The document categorizes chemical health hazards into various types including toxic, corrosive, and sensitizing forms, along with classifications based on physical states like liquids and dusts. It outlines the health effects of specific hazardous substances, detailing their target organs and symptoms, and discusses requirements for safety data sheets and labeling. Notably, it addresses carcinogens, corrosive substances, and dermatitic hazards, emphasizing the importance of proper handling and safety measures to mitigate risks associated with chemical exposure.

1. Chemicals

2. Forms
Chemical health hazards may be divided into the
following categories:
Toxic, including carcinogenic;
Corrosive & irritant;
Dermatitic/sensitising

3. Forms
Chemical hazards can also be classified
according to physical state:
Liquids (fluids)
Dusts (solid particles)
Fumes (fine solids, often metallic)
Mists (finely suspended droplets)
Vapours (gaseous form of a solid or liquid)

4. CHIP
 Classify substance (Approved supply list)
 Assign categories of danger & risk phrases
 Provide safety data sheet
 Label
 Safe packaging
 Child-resistant closures
 Tactile danger warnings
 Mention hazards in advertisements

5. Health Effects of Hazardous Substances
 Under CHIP, suppliers must classify dangerous chemicals under one or more
of the following:
 Very toxic
 Toxic
 Harmful
 Corrosive
 Irritant
 Sensitising
 Carcinogenic
 Mutagenic
 Toxic for reproduction

6. Safety Data Sheets
• Composition and/or ingredients
• Hazards
• First aid
• Fire fighting
• Accidental release
• Handling & storage
• Exposure controls
• Personal protection
• Physical & chemical properties
• Stability & reactivity
• Toxicological info
• Ecological info
• Disposal
• Transport
• Regulatory & other info

7. Lead
 Most dangerous as a fume or dust
 Target organs:
 Central nervous system
 Gastrointestinal tract
 Blood & blood-forming organs
 Muscles of wrist or foot
 Gums
 Symptoms affect gastrointestinal tract, nervous system and blood

8. Mercury
 Target organs:
Central nervous system & brain
Kidneys
 Symptoms affect central nervous system with personality
changes
 Workers at risk:
Dentistry
Thermometers, barometers, electrical switchgear

9. Benzene
Volatile liquid absorbed by inhalation and skin
contact
Target organs:
Central nervous system
Blood-forming organs
Symptoms are narcosis, anaemia and leukaemia

10. Phenol
Corrosive & toxic substance absorbed by the
skin
Systemic toxin affecting central nervous system
Symptoms affect central nervous system, liver
and kidneys

11. Trichloroethylene
Harmful by inhalation, prolonged skin contact &
ingestion
Affects central nervous system, skin and
respiratory tract
May be an animal carcinogen

12. Siliceous Dust
Inhalation of dust causes fibrosis of lungs
Symptoms caused by reduced lung function,
breathlessness, heart strain and possibly death

13. Asbestos
Inhalation of dust causes fibrosis of lungs
Symptoms caused by reduced lung function,
breathlessness, heart strain & possibly death
Risk of lung cancer in fibrotic regions

14. Carbon Monoxide
Invisible gas absorbed by lungs into blood
stream, combining with haemoglobin and
inhibiting oxygen transport
Oxygen starvation causes loss of consciousness

15. Carcinogens
Produce malignant tumours by affecting cell
functioning
Long latency period and no threshold of harm
Examples:
Tars (skin cancer)
Asbestos (lung cancer & mesothelioma)
Vinyl Chloride Monomer (angiosarcoma)

16. Corrosive Substances
Acids destroy living tissue and cause severe
burns; examples include nitric and sulphuric acid
Ammonia is a corrosive alkaline gas, soluble in
water, which can cause severe burns by liquid
contact or inhalation

17. Dermatitic Hazards
Dermatitis: non-infectious inflammatory condition
of the skin caused by contact with chemical,
physical or biological agents
Classified into two forms:
Contact: caused by contact with primary cutaneous
irritants (greases, mineral oils, solvents);
Sensitisation: Caused by cutaneous sensitisers
(rubber additives, nickel compunds, hardwood dust)

18. Sensitisers
Chemical agents able to produce an allergic
reaction in certain individuals
Production of antibodies triggers an allergic
reaction each time person is subsequently
exposed to very small quantities of the causative
agent

19. Sensitisers
 Respiratory System:
 Results in asthma
 2 principle types of agent:
Antigens, such as flour, grain & shellfish protein
Substances such as isocyanates and platinum salts
 Skin:
 Results in dermatitis
 Skin reaction will occur whenever there is further contact with
sensitising agent (common sensitising agents are isocyanates)

20. Sensitisers
Chemical agents able to produce an allergic
reaction in certain individuals
Production of antibodies triggers an allergic
reaction each time person is subsequently
exposed to very small quantities of the causative
agent