This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including the structure of matter, states of matter, chemical and physical properties and changes, the periodic table, and reactivity. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its properties. Key points include: - Matter exists in solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states which are distinguished by their particle motion and ability to be compressed. - Substances can undergo physical changes that alter the state of matter without changing chemical makeup or chemical changes that create new substances. - The periodic table organizes elements by atomic number and electron configuration into periods and groups that determine chemical properties like reactivity.

1. Science
● Physical
● Chemistry
● Astronomy
● Physics
● Life
● Biology
● Anatomy
● Physiology

2. Chemistry
● Chemistry studies the structure and properties of matter
and the changes it undergoes.
● Chemistry focuses on chemical rather than physical
change.

4. Change
● Physical Change
● a usually reversible change,
chemical properties do not
change
● H20 H20 H2O
● Chemical Change
● A reaction involving the
rearrangement of the atoms of one or
more substances
● There is a formation of at least one
new substance

5. Matter scientific word for “stuff”

6. Classifying Matter Substances
● Pure
● Element
● A substance is an
element if you can find
it on the periodic table
● Compound
● A substance is a
compound if it has a
chemical formula
● Not Pure
● Homogeneous Mixture
● A homogeneous
mixture is uniform, also
called a solution
● Heterogeneous Mixture
● A heterogeneous
mixture is not uniform

7. Substances
● Pure Substances
● Elements
● K Na Ne Ag
● Compounds
● O2 NaCl H20 Fe2O3
● Substances
● Homogeneous Mixture
● Water with salt
● Tylenol
● Apple Juice
● Heterogeneous Mixture
● Pozole
● Lago de Chapala
● Pizza

8. Substances
States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

12. Solids
● Definite shape & volume
● Do not take the
shape of a container
● Incompressible
● *Do not confuse
with rigidity
● Expands with heat

13. (Chemical Bonds Influence Rigidity)

14. Liquids
● Constant volume
● Flow
● Take shape of
container
● Incompressible
● Expand with heat

15. Gases
● Do not have constant
volume
● Compressible
● Do not have a definite
shape
● Move freely
● Fill the space of a container
482 m/s km/hr??

16. (Gas = Vapor)
25o C 120oC
A substance is
a gas if it is
gaseous at
room
temperature
(25oC).

17. Physical Properties of Matter
● Physical Property
● a characteristic that can be
observed or measured
without changing the objects
composition.
● Density
● color
● odor
● hardness
● melting point and
boiling point
● Extensive (Exterior)
● Depend on the amount
present
● Intensive (Interior)
● Do not depend on the
amount present

18. Extensive
How much does the copper wire/plastic weigh?
Intensive
Does the copper wire/plastic conduct electricity?

19. Chemical Properties of Matter
Chemical Property
● Ability to:
● Combine with
another substance
● Change into another
substance
● Examples
● Flammability
● Gasoline vs Water
● Toxicity
● Chlorine vs Water
● Ability to oxidize
● Iron vs Aluminum

22. Changes in Matter
● Physical Change
● Phase Change -
Requires changes in
pressure and/or
temperature
● A transition from
one state of
matter to another
● boil, freeze,
condense,
vaporize, or melt
Physical Changes
depend on Physical
Properties or
Chemical
Properties?
At what temperature does copper change
state from a solid to a liquid?
What type of property determines this
change?

23. Changes in Matter
● Chemical Change
● sdfjkl
**complete the
slide

24. Changes in Matter
The Law of Conservation of Mass
Physical Change Chemical Change
**write your understanding here

26. Elements

27. Atoms & Periodic Table

28. Vocabulary
● Atom
● Proton
● Neutron
● Electron
● Isotope
● Atomic Number
● Atomic Mass
● Period
● Group
● Family
● Valence Electrons
● Electron-dot Structure

31. http://home.web.cern.ch/about/how-accelerator-
works
http://wordlesstech.com/2012/05/03/hi
ggs-boson-explained/

34. Periodic Table
● Organized according to:
● Atomic Number
● The number of protons
in an atom
● Electron Structure
●Divided into:
●Periods
●Groups

35. Periods = Rows
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

36. Groups = Columns
8
****Group number = number of Valence Electrons

37. Valence Electrons
● The number of electrons in the outermost electron orbital
☞ **Determines behaviour

38. Valence Electrons
Electron-dot Structure / Lewis-dot

40. Element Atomic
Number
Protons Neutrons Electrons Period Group Valence
Electrons
Family
Ba
33
2 7
87
6 3

41. All elements want to have a complete set of valence electrons; elements will react until they have a
complete set. A complete set consists of eight electrons, this explains why Noble gases do not react. Helium is
a Noble gas, even though its outer orbital only has two electrons. Helium’s outer orbital only accepts two
electrons, therefore its set of valence electrons is complete; it will not react.

43. Alkali Metals!

44. Reactivity
The attraction that a bonding pair of electrons feels for a particular nucleus.
Depends on:
● the number of protons in the nucleus;
● the distance from the nucleus;
● the amount of screening by inner electrons.

46. At
B

47. 1
2
3 7
8
Transitional Metals Groups 4, 5, 6
Row 3, 4, 5
Cs Ba
Row 7
At Rn
Is Cs more reactive than
Li? Why?