A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction that balances the reactants and products to show the states of matter. Chemical equations can be classified into different types of reactions such as synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and combustion. Solubility rules determine whether combining chemicals will form an insoluble precipitate.

1. Chemical Equations That’s what it’s ALL about Grooooovey baby…yeah!!

2. What is a chemical equation? It is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, that is balanced and represents the states of matter That’s soooo exciting!…yeah ok, not really

3. And I want to know this because…… It is good to know whether a reaction will take your face off BEFORE you actually throw the chemicals together

4. Still not sure I get the concept Think of chemical equation in the same way that you might think of a recipe for chocolate chip cookies. You have ingredients, then you prepare them, then you get cookies Can I get my cookies with some Frikin’ Chocolate “chunks?”

5. Yummy!!! Ingredients -----------> Bake ----------->Cookies 2 1/2 (1 ounce) squares unsweetened chocolate 1/2 cup butter 2 cups all-purpose flour 1/2 teaspoon baking soda 1 teaspoon baking powder 1/4 teaspoon salt 1 1/4 cups white sugar 2 eggs 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 2/3 cup sour cream 2 cups semisweet chocolate chips --------------------->

6. It isn’t different in Chemistry… You just don’t eat the cookies Ingredients -----------> Bake -----------> Cookies Chemistry: Reactants ------------------------------> Products Example: O 2 + H 2 ----------------> H 2 O (+ enough energy to melt your face) What happened to the other Oxygen???? yields

7. Law of conservation of matter Matter can not be created nor destroyed by ordinary chemical processes So we have to balance the previous equation Using coefficients O N L Y !!!!!! O 2 + H 2 ----------------> H 2 O

8. ONCE AGAIN…. COEFFICIENTS ONLY!!!!!!!!!

9. Here is how this equation looks balanced: O 2 + 2H 2 ----------------> 2H 2 O

10. How do I balance an equation? The basic concept is to use coefficients ONLY to be sure that there are the same number of moles of stuff on the left side as there are on the right. This can be done by counting single elements on both sides and look for lowest common factors

11. This could get a bit tedious…are there some shortcuts? Yes: Look for polyatomic ions common on both sides and treat them as one element Look for lowest common factors to determine the correct coefficients ALWAYS double check when you are done!!!! Anything else I need to know about equations??

12. Oh YEEEES! States of matter of each reactant and product Reaction types and other CRAPO(N) Metal activity Nonmetal activity Solubility Endo/Exothermic

13. STATES OF MATTER OF REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS Since some chemicals react differently (or are more dangerous) when they are liquids, solids, or gasses, it is useful to determine this ahead of time Greenhouse solids would be a lot better than greenhouse gasses

14. HERE ARE THE MOST COMMON WAYS TO EXPRESS STATES OF MATTER SOLID (s) LIQUID (l) GAS (g) AQUEOUS (DISSOLVED IN WATER) (aq) CRYSTALLINE (cr) There are one or two other obscure ones but these are the real important ones

15. Here is how they are used O 2(g) + 2H 2(g) ----------------> 2H 2 O (l) That is sooo clever!!!

16. THIS IS A BUNCH OF…. CRAP!!!!

17. ACTUALLY…IT’S: C R A P O (N) O E C R R U M D I E G C P O D C A L L X B I N E E A P I A X S I C R I E T O A N T E

18. THAT’S RIGHT…. ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS CAN ACTUALLY BE CLASSIFIED AS CRAPO (NUCLEAR IS NOT CLASSIFIED AS CHEMICAL) UNFORTUNATELY, THIS IS NOT THE TRADITIONAL WAY TO CLASSIFY EQUATION TYPES…. I KNEW IT!!

19. EQUATION (REACTION) TYPES SYNTHESIS To Put Together or Produce A + B -------> AB Example: H 2 + O 2 -----------> H 2 O Can you see that this is a “putting together” process?

20. DECOMPOSITION TO BREAK DOWN AB -----------> A + B EXAMPLE: H 2 O 2 -----------> H 2 O + O 2 CAN YOU SEE THAT THIS IS BREAKING DOWN?

21. SINGLE DISPLACEMENT (REPLACEMENT) TO REPLACE A SINGLE ION WITH ANOTHER AB + C ------------> AC + B ( OR CB + A) EXAMPLE: HCl + Mg ----------> MgCl 2 + H 2 Can you see that C has replaced A in the equation?

22. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT (REPLACEMENT) TO SWAP TWO CATIONS OR TWO ANIONS AB + CD ----------> AD + CB EXAMPLE: NaOH + H 2 SO 4 -------> HOH + Na 2 SO 4 Can you see that the two cations have switched places?

23. (ORGANIC) COMBUSTION TO COMBUST A CARBON-BASED COMPOUND (USUALLY HYDROCARBON) WITH O 2 TO FORM CO 2 AND H 2 O C X H X + O 2 ---------> H 2 O + CO 2 EXAMPLE: C 2 H 6 + O 2 ---------> H 2 O + CO 2 CAN YOU SEE THE HYDROCARBON REACTING WITH OXYGEN AND MAKING CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER?

24. From now on… We will refer to CRAPO(N) as Classes of reactions And Synthesis, Decomposition, Single displacement, Double displacement, and combustion as equation types

25. ACTIVITY SERIES!!!!! Do reactions occur every time chemicals are put together? Of course not…if they did we would change every time we came in contact with another chemical Help me!! I’m melting

26. When a single element is reacting with a compound The reaction can only occur if the single element is more active than the anion or cation in the compound that it is replacing Bottom line: the most active elements will be in the bond.

27. Example NaOH + Pb -----------> ? Na is more active than Pb Will Pb replace Na?

28. NO!!!!!!!! Remember the most active elements will be in the bond

29. Example K + Cu(OH) 2 ----------->? K is more active than Cu Will THIS reaction occur?

30. You Bet!!!! K + Cu(OH) 2 -----------> KOH + Cu Now we balance it and add the states of matter:

31. VOILA!!! 2K (s) + Cu(OH) 2(aq) ---------> 2KOH (aq) + Cu (s)

32. Do I need to memorize the activity series? NO: Cation activities (mostly metals) are determined experimentally, so you will have a chart, and anion activity series is mostly determined by electronegativity, and this is mainly with the Halides (Halogens) only.

33. Activity series for metals Li K Ba Sr Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au The metals on top Are more active Than the ones Below it

34. Activity series for nonmetals Simple: Since halides are involved in most replacement type reactions, just remember that the halide higher up on the periodic table will replace the one below it, or in other words the higher, the more active

35. SOLUBILITY Have you noticed, in some reactions, that solids form when you mix 2 aqueous chemicals? How is this possible? Easy: Sometimes chemicals form in a reaction that don’t dissolve in water…they are insoluble-solid

36. Solubility Definitions Soluble: Will or is dissolved in a solvent (usually water) Insoluble: Will not or isn’t dissolve in a solvent Precipitate: A solid formed from the mixing of two aqueous liquids

37. More Definitions Solute: A substance which is dissolved in a solvent Solvent: A substance which dissolves another substance Saturation: The formation of more soluble product than a solution can hold at a particular temperature and pressure

38. How do I know what makes a precipitate? Compounds containing the following are generally soluble in water 1) Alkali metal ions, and ammonium ions 2) Acetate ions 3) Nitrate ions 4) Halide ions except with: Ag + , Hg 2+ , and Pb 2+ 5) Sulfate ions, excep t with: Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Pb 2+

39. More Solubility Rules COMPOUNDS WITH THE FOLLOWING ARE GENERALLY INSOLUBLE IN WATER 6) Carbonate ions (Unless any are paired with those in rule one, which makes these soluble) 7) CrO 4 2- Chromate ions (Unless any are paired with those in rule one, which makes these soluble) 8) Phosphate ions (Unless any are paired with those in rule one, which makes these soluble) 9) sulfide ion (Unless any are paired with those in rule one, which makes these soluble, as does CaS, SrS, BaS) 10) Hydroxide ions (Unless any are paired with those in rule one, which makes these soluble, as does Ca(OH) 2 , Sr(OH) 2 , and Ba(OH) 2 here)

40. PRACTICE-Write the products and predict the precipitate AgNO 3 + NaOH -----> NH 4 OH + Na 2 CrO 4 ------->

41. ANSWERS AgNO 3 + NaOH -----> AgOH + NaNO 3 NH 4 OH + Na 2 CrO 4 -----> (NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4 + NaOH Blue indicates the insoluble precipitate

42. CONGRATULATIONS YOU ARE NOW EXPERTS IN CHEMICAL EQUATIONS!!!

43. You can use this information for Evil… Release the “CO 2 ” to start the “global Warming”

44. Or For Good…. Green is Groovey Baby…Yeah!!!!