This is our 3rd semester project of electronics-1 which is a mobile battery charger with night switch as load circuit, it will work as a ups the night switch works on input 220 volt supply and when we cut off the supply it continues it working on battery power and vice virsa.
1- Low Tension Power Cable
2- Contents
Introduction
Construction
Types & sizes
Features
Application
More Details
3- Introduction
Power Cables - An assembly of two or more electrical conductors usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power.
4- Construction
5-
Conductor – Stranded / Solid / Circular shaped-Aluminum / Copper
Insulation – PVC /XLPE/HR PVC / Zero Halogen
Inner Sheath – PVC/HR PVC /FR/FRLS PVC
Armouring – G. S.Round Wire/ Flat Strip or Aluminum Wire /Flat Strip
Outer Sheath – PVC /HR PVC/FR/FRLS PVC /Zero Halogen
6- Types & Sizes
Types
1.1 kV PVC /XLPE as per IS : 1554 – (Part-I) / IS : 7098(Part- I)/BS /IEC.
Sizes
Single Core 1.5 to 1000 sq. mm
Multi core 1.5 to 630 sq. mm
7- Features
These cables can carry high current with high short circuit rating 250°C as against 160°C for PVC.
Dielectric losses are very less in these cables.
LT power cable is flexible, lightweight, fire-resistant in nature.
8- Application
LT power cable may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, run overhead, buried in the ground or exposed.
And Flexible power cables are used in mobile tools, portable devices, and machinery.
9- More Details At
Rallison Electricals Pvt. Ltd.
G I / 118, Mayapuri, Phase – I, New Delhi – 110064
Phone: 91-11-28112644
Mobile: 9311104000
URL: http://www.rallison.com/lt-power-cable/
The wireless power transmission is a great technology that has long history. It has more potential in the near future in various industrial as well as commercial applications.
1- Low Tension Power Cable
2- Contents
Introduction
Construction
Types & sizes
Features
Application
More Details
3- Introduction
Power Cables - An assembly of two or more electrical conductors usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power.
4- Construction
5-
Conductor – Stranded / Solid / Circular shaped-Aluminum / Copper
Insulation – PVC /XLPE/HR PVC / Zero Halogen
Inner Sheath – PVC/HR PVC /FR/FRLS PVC
Armouring – G. S.Round Wire/ Flat Strip or Aluminum Wire /Flat Strip
Outer Sheath – PVC /HR PVC/FR/FRLS PVC /Zero Halogen
6- Types & Sizes
Types
1.1 kV PVC /XLPE as per IS : 1554 – (Part-I) / IS : 7098(Part- I)/BS /IEC.
Sizes
Single Core 1.5 to 1000 sq. mm
Multi core 1.5 to 630 sq. mm
7- Features
These cables can carry high current with high short circuit rating 250°C as against 160°C for PVC.
Dielectric losses are very less in these cables.
LT power cable is flexible, lightweight, fire-resistant in nature.
8- Application
LT power cable may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, run overhead, buried in the ground or exposed.
And Flexible power cables are used in mobile tools, portable devices, and machinery.
9- More Details At
Rallison Electricals Pvt. Ltd.
G I / 118, Mayapuri, Phase – I, New Delhi – 110064
Phone: 91-11-28112644
Mobile: 9311104000
URL: http://www.rallison.com/lt-power-cable/
The wireless power transmission is a great technology that has long history. It has more potential in the near future in various industrial as well as commercial applications.
Generation and transmission of electric energy – voltage stress –
testing voltages-AC to DC conversion – rectifier circuits – cascaded
circuits – voltage multiplier circuits – Cockroft-Walton circuits –
voltage regulation – ripple factor – Van de-Graaff generator.
Introduction to Power Electronics, Power Diodes, Thyristors and Power Transistors. Different types of Power Converters, Applications of Power Electronics and Peripheral effects.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
Generation and transmission of electric energy – voltage stress –
testing voltages-AC to DC conversion – rectifier circuits – cascaded
circuits – voltage multiplier circuits – Cockroft-Walton circuits –
voltage regulation – ripple factor – Van de-Graaff generator.
Introduction to Power Electronics, Power Diodes, Thyristors and Power Transistors. Different types of Power Converters, Applications of Power Electronics and Peripheral effects.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
Reducing the wastage of power
Reducing physical efforts
Improve the system in our daily life
Light falls on LDR, it shows its minimum resistance and voltage drops across LDR less than VBE of Transistor Q1.
So, no current will go from the collector to the emitter and transistor remains turn off.
Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation, we have explained a simple circuit. It will automatically turn on street light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay. Working this circuit is very much easy and also the power consumed by the circuit is very low because of the very few components used in the circuit.
The design of an LED emergency light that switches on automatically when main power fails. Power to the LED is supplied by a battery that keeps charging when the main power is present. The circuit of the automatic LED light is designed, simulated and built with hardware. The simulation results and design details are provided. Complete circuit diagram, which is tested successfully, is given.
The main intention of this project is to control the speed of a DC motor in alternative directions using speed control unit and to operate the motor in four quadrants: ie, clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake.
This system uses an H-bridge motor drive IC for controlling the DC motor from corresponding switches used by the user for pressing. The four switches are connected to the circuit for controlling the movement of the motor. One slide switch interfaced to the circuit is for controlling the alternative direction of the DC motor. A 555 timers is used in the project to develop the required PWM pulses for speed control. The relays are used for changing the polarities of the motor as well as to apply brake to the motor. In the regenerative mode, the current is applied to the circuit in such a way that a revere torque is produced to stop the motor instantaneously .
The four-quadrant control of the DC motor is archived by the varying duty cycles from a 555 timer and their changing polarity with the H-bridge IC by appropriate switch pressing. The alternative speed control feature is achieved by a slide switch operation.
This project in future can be improved by using higher-power electronic devices to operate high- capacity DC motors. Regenerative braking for optimizing the power consumption can also be incorporated.
Making a simple variable power supply.
Power supply applications.
Ac and Dc current defintions.
Half wave and full wave rectifier.
Power supply circuit.
Used tools.
Working steps.
Testing.
The need of running AC Loads on solar energy leads us to the design of Solar Power Inverter.. Since the majority of modern conveniences all run on 220 volts AC, the Power Inverter will be the heart of the Solar Energy System. It not only converts the low voltage 12 volts DC to the 220 volts AC that runs most appliances, but also can charge the batteries if connected to the utility grid as in the case of a totally independent stand-alone solar power system. These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger.
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
A liquid dispenser is usually a mechanical device which is used to pour water through the outlet tap
when we turn it on by pressing the button or rotating the tap. As the title depicts our proposed project
will automate this process so liquid from the tank or bottle automatically gets poured into the glass
through the outlet pipe when you put glass in front of it. This project will be direct and practical
application of semiconductor microelectronics devices. A major part of this project is IR based
Proximity sensor which is used to detect the presence of glass and feed the signal to MCU which then
turns on the water pump. We have a plan not just to do the calculations and simulations but also
develop a working hardware prototype of said product.
Using this software any 50 sec audio message can be decrypted into image file and then original message can again be recovered from image file. This project is coded in Matlab and gui is also built in Matlab.
its a Smartphone controlled vehicle ,work via bluetooth and andriod app amr gesture.It uses arduino and bluetooth module hc-05 for its operation gesture can be sent through smartphone to bluetooth module and arduino which will starts the motors
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
4. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 3
1. Course information:
Electronics-1
Instructors:
Lab:
Mam Saira Latif
Theory :
Mam Nihala Khalid
5. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 4
2. Project title:
A simple mobile battery charger with inverter
6. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 5
3. Abstract:
In this report, the design and implementation processes of a simple battery charger is
documented. The initial design criteria for the project were:
1. To design a circuit which will charge the mobile battery.
2. To introduce a night switch circuit.
3. To implement the inverter schematic.
Research was conducted into similar analogue electronic circuits and a suitable starting point
was identified. Using this starting point, the idea was implemented. The proposed circuit was
modelled using Proteus, showing that the concepts used in the design were sound. The circuit
was then implemented and tested on breadboard. Then the same circuit was implemented on
vero board.
4. Introduction:
In this section we will discuss our idea of project, which thing encourage us to choose that
project.
In our country load shedding is serious problem, the government is taking measures to
complete the need of electricity. As an engineering student we think that why should not, we
will make some alternative to that problem, so that’s the point which encourage us to make a
inverter.
Our circuit will run a night switch circuit as a load just to show the running of inverter. The
main source power supply of 220v is connected to our inverter it will charge the battery and at
the same time the load circuit will also runs on that input source, but as soon as the main
source is cut off the inverter will immediately change over the source and load (night switch)
will continue its running on battery power, and again when main 220v supply is again
connected the inverter will change the source and starts the charging.
5. Parts of project:
7. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 6
Basically our project consists of three different circuits, that will perform its working. The list is
as follow:
12v power supply
Battery charger+inverter
Night switch
The basic construction & working of each is given below;
5.1. Dc Power supply:
In this section the construction and working of a 12v power supply is documented.
A power supply is a device which delivers an exact voltage to another device as per its needs. Power
supplies, often called power adapters, or simply adapters, are available in various voltages, with varying
current capacities.
5.1.1. Compnents required:
1. Copper wires
2. Step Down Transformer
3. 1N4007 Silica Diodes (×4)
4. 470µF Capacitors
5. 10µF Capacitors
6. Voltage regulator (78XX) (XX is the output voltage req).
7. Soldering iron
8. Solder
9. Vero board
10. Adapter jack (to provide the output voltage to a device with a particular socket)
11. 2 Pin plug
12. LED (for indication)
13. Resistor (Value explained later)
5.1.2. Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two circuits through electr
omagnetic induction. A transformer may be used as a safe and efficient voltage converter to change the
AC voltage at its input to a higher or lower voltage at its output without changing the frequency. A
transformer most commonly consists of two windings of wire that are wound around a
8. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 7
common core to provide tight electromagnetic coupling between the windings. The core
material is often a laminated iron core. The coil that receives the electrical input energy is
referred to as the primary winding, the output coil is the secondary winding.
5.1.3. Voltage Regulators:
The 78XX series of voltage regulators is a widely used range of regulators all over the world. The
XX denotes the voltage that the regulator will regulate as output, from the input voltage. For
instance, 7805, will regulate the voltage to 5V. Similarly, 7812 will regulate the voltage to 12V
5.1.4. Diode Bridge
A bridge rectifier consists of an assembly of four ordinary diodes, by means of which we can
convert AC Voltage into DC Voltage. It is found to be the best model for AC to DC conversion,
over Full wave and Half wave rectifiers.
9. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 8
5.1.5. Filter Circuit
We filter, both the input and output of the voltage regulator in order to get the smoothest DC
Voltage as possible, from our adapter, for which we use capacitors. Capacitors are the simplest
current filters available, they let AC current pass through and block DC, so they are used in
parallel to the output. Furthermore, if there is a ripple in the input or output, a capacitor
rectifies it by discharging the charge stored in it.
10. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 9
5.1.6. Circuit diagram:
5.1.7. How it works:
The AC mains are fed to the transformer, which steps down the 230 Volts to the desired
voltage. The bridge rectifier follows the transformer thus converting AC voltage into a DC
output and through a filtering capacitor feeds it directly into the input (Pin 1) of the voltage
regulator. The common pin (Pin 2) of the voltage regulator is grounded. The output (Pin 3) of
the voltage regulator is first filtered by a capacitor, and then the output is taken.
5.1.8. Circuit layout:
11. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 10
5.2. Night switch:
When there is need of light it automatically switches ON. When darkness rises to a certain value
then sensor circuit gets activated and switches ON and when there is other source of light i.e.
day time, light gets OFF.
5.2.1. Component used :
1. 9v Battery with strip
2. Switch
3. L.D.R (Light Depending Resistance)
4. I.C NE555 with Base
5. L.E.D (Light Emitting Diode) 3 to 6 pieces.
6. Variable Resistance of 47 KΩ
7. P.C.B (Printed Circuit Board of 555 or Vero board.
5.2.2. Principle:
This circuit uses a popular timer I.C 555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin-6 connected
with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is at lower then 1/3rd level of
the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So small
change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and 0
to 1. The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate stage.
12. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 11
It is powered by a 6V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin
4, 6 and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded. To detect the present of an
object we have used LDR and a source of light.
Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage
of pin 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED or buzzer which is
connected to the output gets activated.
5.2.3. L.D.R: (Light Depending Resistance):
It is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of light which is falling
on it. It has resistance of about 1mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only
about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum.
13. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 12
5.2.4. L.E.D: (Light Emitting Diode):
A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow one way. It can be thought as a sort
of one way street for electrons. Because of this characteristic, diode are used to transform or
rectify AC voltage into a DC voltage. Diodes have two connections, an anode and a cathode. The
cathode is the end on the schematic with the point of the triangle pointing towards a line. In
other words, the triangle points toward that cathode. The anode is, of course, the opposite
end. Current flows from the anode to the cathode.
5.2.5. Circuit diagram:
14. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 13
5.2.6. Vero board layout:
5.3. Battery charger:
charging of the cellphone battery is a big problem while travelling as power supply source is
not generally accessible. If you keep your cellphone switched on continuously, its battery will go
flat within five to six hours, making the cellphone useless. A fully charged battery becomes
necessary especially when your distance from the nearest relay station increases. Here’s a
simple charger that replenishes the cellphone battery within two to three hours.:
15. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 14
5.3.1. Components needed:
Diodes
Resistors
Wires
Led
6 volt dc source
5.3.2. Circuit diagram:
16. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 15
5.3.3. Working:
The positive DC supply is directly connected to the charger’s output contact, while the
negative terminal is connected through current limiting resistor R2. LED2 works as a power
indicator with resistor R1 serving as the current limiter and LED3 indicates the charging
status. During the charging period, about 3 volts drop occurs across resistor R2, which turns on
LED3 through resistor R3. The diode D1 is used to stop the back flow of current, so that when
we disconnect the input source the power of battery remain save & not flow back.
5.3.4. Drawback:
There is one drawback of our this charger circuit that is it does not cut off the charging process
when battery is full, in other words we say that this circuit is not able to guess the condition
when battery is fully charged ,so we have to make little care that after charging the battery for
3-4 hours we manual have to take it off .
Due to time restriction we don’t go in to more complication otherwise this logic to turn off the
the charging can also be implemented by using a 555 ic.
5.4. Inverter:
Now in this section the main and important action of the circuit is discussed:
The principle of our inverter is same as used in UPS(unbreakable power source) used in our
homes.
The main component used for purpose is relay. We used two relays in our circuit.
5.4.1. Relay:
A relay circuit is typically a smaller switch or device which drives (opens/closes) an electric
switch that is capable of carrying much larger current amounts. Or a circuit which operates the
coil or electronic actuator from one source and uses a separate power source to drive an
isolated device. Generally speaking, a relay circuit is a circuit that uses a small mechanical
switch or a semiconductor device (with associated circuitry) to energize a relay, which will then
close a contact set to complete another circuit.
17. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 16
5.4.2. Working:
We connect the input terminals of load (night switch) circuit to the outputs of relays.The circuit is
designed in such way that when the main input supply for transformer is on the relay is on and it allows
the current to flow through the load (night switch) from the main, and battery power is off.
But when we turn off the main power source the relay becomes off and inverts the connection so now
current also flows in the load(night switch) but in this condition the current flows from the battery, and
our load circuit runs on battery power.
6. Bibliography:
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_does_a_reed_relay_do_in_a_circuit#slide=3
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-circuits/electronic-letter-box
https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=battery+charger&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=
X&ei=9Ft3U57INK7o7Ab20IGYDw&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1366&bih=564
http://www.instructables.com/id/Make-a-simple-12-volt-power-supply/
7. Conclusion:
All of the circuits were implemented on vero board , then all of them are interlinked to each
other through wiring. . Different methods were analysed to determine the best technique for
creating an efficient result until one was chosen and the circuit was designed. The chosen
circuit was verified through simulation using Proteus. This design was then implemented and
modified to suit the needs of the project. Problems were analysed and repaired where
necessary until it was concluded that the circuit had met the design criteria of the project.
18. A SIMPLE MOBILE CHARGER WITH INVERTER 17
We have to work hard will keen devotion to complete this project. Many problems will arise
during the preparation of this project, such conditions also arise during working on project that
we are totally disappointed , but will not lose hope so then by the collaboration of mates and
Blessings of Almighty Allah we got the +ve result.
8. Whole schematic: