Integrated circuits, also known as microchips, are small electronic circuits manufactured on a thin semiconductor material. They are used in many devices like computers, phones, and appliances. Digital chips are available in small sizes, operate at fast speeds, use little power, and can be produced at low costs. Integrated circuits join analog and digital signals on a single chip, making them smaller, cheaper, but requiring careful design to prevent signal interference. Modern integrated circuits like microprocessors control everything and have memory directly on the chip. These structures are complex as the layers are much thinner than earlier devices. Integrated circuits operate quickly and efficiently due to their small size and close arrangement of components, allowing low-cost mass production on a single chip