4 Vocabulary terms
29. Physical methods to separate mixtures: (at least 3) Boling, sifting, filtration, distillation, chromatography
Physical property: characteristics that can be observed or measured without affecting the identity of a substance. Ex: shape, color, melting point.
Chemical property: characteristics that indicates the ability of a susbtance to form another/new substance.
Physical change: change in which the appearance looks different but the composition remains the same.
Chemical change: when the original substance is converted into one or more new substances.
Activity I.4 Vocabulary terms
30. Sublimation Deposition Boiling point: Tº at which a substance exists as liquid and gas.
SOLID (Ice) LIQUID (Water) GAS (Water vapor)
31. E B SOLID (Ice) LIQUID (Water) GAS (Water vapor)
A)Freezing C) Melting D) Evaporation F) Condensation B) Deposition E) Sublimation
34. Exercises from chapter 2 of your textbook Mixture Mixture Compound Compound Element Homogeneous
Homogeneous Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous
39. I.5 The melting of the polar ice caps
Arctic effect
Global warming
Greenhouse effect
Possible solutions
40. Arctic effect
Effects of climate change in the Arctic including rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the polar ice caps.
Potential release of methane.
Leading indicator of climate change.
41. Global warming
A gradual increase in the earth's average surface temperature.
Main cause: Anthropogenic activities /Human activity.
42. Greenhouse gases
A gas which traps the sun's heat.
Main greenhouse gases:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
44. Session 4
Directions for Integrative activity.
Classwork.
HW Print end of chapter
Generic competences
4.1) Expresses ideas and concepts through linguistic, mathematical or graphical, representations.
4.4) Communicates in a second language in daily life situations.
5.6) Uses information and communication technologies to process and interpret information.
45. Session 4
Directions for Integrative activity
Due: session 1 week 3.
Library visit or classwork.
HW Print End Of Chapter
Disciplinary competences
2. Base opinions on science and technology impact of in our daily life assuming ethical considerations.
46. Physical
Chemical
Property
Characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without affecting its identity .
Color, Shape, Odor, Luster, Size, Melting point, Density.
Characteristic that describes the abilty of a substance to change into a new one
Paper burns, iron rusts, silver tarnishes.
Physical and chemical properties
47. Physical
Chemical
Change
Changes in physical properties that retains the identity of the substance.
Change in which the original substance is converted to one or more new substances.
Physical and chemical changes
48. Matter
Anything that has a mass and occupies space.
According to the temperature matter can exist in different states.
50. Sublimation Deposition Boiling point: Tº at which a substance exists as liquid and gas. SOLID (Ice) LIQUID (Water)
GAS (Water vapor)
51. States of matter:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Characteristic
Shape
Volume
Arrangement of
particles
Interaction b/w
particles
Movement of
particles
Solid
Definite
Definite
Fixed,
very close
Very
Strong
Very slow
Liquid
Undefinite
Definite
Random,
close
Strong
Moderate
Gas
Undefinite
Undefinite
Random,
far apart
Essentially none
Very fast
The physical state of matter, depends on temperature.
52. Chemical reaction:
Chemical changes on which the initial substances are transformed into completely new substances; due to a rupture of their chemical bonds and the formation of new bonds of the present atoms.
1.Change in color.
2.Formation of a gas (bubbles)
3.Formation of a solid (Precipitate)
4.Produced or absorbed energy (heat,
flame, light)
Evidences of chemical reactions
54. Physical property, physical change, chemical property or chemical change?
Instructions: Identify each fact:
1.Alcohol is flammable.
2.Alcohol is volatile, it evaporates easily.
3.A sample of table salt dissolves in water.
4.With time a battery looses its charge.
5.Aluminum is malleable.
55. States of matter
Identify the state of matter for the following examples at room temperature:
1.Oxygen
2.Water vapor
3.Candle wax
4.Alcohol
56. States of matter
Describe the difference in arrangement , interaction and movement of particles in:
1.Ice cube
2.Liquid water
3.Water vapor
57. Classification of matter Matter Pure substances Elements
Compounds Mixtures Homo geneous Hetero geneous
58. Mixtures, compounds or elements??
a.Compound
b.Mixture
c.Elements
d.Mixture a b
c d e f g h
e. Compound
f. Element
g. Compund
h. Compound
sugar
59. Element, compound, homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures
Classify the following:
1.Gasoline
2.Wood
3.Bronze
4.Sandwich
5.Sugar
6.Scramble eggs
7.Silver
8.Ethanol
60. Law of definite proportions
Law of constant composition
States that a chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.
For example:
Water is always composed by 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom. 11% Hydrogen and 89% oxygen by mass.
Salt: Definite proportion of 39.3% of sodium and 60.7% of chlorine by mass.
61. Law of conservation of mass
States that during any chemical reaction the mass of the system must remain constant, the mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space.
The total mass of the reactants or starting materials must equal the mass of the products.
62. Law of conservation of energy
States that during chemical reactions energy is not created nor destroyed. (1st law of thermodinamics).
63. Potential and kinetic energy
Potential energy: Energy of an object or a system due to the position , or the arrangement of the particles of the system.
Kinetic energy: Energy which it possesses due to its motion.
65. Stage 2
Classification of elements in: Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids
Classification of compounds by the number of elements and chemical function
Elements present in the human
body and acquisition sources
The effects and uses of chemical
compounds in our daily lives
66. Stage 3
•Development of atomic theories from Dalton to Quantum Mechanics
•Subatomic particles
•Quantum numbers and atomic orbitals
•Electron configuration
•Organization of elements on the
periodic table
•Periodic properties (trends):
–Atomic size
–Ionization energy
–Electronegativity
67. Stage 4
Types of chemical bonds: Ionic, Nonpolar covalent and polar covalent
Electronegativity
Polarity
Electron configuration and formation of ions
Properties of ionic and molecular compounds
Chemical bond and electrical conductivity
Modern materials