The document discusses several key chemical and physical processes: - Chemical changes involve forming new substances through synthesis or decomposition via chemical reactions. - Fermentation is a process where organisms convert carbohydrates into alcohols or acids like lactic acid. - Ionization is converting an atom or molecule into an ion through gaining or losing electrons or ions. - A catalyst speeds up chemical reactions but is not consumed in the reactions. - In a physical change, the substances are not altered chemically and the composition does not change.

1. Physical and
Chemical
Changes
By
Andrés Rodríguez

2. • Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with
another to form a new substance, called synthesis
or, alternatively, decomposes into two or more different
substances. These processes are called chemical reactions
and, in general, are not reversible except by further
chemical reactions.
What is a Chemical
Cahnge

3. • Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism
converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an
alcohol or an acid. For example, yeast perform
fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into
alcohol. Bacteria perform fermentation, converting
carbohydrates into lactic acid.
Fermentation

4. • Is the process of converting an atom or molecule into an
ion by adding or removing charged particles such as
electrons or ions. In the case of ionization of a gas, ion
pairs are created consisting of a free electron and a
positive ion.
Ionization

5. • Catalysis is the change in rate of a chemical reaction due
to the participation of a substance called a catalyst.
Unlike other reagents that participate in the chemical
reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself.
A catalyst may participate in multiple chemical
transformations. Catalysts that speed the reaction are
called positive catalysts.
Catalysis

6. • In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method
of using a direct electric current (DC) to drive an
otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
Electrolysis is commercially highly important as a stage
in the separation of elements from naturally occurring
sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell.
Electrolisis

7. Combustion or burning is the sequence of exothermic
chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant
accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of
chemical species. The release of heat can produce light in
the form of either glowing or a flame. Fuels of interest often
include organic compounds (especially hydrocarbons) in the
gas, liquid or solid phase.
Conbustion

8. • Corrosion is the gradual destruction of material, usually
metals, by chemical reaction with its environment. In the
most common use of the word, this means
electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an
oxidant such as oxygen. Rusting, the formation of iron
oxides, is a well-known example of electrochemical
corrosion. This type of damage typically produces
oxide(s) or salt(s) of the original metal. Corrosion can
also occur in materials other than metals, such as
ceramics or polymers, although in this context, the term
degradation is more common.
Corosion

9. • Physical properties are properties of an element or compound that can be observed without a
chemical reaction of the substance. Density and electrical conductivity are examples of
physical properties.
• In a physical change, the substances are not altered chemically. No new products are formed.
Chemical bonds are not broken in a physical change
• A physical change can affect the size, shape or color of a substance but does not affect its
composition. The substances may be changed to another phase (i.e. gas, liquid, solid) or
separated or combined.
• Examples:
• when ice melts
• when sulfur is mixed with iron filings.
• breaking a glass
• dissolving sugar in water
What is a Physical
Change

10. • Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter
from gaseous phase into liquid phase, and is the reverse
of vaporization. When the transition happens from the
gaseous phase into the solid phase directly, the change is
called deposition.
• It apparatus is the reflux
Condensation

11. • Distillation is a widely used method for separating
mixtures based on differences in the conditions required
to change the phase of components of the mixture.
Destilation

12. • Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that only
occurs on the surface of a liquid. The other type of
vaporization is boiling, which, instead, occurs within the
entire mass of the liquid.
Evaporation