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Ch11 lecture outline
- 1. Chapter 11: Investigating Matter Principles of Science
- 2. This lecture will help you understand: • Chemistry: The Central Science • The Submicroscopic World • The Phases of Matter • Physical and Chemical Properties • Determining Physical and Chemical Changes • Elements to Compounds • Naming Compounds
- 3. Chemistry: The Central Science Chemistry is the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo.
- 4. Physics Biology AstronomyEarth Science Chemistry: The Central Science Chemistry
- 5. Chemistry: The Central Science • Chemistry is a "materials" science. – Most of the material items in any modern house are shaped by some human-devised chemical process.
- 6. Chemistry: The Central Science
- 7. Chemistry: The Central Science • More than 70% of all legislation placed before the U.S. Congress addresses science-related questions and issues.
- 8. The Submicroscopic World • Roughly 250,000 dunes of this size contain about 125 million trillion grains of sand. • Yet, that's how many atoms there are in a single grain of sand. (Atoms are small.)
- 9. What are atoms? • Atoms are the smallest particles of matter • Atoms make up everything around us • Molecules are combinations of atoms • Elements are only one type of atom • Compounds are made up of different types of atoms
- 10. The Phases of Matter • One of the most evident ways we can describe matter is by its physical form, which may be one of three phases (also sometimes described as physical states):
- 11. • The gaseous phase of any material occupies significantly more volume than either its solid or liquid phase. • Frozen carbon dioxide, CO2, "dry ice" The Phases of Matter
- 12. Gas LiquidSolid Deposition Sublimation Melting Freezing Condensation Evaporation The Phases of Matter
- 13. Physical and Chemical Properties • A physical property describes the look or feel of a substance.
- 14. Physical and Chemical Properties • A chemical property describes the tendency of a substance to transform into a new substance.
- 15. It is a chemical property of iron to transform into rust. Physical and Chemical Properties
- 16. Physical and Chemical Properties A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance.
- 18. • Chemical properties are properties that characterize the ability of a substance to react with other substances or to transform from one substance into another. Physical and Chemical Properties
- 19. • Any change in a substance that involves a rearrangement of the way atoms are bonded is called a chemical change. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
- 20. Carbon dioxide Oxygen Carbon Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
- 21. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes • A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance. • A chemical change is the transformation of one or more substances into others. – A substance is identified not only by the kinds of atoms it contains but also by how those atoms are connected to one another. – During a chemical change, a new substance is formed as atoms rearrange themselves into new configurations.
- 22. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes • A physical change imposes a new set of conditions on the same material. • A chemical change forms a new material that has its own unique set of physical properties. • Both physical and chemical changes result in a change in physical appearance.
- 23. Potassium chromate Potassium chromate + Heat Potassium chromate (cooled) Determining Physical and Chemical Changes • Physical or chemical change?
- 24. Physical or chemical change? Ammonium dichromate Ammonium dichromate + Heat Ammonia, water, chromium (III) oxide
- 25. • An element is a material made of only one kind of atom. Pure gold is an element because it is made of only gold atoms. • An atom is the fundamental unit of an element. • The term "element" is used when referring to macroscopic quantities. • The term "atom" is used when discussing the submicroscopic. Elements to Compounds
- 26. Compound Formula Oxygen O2 Ozone O3 Sulfur S8 Gold Au Elements to Compounds • The elemental formula is used to show the proportion by which atoms combine to form an element.
- 27. Elements to Compounds A compound is a substance that consists of atoms of different elements.
- 28. Elements to Compounds • Compounds have properties uniquely different from the elements from which they are made.
- 29. Compound Formula Sodium chloride NaCl Ammonia NH3 Water H2O Elements to Compounds • A chemical formula is used to show the proportion by which elements combine to form a compound.
- 30. • Guideline 1 – Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. – For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide. Example: NaCl Naming Compounds
- 31. Sodium chloride Example: NaCl Na Cl Naming Compounds
- 32. Naming Compounds • Guideline 2 – With different possible combinations of elements, use prefixes to remove ambiguity.
- 34. Examples: CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide Naming Compounds
- 35. Examples: H2O dihydrogen monoxide H2O2 dihydrogen dioxide Naming Compounds
- 36. Examples: H2O water H2O2 hydrogen peroxide Naming Compounds
- 37. Naming Compounds • Guideline 3 – Common names are sometimes used for convenience.