Lizards (Varanidae) are a group of bushmeat consumed and sold in most markets in West Africa and is purchased in preference to domestic animals. The present study aims in general to characterize their uses. Therefore, 361 informants were surveyed in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. It appears that the species of monitor lizards met in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast are: Varanus exanthematicus and V. niloticus with a pdominanc of Varanus exanthematicus (P<0.001). The preparation forms of the meat reported are: boiling of the fresh meat, the smoking, the braising and the frying. The distribution of sauces and dishes prepared using monitor lizard (Varanus sp.) meat by country (Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast) using Correspondence Factorial Analysis showed three groups (Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast). The first axis explains 54.1% of the variations while the second axis explains 45.9% of the variations. Benin is characterized by the lizard meat sauces and dishes named kalalou sauce, sesame sauce, palm nut sauce, vegetable sauce, peanut seed sauce and grilled meat. The Ivory Coast is characterized by the okra sauce, Gnanagnan sauce, Kedjenou Sauce, tomato sauce, Gouagouasoup sauce, Biokosoe dish and palm nut sauce. The Burkina Faso is characterized by the smoked lizard meat sauce, a soup, Piapia yangoila sauce, Soumbala sauce, peanut sauce and sorrel sauce. The cash incomes from monitor lizard trade provide an important contribution that complements the diverse livelihood strategies within a household for food security in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast.
This paper aims to update information for a better understanding of the functioning of the sector of
animal and meat production in Benin’s socio-economic context. It highlights (i) structure of livestock population
and production, (ii) competitiveness of meat sector, (iii) identifies constraints and possible prospective solution to
increase meat production in Republic of Benin. The traditional animal production systems remain largely widespread.
However, industrial and modern livestock farming systems for all species are developing. Cattle (57%), chicken (19%),
small ruminants (13%) and pigs (7%) are the main meat producers in the country. Non-conventional species such as
rabbit (3%) and grass cutters (1%) contribute also to the national meat production. Despite religious prohibitions,
pork consumption increased during the last years notably in southern Benin. The households with a higher monthly
income spend more money to purchase meat than poor households. Taste, texture, price, and juiciness are the main
criteria of choice. Also, consumers prefer the meat of local breeds to that of exotic breeds. Thus local species and
breeds have a great role in the development of this sector. Although policies have been implemented to boost the
national meat production, the sector is still undeveloped. That is why, the implementation of new approaches and
practices including improvement of animals’ genetic resources, housing, health care, and feeding should be developed
to intensify production.
Malnutrition—and particularly protein deficiency—remains a challenge for many poor people across West Africa, compromising or stunting the physical and mental development of millions of children. While overall nutrition has improved across the continent, sufficient protein consumption remains a challenge.
A recent issue of the West Africa Trends newsletter, a trend monitoring report from the African Center for Economic Transformation, investigated the potential for locally produced bushmeat—the common term for the meat of wild animals—to provide protein and improved nutrition for many poor households in the region. Often the primary source of animal protein for many communities, bushmeat’s demand has made the supply unsustainable, endangering the ecosystems where wild animal populations live, and potentially driving some species to extinction. To meet the demand, while mitigating the environmental stress, commercial breeding of grass cutters (cane rats), squirrels, certain types of birds, and insects are being explored. With education, regulation, and the support of the public-private sector, development of innovative breeding methods could generate a sustainable supply of bushmeat and provide poor farmers an opportunity to sell in premium urban markets, where it is considered a delicacy.
Cavine Onyango Oguta. “The Mass Culture of the Freshwater Rotifers Brachionus Rubens Ehrenberg 1838 Using Different Algal Species Diets” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.4 (2019): 10-24.
Leguminous vegetables production and marketing in Southern Benin|Ijaar vol-15...Innspub Net
As a preliminary study that sets ground for the introduction of new leguminous vegetables, this survey assessed the state of production and market characteristics of leguminous vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of southern Benin. Covering three administrative departments where most vegetable growers and traders are based in Benin, the study used the semi-structured interview approach with 105 respondents including vegetable growers and traders to gather information on diversity, pest and disease management practices, constraints, distribution channel of leguminous vegetable cultivated and willingness to adopt new leguminous vegetable species and varieties. The results showed clear task division between males and females. While a narrow diversity of leguminous vegetable species was grown in Benin, their production is highly market driven. Tunnel type greenhouse and open field farming were practiced in mono-cropping or crop rotation system with the use of poultry manure, animal dungs and mineral fertilizers as mean of fertilisation. The collectors and wholesalers were the most important stakeholders of the distribution channel, followed by the hotels and restaurants. Major constraints include pest and disease infestations, low yield achieved and lack of improved varieties. All respondents were willing to adopt new leguminous vegetable including vegetable soybean “edamame”, peas, pigeon peas, mung bean, faba-beans, common bean. This study provides insights to the current situation and prospects of the legume vegetables sector in Benin, and can be used as decision tool for the introduction of new leguminous vegetable species to promote the sector and make substantial contribution to nutritional security in Benin.
This paper aims to update information for a better understanding of the functioning of the sector of
animal and meat production in Benin’s socio-economic context. It highlights (i) structure of livestock population
and production, (ii) competitiveness of meat sector, (iii) identifies constraints and possible prospective solution to
increase meat production in Republic of Benin. The traditional animal production systems remain largely widespread.
However, industrial and modern livestock farming systems for all species are developing. Cattle (57%), chicken (19%),
small ruminants (13%) and pigs (7%) are the main meat producers in the country. Non-conventional species such as
rabbit (3%) and grass cutters (1%) contribute also to the national meat production. Despite religious prohibitions,
pork consumption increased during the last years notably in southern Benin. The households with a higher monthly
income spend more money to purchase meat than poor households. Taste, texture, price, and juiciness are the main
criteria of choice. Also, consumers prefer the meat of local breeds to that of exotic breeds. Thus local species and
breeds have a great role in the development of this sector. Although policies have been implemented to boost the
national meat production, the sector is still undeveloped. That is why, the implementation of new approaches and
practices including improvement of animals’ genetic resources, housing, health care, and feeding should be developed
to intensify production.
Malnutrition—and particularly protein deficiency—remains a challenge for many poor people across West Africa, compromising or stunting the physical and mental development of millions of children. While overall nutrition has improved across the continent, sufficient protein consumption remains a challenge.
A recent issue of the West Africa Trends newsletter, a trend monitoring report from the African Center for Economic Transformation, investigated the potential for locally produced bushmeat—the common term for the meat of wild animals—to provide protein and improved nutrition for many poor households in the region. Often the primary source of animal protein for many communities, bushmeat’s demand has made the supply unsustainable, endangering the ecosystems where wild animal populations live, and potentially driving some species to extinction. To meet the demand, while mitigating the environmental stress, commercial breeding of grass cutters (cane rats), squirrels, certain types of birds, and insects are being explored. With education, regulation, and the support of the public-private sector, development of innovative breeding methods could generate a sustainable supply of bushmeat and provide poor farmers an opportunity to sell in premium urban markets, where it is considered a delicacy.
Cavine Onyango Oguta. “The Mass Culture of the Freshwater Rotifers Brachionus Rubens Ehrenberg 1838 Using Different Algal Species Diets” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.4 (2019): 10-24.
Leguminous vegetables production and marketing in Southern Benin|Ijaar vol-15...Innspub Net
As a preliminary study that sets ground for the introduction of new leguminous vegetables, this survey assessed the state of production and market characteristics of leguminous vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of southern Benin. Covering three administrative departments where most vegetable growers and traders are based in Benin, the study used the semi-structured interview approach with 105 respondents including vegetable growers and traders to gather information on diversity, pest and disease management practices, constraints, distribution channel of leguminous vegetable cultivated and willingness to adopt new leguminous vegetable species and varieties. The results showed clear task division between males and females. While a narrow diversity of leguminous vegetable species was grown in Benin, their production is highly market driven. Tunnel type greenhouse and open field farming were practiced in mono-cropping or crop rotation system with the use of poultry manure, animal dungs and mineral fertilizers as mean of fertilisation. The collectors and wholesalers were the most important stakeholders of the distribution channel, followed by the hotels and restaurants. Major constraints include pest and disease infestations, low yield achieved and lack of improved varieties. All respondents were willing to adopt new leguminous vegetable including vegetable soybean “edamame”, peas, pigeon peas, mung bean, faba-beans, common bean. This study provides insights to the current situation and prospects of the legume vegetables sector in Benin, and can be used as decision tool for the introduction of new leguminous vegetable species to promote the sector and make substantial contribution to nutritional security in Benin.
Socio-Economic Characterization of Local Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Populations in three Agro-Ecological Zones of Burkina Faso
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.2.6
Evolution and health status of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic res...Open Access Research Paper
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a foodstuff that plays a very important role for the world population. In Côte d’Ivoire, its production is estimated at 6.5 million tons after yam. With a view to preserving the genetic diversity of the cassava collection of the National Centre for Agronomic Research, several research projects have been carried out on the characterization (morphological, agronomic) and health status (diseases and pests) of the cassava genetic resources conserved in the station. The present study consisted in analysing the composition and evolution of cassava genetic resources and assessing the incidence of diseases and pests in 727 cassava accessions in the collection of the National Centre for Agronomic Research. After analysis, the collection contained a total of 759 accessions of which 32 had disappeared. Of this total, 603 accessions or 83% of the total were from Côte d’Ivoire, 104 or 14% from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and 20 accessions or 3% from various origins. Referring to time and different agronomic research structures, the cassava collection had 106 accessions from 1953 to 1981 for the Office for Scientific and Technical Research Overseas, 101 accessions from 1982 to 1998 for the Savannah Institute and 520 accessions from 1998 to 2019 for the National Centre for Agronomic Research. It was found that the accessions from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were more resistant to virus than the accessions from the Côte d’Ivoire farmers’ environment. For mites, the attack was strong with 60% of the accessions.
Livestock waste management practices in Oyo state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Livestock waste management methods were evaluated in Oyo State where different farms were visited, structured pre-tested and peer-reviewed questionnaires were administered. The results of this study revealed that the use of animal wastes as manure for farmlands or outright dumping in the bushes, garbage sites or open lands were the most common waste disposal methods practiced by commercial poultry and livestock keepers in Oyo State. Out of all the farms sampled, 45% of the farms practiced Open lands waste disposal methods, 10% practiced sun-dried and burned animal wastes disposal methods, 14% practiced flushing wastes into nearby streams and rivers as slurry, 24% used a combination of all the three methods as space or time permits, 2% turn their waste to biogas for cooking or lightening on the farm and 5% use part of the waste as feed source for ruminants or fishes on the farm. The results showed that larger percentage of the farms does not have an environmental friendly animal waste management system and the implication is widespread air, water and land pollution.
Linkage between Small-Scale Aquaculture and Rural Households’ Socio-Economic ...Premier Publishers
The contribution of aquaculture, an emerging sector of agriculture in Cameroon aiming at poverty alleviation and food security has hardly been evaluated. Therefore, to measure the effect of aquaculture (small scale fish pond farming); a survey was conducted on 150 fish farmers between December 2016 to February 2017 in rural towns of three provinces (Littoral, Central and Western) in Cameroon. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used at community and household levels to explore potential of small scale fresh water fish farming on households’ food and nutrition security, poverty alleviation and economic development. The results showed that aquaculture contributes to reduction of unemployment and fish rearing has substantially positive impact on food security in rural households of the three provinces. Association between socio-economic characteristics and participation in fish farming was varied, there was statistically significant relationship between gender, age, employment status, education level, marital status and withdrawal from fish farming. Numerous challenges exist that has impact on small-scale fish farming in the regions surveyed. Since most rural poor households rely on small-scale fish farming for income, more concerted and coherent efforts from government agencies, individual farmers and relevant institutions are vital to increase food security and lower rural poverty.
Characteristics of village chicken production in farming system in Côte d’Ivo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A study on the local chicken production parameters has been undertaken in the area of Korhogo. The work was conducted by a survey focused on 110 small farms from 20 villages (Koulélékaha, Natyo- Kobadara, Bafimé, Paroginékaha, Latakaha, Lénékaha, Lérikaha, Dyègbè, Pokaha, Torgokaha, Dokaha, Karakoro, Tyoronyaradougou, Nanbadyélékaha, Konborodougou, Dobyankaha, Lonakaha, Nalougovogo, Nalolokahaand Nanvikaha)in the department of Korhogo. The herd of the poultry farms varied from 10 to 105 chickens. The work shown that traditional poultry farming is practiced in majority by women and young with respective distributions of 60 % and 62.27 %. In 82 % of cases, breeding products are both for home consumption and marketing. Only 20 % of that product are solely for sale and marketing. The breeding system of that farm is extensive with a dietary and sanitary behavior which does not comply with the art standard. The housing of these animals are precarious henhouses which do not fit norms and good hygiene practice to guarantee the well-being of those birds. Three (3) types of chickens were defined on the basis of the tradition of the Sénoufo(people of the north of the Côte d’Ivoire) considerations. The age for chickens to start laying varied from 6 to 8 months for39 ± 4 eggs in 3 ± 1.10 laying per year. The eggs per laying were 9.75 ± 4 eggs for an average weight of 35 ± 3.48 g. The average incubation duration was 21 ± 2 days with a hatching rate varying between 50 % and 90 %. The adulthood traditional chickens' weight in that farm varied from 1 to 1.5 kg.
Farmers’ Attitude towards Risk on Indigenous Chicken in Nyanza RegionPremier Publishers
Kenya has an estimate of 25.9 million indigenous chicken that support livelihood of over 21 million people in rural areas. Indigenous chicken production in Kenya is mainly under extensive and semi intensive systems which are characterized by high mortality rates resulting from disease outbreak, predation, poor feed quality and inbreeding. An understanding of the farmers’ attitude towards production risks is important for effective management of the risks. However, there is limited information on farmers’ behaviour towards risk on indigenous chicken.Therefore this study aimed at assessing the attitude of the farmers towards risk on indigenous chicken. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire. Multi stage sampling procedure was used to sample 240 indigenous chicken farmers from a target population of 598 indigenous chicken farmers in Nyanza region. Safety-first principle was used to estimate the farmers’ attitudes towards risk on indigenous chicken. Results revealed that cost of feeds was the most significant input in the indigenous chicken production. The study also found that all the indigenous chicken farmers exhibited intermediate risk aversion. Packages of technological and institutional practices should be tailored towards the risk attitude of the farmers for successful implementation of such development programmes. Appropriate agricultural policies should be developed to reduce risk such as agricultural insurance.
ABSTRACT: Philippines is known for its vast biodiversity as a mega diverse country. On a per-unit-area
basis, it boasts the most diversified life forms. Its biodiversity, which includes a diverse range of flora and
wildlife, provides supplies for human survival, fosters economic development, and provides environmental
services. However, the country's biodiversity may be threatened by inappropriate usage and management. The
country has been designated as a biodiversity hotspot and a high conservation priority worldwide. Policies to
protect and conserve biodiversity in the country have been implemented, including legislation on access and
benefit sharing.
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
Use of Raffias’ species (Raphia spp.) and its impact on socioeconomic charact...Open Access Research Paper
Raffias’ species are used in handcrafts, constructions, food processing etc. But in Benin, any quantitative ethnobotanical study was not evaluated for their use and socioeconomic impact of uses on average income. This study investigated the importance of use of raffias’ species and the impact of socioeconomic characteristics of informants on the household income. Ethnobotany quantitative approach was used and data on use, products prices and the quantity sold were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered during an interview. The result showed that raffias’ species in Benin are used principally for craft (CI = 1.41 for R. hookeri and 1.68 for R. sudanica), but R. hookeri was most important for people in Guinean zone than those in soudanian and soudano-guinean zones. The frequently uses were the beds, mats, baskets and roofs. The most part of the plant used is the rachis for both species and the less used is the nut. Education level, gender and main activities were socioeconomic variable which influenced the annual income from exploitation of raffias species. The uneducated, men and farmers took more income from raffias’ species than others. Also, the development level of areas where the species are found, influence the income from their exploitations. To evaluate better the contribution of raffias’ species to regional and national gross product, it will be necessary to study the value chain of the main products, but also take into account the informant categories defined in this study regarding operators.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
.
Presentation by Dr Mitulo Silengo from Mulungushi University, Zambia, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
This study focused on Profitability and constraints of pig production in southern Kebbi State. A purposive and Snowball sampling techniques were employed in the selection of 252 pig farms. The data obtained from the farmers were analyzed using descriptive statistics and net farm income. The rate of return on investment was 1.70. This implies that every ₦1 invested in the pig business yielded ₦1.70K as profit. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.70, which means pig production, is a profitable business. The gross ratio of 0.36 implies that 36K is spent for every one naira gained in the business. The cost of feeds had 48.0%, water had 32.7%, labor 14.3%, cost of stocking piglets 4.7% and medication had 0.3%, housing cost 77.4% and feeders had 22.6%. Majority of the farmers (40.0%) reported cost of commercial feeds and feed ingredients as their major problem in pig production, followed by Insufficient startup funds (16.6%), effect of religion (9.5%), Low demand for Pigs and their products (7.5%), High cost of piglets (6.7%), Mortality (5.9%), Disease incidence (4.7%), Destructive behavior of pigs (4.3%), Theft and predators (3.2%) respectively. Despite the constraints and the high costs involvement, pig production is a profitable venture in the study area, as indicated by the profitability ratio technique employed in the analysis. Government should establish more research institutes for various disease control, breeding centers, effective extension services, market linkages for pig products to encourage more involvement in pig production. The result of the research recommends that farmers, whose profit level is very low, are expected to seek advice from the prospective ones on how to improve and attain greater level of efficiency in their production.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
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Socio-Economic Characterization of Local Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Populations in three Agro-Ecological Zones of Burkina Faso
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.2.6
Evolution and health status of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic res...Open Access Research Paper
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a foodstuff that plays a very important role for the world population. In Côte d’Ivoire, its production is estimated at 6.5 million tons after yam. With a view to preserving the genetic diversity of the cassava collection of the National Centre for Agronomic Research, several research projects have been carried out on the characterization (morphological, agronomic) and health status (diseases and pests) of the cassava genetic resources conserved in the station. The present study consisted in analysing the composition and evolution of cassava genetic resources and assessing the incidence of diseases and pests in 727 cassava accessions in the collection of the National Centre for Agronomic Research. After analysis, the collection contained a total of 759 accessions of which 32 had disappeared. Of this total, 603 accessions or 83% of the total were from Côte d’Ivoire, 104 or 14% from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and 20 accessions or 3% from various origins. Referring to time and different agronomic research structures, the cassava collection had 106 accessions from 1953 to 1981 for the Office for Scientific and Technical Research Overseas, 101 accessions from 1982 to 1998 for the Savannah Institute and 520 accessions from 1998 to 2019 for the National Centre for Agronomic Research. It was found that the accessions from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were more resistant to virus than the accessions from the Côte d’Ivoire farmers’ environment. For mites, the attack was strong with 60% of the accessions.
Livestock waste management practices in Oyo state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Livestock waste management methods were evaluated in Oyo State where different farms were visited, structured pre-tested and peer-reviewed questionnaires were administered. The results of this study revealed that the use of animal wastes as manure for farmlands or outright dumping in the bushes, garbage sites or open lands were the most common waste disposal methods practiced by commercial poultry and livestock keepers in Oyo State. Out of all the farms sampled, 45% of the farms practiced Open lands waste disposal methods, 10% practiced sun-dried and burned animal wastes disposal methods, 14% practiced flushing wastes into nearby streams and rivers as slurry, 24% used a combination of all the three methods as space or time permits, 2% turn their waste to biogas for cooking or lightening on the farm and 5% use part of the waste as feed source for ruminants or fishes on the farm. The results showed that larger percentage of the farms does not have an environmental friendly animal waste management system and the implication is widespread air, water and land pollution.
Linkage between Small-Scale Aquaculture and Rural Households’ Socio-Economic ...Premier Publishers
The contribution of aquaculture, an emerging sector of agriculture in Cameroon aiming at poverty alleviation and food security has hardly been evaluated. Therefore, to measure the effect of aquaculture (small scale fish pond farming); a survey was conducted on 150 fish farmers between December 2016 to February 2017 in rural towns of three provinces (Littoral, Central and Western) in Cameroon. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used at community and household levels to explore potential of small scale fresh water fish farming on households’ food and nutrition security, poverty alleviation and economic development. The results showed that aquaculture contributes to reduction of unemployment and fish rearing has substantially positive impact on food security in rural households of the three provinces. Association between socio-economic characteristics and participation in fish farming was varied, there was statistically significant relationship between gender, age, employment status, education level, marital status and withdrawal from fish farming. Numerous challenges exist that has impact on small-scale fish farming in the regions surveyed. Since most rural poor households rely on small-scale fish farming for income, more concerted and coherent efforts from government agencies, individual farmers and relevant institutions are vital to increase food security and lower rural poverty.
Characteristics of village chicken production in farming system in Côte d’Ivo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A study on the local chicken production parameters has been undertaken in the area of Korhogo. The work was conducted by a survey focused on 110 small farms from 20 villages (Koulélékaha, Natyo- Kobadara, Bafimé, Paroginékaha, Latakaha, Lénékaha, Lérikaha, Dyègbè, Pokaha, Torgokaha, Dokaha, Karakoro, Tyoronyaradougou, Nanbadyélékaha, Konborodougou, Dobyankaha, Lonakaha, Nalougovogo, Nalolokahaand Nanvikaha)in the department of Korhogo. The herd of the poultry farms varied from 10 to 105 chickens. The work shown that traditional poultry farming is practiced in majority by women and young with respective distributions of 60 % and 62.27 %. In 82 % of cases, breeding products are both for home consumption and marketing. Only 20 % of that product are solely for sale and marketing. The breeding system of that farm is extensive with a dietary and sanitary behavior which does not comply with the art standard. The housing of these animals are precarious henhouses which do not fit norms and good hygiene practice to guarantee the well-being of those birds. Three (3) types of chickens were defined on the basis of the tradition of the Sénoufo(people of the north of the Côte d’Ivoire) considerations. The age for chickens to start laying varied from 6 to 8 months for39 ± 4 eggs in 3 ± 1.10 laying per year. The eggs per laying were 9.75 ± 4 eggs for an average weight of 35 ± 3.48 g. The average incubation duration was 21 ± 2 days with a hatching rate varying between 50 % and 90 %. The adulthood traditional chickens' weight in that farm varied from 1 to 1.5 kg.
Farmers’ Attitude towards Risk on Indigenous Chicken in Nyanza RegionPremier Publishers
Kenya has an estimate of 25.9 million indigenous chicken that support livelihood of over 21 million people in rural areas. Indigenous chicken production in Kenya is mainly under extensive and semi intensive systems which are characterized by high mortality rates resulting from disease outbreak, predation, poor feed quality and inbreeding. An understanding of the farmers’ attitude towards production risks is important for effective management of the risks. However, there is limited information on farmers’ behaviour towards risk on indigenous chicken.Therefore this study aimed at assessing the attitude of the farmers towards risk on indigenous chicken. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire. Multi stage sampling procedure was used to sample 240 indigenous chicken farmers from a target population of 598 indigenous chicken farmers in Nyanza region. Safety-first principle was used to estimate the farmers’ attitudes towards risk on indigenous chicken. Results revealed that cost of feeds was the most significant input in the indigenous chicken production. The study also found that all the indigenous chicken farmers exhibited intermediate risk aversion. Packages of technological and institutional practices should be tailored towards the risk attitude of the farmers for successful implementation of such development programmes. Appropriate agricultural policies should be developed to reduce risk such as agricultural insurance.
ABSTRACT: Philippines is known for its vast biodiversity as a mega diverse country. On a per-unit-area
basis, it boasts the most diversified life forms. Its biodiversity, which includes a diverse range of flora and
wildlife, provides supplies for human survival, fosters economic development, and provides environmental
services. However, the country's biodiversity may be threatened by inappropriate usage and management. The
country has been designated as a biodiversity hotspot and a high conservation priority worldwide. Policies to
protect and conserve biodiversity in the country have been implemented, including legislation on access and
benefit sharing.
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
Use of Raffias’ species (Raphia spp.) and its impact on socioeconomic charact...Open Access Research Paper
Raffias’ species are used in handcrafts, constructions, food processing etc. But in Benin, any quantitative ethnobotanical study was not evaluated for their use and socioeconomic impact of uses on average income. This study investigated the importance of use of raffias’ species and the impact of socioeconomic characteristics of informants on the household income. Ethnobotany quantitative approach was used and data on use, products prices and the quantity sold were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered during an interview. The result showed that raffias’ species in Benin are used principally for craft (CI = 1.41 for R. hookeri and 1.68 for R. sudanica), but R. hookeri was most important for people in Guinean zone than those in soudanian and soudano-guinean zones. The frequently uses were the beds, mats, baskets and roofs. The most part of the plant used is the rachis for both species and the less used is the nut. Education level, gender and main activities were socioeconomic variable which influenced the annual income from exploitation of raffias species. The uneducated, men and farmers took more income from raffias’ species than others. Also, the development level of areas where the species are found, influence the income from their exploitations. To evaluate better the contribution of raffias’ species to regional and national gross product, it will be necessary to study the value chain of the main products, but also take into account the informant categories defined in this study regarding operators.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
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Presentation by Dr Mitulo Silengo from Mulungushi University, Zambia, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
This study focused on Profitability and constraints of pig production in southern Kebbi State. A purposive and Snowball sampling techniques were employed in the selection of 252 pig farms. The data obtained from the farmers were analyzed using descriptive statistics and net farm income. The rate of return on investment was 1.70. This implies that every ₦1 invested in the pig business yielded ₦1.70K as profit. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.70, which means pig production, is a profitable business. The gross ratio of 0.36 implies that 36K is spent for every one naira gained in the business. The cost of feeds had 48.0%, water had 32.7%, labor 14.3%, cost of stocking piglets 4.7% and medication had 0.3%, housing cost 77.4% and feeders had 22.6%. Majority of the farmers (40.0%) reported cost of commercial feeds and feed ingredients as their major problem in pig production, followed by Insufficient startup funds (16.6%), effect of religion (9.5%), Low demand for Pigs and their products (7.5%), High cost of piglets (6.7%), Mortality (5.9%), Disease incidence (4.7%), Destructive behavior of pigs (4.3%), Theft and predators (3.2%) respectively. Despite the constraints and the high costs involvement, pig production is a profitable venture in the study area, as indicated by the profitability ratio technique employed in the analysis. Government should establish more research institutes for various disease control, breeding centers, effective extension services, market linkages for pig products to encourage more involvement in pig production. The result of the research recommends that farmers, whose profit level is very low, are expected to seek advice from the prospective ones on how to improve and attain greater level of efficiency in their production.
Similar to Characterization of monitor lizard meat uses for food security and nutrition in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast | IJAAR 2021 (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
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Hollywood Ventures
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Characterization of monitor lizard meat uses for food security and nutrition in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast | IJAAR 2021
1. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 33
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Characterization of monitor lizard meat uses for food security
and nutrition in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast
UP Tougan*1,3
, M Ouedraogo2
, RRA Assa4
, G Mabossy-Mobouna5
, F Malaisse3
,
EL Bomisso4
, M Cherif5
, GA Mensah6
, AI Domingo1
, F Hongbete3
, A Théwis3
1
Department of Nutrition and Agro-Food Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou,
Republic of Benin
2
International Centre of Research, Development on Livestock Production in Sub-humid area
(CIRDES), Research Unit of Livestock Production and Environment, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
3
Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés, Gembloux, Belgium
4
Laboratory of the Unit of Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët Boigny of Cocody, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
5
Laboratory of Food and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University,
Brazzaville, Congo Republic
6
Agricultural Research Center of Agonkanmey, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin,
Cotonou, Republic of Benin
Article published on March 30, 2021
Key words: Food security, Bushmeat, West Africa, Taboos, Use, Varanidae
Abstract
Lizards (Varanidae) are a group of bushmeat consumed and sold in most markets in West Africa and is purchased
in preference to domestic animals. The present study aims in general to characterize their uses. Therefore, 361
informants were surveyed in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. It appears that the species of monitor lizards
met in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast are: Varanus exanthematicus and V. niloticus with a pdominanc of
Varanus exanthematicus (P<0.001). The preparation forms of the meat reported are: boiling of the fresh meat,
the smoking, the braising and the frying. The distribution of sauces and dishes prepared using monitor lizard
(Varanus sp.) meat by country (Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast) using Correspondence Factorial Analysis
showed three groups (Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast). The first axis explains 54.1% of the variations while
the second axis explains 45.9% of the variations. Benin is characterized by the lizard meat sauces and dishes
named kalalou sauce, sesame sauce, palm nut sauce, vegetable sauce, peanut seed sauce and grilled meat. The
Ivory Coast is characterized by the okra sauce, Gnanagnan sauce, Kedjenou Sauce, tomato sauce, Gouagouasoup
sauce, Biokosoe dish and palm nut sauce. The Burkina Faso is characterized by the smoked lizard meat sauce, a
soup, Piapia yangoila sauce, Soumbala sauce, peanut sauce and sorrel sauce. The cash incomes from monitor
lizard trade provide an important contribution that complements the diverse livelihood strategies within a
household for food security in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast.
* Corresponding Author: Tougan UP ulcaless71@yahoo.fr
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 33-45, 2021
2. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 34
Introduction
Food security is ensured when all people, in real time,
have economic, social and physical access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their
nutritional needs and dietary preferences to enable
them to lead active and healthy lives (FAO, 2006;
Tougan and Théwis, 2020). In the developing
countries, where an ever-increasing populations are
chronically undernourished (FAO, 2011; Tougan et
al., 2020), the local production of domestic animal
species for meat, milk and eggs have continued to fail
in meeting existing demands (Hoffman et al., 2016).
In West African Countries, the low disposable
incomes of the populations, the weak capacity of most
governments to fulfill their protein needs by food
imports and the worldwide economic crisis increase
famine and malnutrition rate. Therefore, the need to
intensify protein production has lead Sub-Saharan
African countries to improve the productivity of
domestic animal species and unconventional animal
species, through nutrition and genetic improvement
programs, improved management methods and
husbandry (Hoffman, 2008; Tougan et al., 2014;
Hoffman, 2016; Tougan et al., 2019). Other valuable
non-wood forest products (NWFPs) such as fish,
insects, caterpillars, larvae, snails (Bikoue et al.,
2007), and the wild species Lepus crawshayi,
Thryonomys swinderianus, Varanus sp., Hystrix sp.,
Heliosciurus gambianus, Xerus erythropus,
Cricetomys gambianus, Cricetomys emini, Atelerix
albiventris, Manis gigantea, Arvicanthis niloticus,
Taterillus gracilis, Tatera kempi, Otomys irroratus,
Mastomys natalensis, Lemniscomys striatus,
Neotragus pygmaeus, Potamochoerus porcus,
Taterillus gracilis, Tatera kempi, Otomys irroratus,
Mastomys natalensis, Lemniscomys striatus,
Neotragus pygmaeus were considered in the further
strategies of food security (Kurttila et al., 2018).
Nevertheless, the increasing pace of meat demand,
hunting culture and the expensive cost of meat and
meat products obliged the sub-Saharan Africa
populations to harvest local wildlife species for
subsistence generally called bushmeat (Milner-
Gulland and Bennett, 2003). Bushmeat is an
important source of animal protein and income for
the people of these countries, and an essential
component of food security and livelihoods in rural
areas where people haven’t other alternatives (Bakarr
et al. 2002; Mainka and Trivedi 2002; Nasi et al.,
2008). Virtually all wild animal species are edible in
Africa but some that are taboo for one group of
consumers are delicious for others. The species
consumed range from antelopes to monkeys, rodents,
monitor lizards and other reptiles and a range of
invertebrates including snails (Stiévenaert, 1993),
caterpillars (Malaisse and Latham, 2014), termites
(Malaisse 2019) and bark beetles. According to Björn
Schulte-Herbrüggen et al. (2013), the bushmeat,
harvest value averaged less than US $1.0 per day for
89% of households and comprised less than 7% of
household production value in West African cash-
crop farmers living in a faunally-depleted landscape.
In Benin for example, Bushmeat is sold in most
markets and is purchased in preference to domestic
animals. The grasscutter, Thryonomys swinderianus
(Temminck, 1827), is the preferred species of most
clients (Baptist and Mensah, 1986), followed by the
monitor lizards [Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc,
1792), V. niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766), V. prasinus
(Schlegel, 1839)]. In this country, Bushmeat
production was estimated at 20 000 tonnes, or 40
million CFA francs since 1989.
Monitor lizards are a diverse group of reptiles, all well
equipped with an effective set of teeth, long strong
claws and a long muscular tail. Worldwide there are 78
species of varanids, including 25 subspecies,
distributed throughout Africa, South East Asia,
Australia, Papua New Guinea and West Papua, and
across numerous islands of the Indo‐Pacific region
(Pianka et al., 2004; Welton et al., 2010; Vidal et al.,
2012; Weijola et al., 2016). Most species are terrestrial,
although semiaquatic and arboreal species also occur.
During the year 2009, 293 reptile species were added
to the IUCN Red List including the lizards (Varanus
sp.). Whole specimens and monitor lizard organs are
used for feeding and medicinal recipes (Adeola, 1992;
Bayless and Luisselli, 2001; De Buffrénil 2004; Kpéra
et al., 2008; Sinsin et al., 2008).
3. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 35
The present study aims in general the
characterization of monitor lizards (Varanus sp.) uses
in West Africa and the associated constraints and
religious beliefs in order to promote their
preservation and their production in captivity for food
security improvement. Specifically, it is to:
▪ Identify the different species of monitor lizards
(Varanus sp.) met and consumed in Benin, Burkina
Faso and Ivory Coast;
▪ List the different forms of use and preparation of
the monitor lizard meat in Benin, Burkina Faso and
Ivory Coast;
▪ Identify the sources of supply of the monitor lizards
and the means of capture used in Benin, Burkina Faso
and Ivory Coast;
▪ Determine the taboos and religious beliefs
associated with the exploitation of monitor lizard in
the three countries;
▪ Show the distribution of sauces and dishes
prepared using monitor lizards (Varanus sp.) meat by
country (Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast) using
Correspondence Factorial Analysis.
Materials and methods
Study area
The current survey was carried out in Benin, Burkina
Faso and Ivory Coast all located in West Africa. With
an area of 112.622 km² (CountryStat, 2012), the
Republic of Benin is limited by the Niger River in the
north, in the northwest by Burkina Faso, in the west
by Togo, in the east by Nigeria and in the south by the
Atlantic Ocean. This country lies between the Equator
and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from
6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to
3°40′ E (Kormos and Boesch, 2003).
In Benin, the respondents to the current survey came
from Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Avrankou, Pobe, Ketou,
Cove, Sehoue, Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Come,
Lokossa, Grand-Popo, Agoue, Sahoue, Bohicon,
Abomey, Dassa, Glazoue, Thio, Ouedeme, Assante,
Bante, Ouesse, Kokoro, Kilibo, Bethel, Savalou, save,
Parakou, Bembereke, Perere, Nikki, Kalale, Segbana,
Kandi, Natitingou, Malanville, Tanguieta, Porga,
Kouande, Kerou, Pehunco, Copargo, Perma, Djougou,
Wake and Bassila.
Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) is a landlocked
Sahel country that shares borders with six nations. It
lies between the Sahara desert and the Gulf of Guinea,
south of the loop of the Niger River, mostly between
latitudes 9° and 15°N (a small area is north of 15°),
and longitudes 6°W and 3°E. Burkina Faso has a total
area of 274,200 km2, of which 273,800 Km2 Island
and 400 km2 water.
In this country, the respondents to the current survey
came from the following towns: Ba, Babora, Bagassi,
Bandougou, Banfora, Banfora, Banfora, Banfora,
Banfora, Beregadougou, Bitou, Bobo, Bogande,
Boromo, Boussera, Dano, Dedougou, Didyr, Dolo,
Ekoulkola, Fada, Gaoua, Garango, Goussina, Kampti,
Kampti, Kampti, Koin, Langouerou, Lwanga, Manoa,
Mounkuy, Orodara, Orodara, Orodara, Orodara,
Ouagadougou, Ouarkoye, Pocker, Reo, Safane,
Sarkadiaga, Sibi, Sideradougou, Sifarasso, Sokoulani,
Souho, Tangare, Tenado, Tenkodogo, Tio, Toma,
Toma, Tui, Zabre and Zouma.
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a sub-Saharan nation in
southern West Africa located at 8°00’N, 5°00’W. The
country is approximately square in shape. The
southeastern region of Ivory Coast is marked by
coastal inland lagoons that start from the Ghanaian
border and stretch 300 km (186 mi) along the eastern
half of the coast. The southern region, especially the
southwest, is covered with dense tropical moist forest.
The Eastern Guinean forests extend from the
Sassandra River across the south-central and
southeast portion of Ivory Coast and east into Ghana,
while the Western Guinean lowland forests extend
west from the Sassandra River into Liberia and
southeastern Guinea. The mountains of “Dix-Huit
Montagnes” region, in the west of the country near
the border with Guinea and Liberia, are home to the
Guinean montane forests. In Ivory Coast, the
respondents to the current survey came from Abidjan,
Gagnoa, Bingerville, Aboisso, Sassandra, San-pedro,
Grand bassam, Yamoussoukro, Jacqueville, Gagnoa,
Abengourou, Dabou, Bouafle, Grand bassam,
Dimbokro, Agboville, Korhogo, Bouake and Daloa.
4. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 36
Methodology
Data were collected from November 2017 to
December 2019 on 361 respondents in Benin, Burkina
Faso and Ivory Coast through the use of well-
structured questionnaire to elicit information on
informant identity and activities, background on
varanids, consumption and use forms of monitor
lizards, source of varanid supplies, capture mode and
materials, cooking modes of monitor lizard meat and
associated menus or dishes. Sale price and price
definition criterion, taboos and religious beliefs
associated with the exploitation of monitor lizards.
The respondents were hunters, eatery owners,
bushmeat traders and bushmeat consumers.
During the survey, the methodology used is that of
retrospective survey by direct interview with the
informants. The surveyed populations remember
themselves the various characteristics of exploitation of
monitor lizards (Varanus sp.) in their country or agro-
ecological area. Thus, we proceeded to a purposive
sampling where any person that consumes produces or
sells bushmeat was investigated. After interview, the
answers obtained from the survey guide were analyzed.
During the counting, the data collected were reviewed,
and then coded and stored in a database designed on
Excel. All information relating to the questionnaire was
encoded by letters or numbers.
Statistical analysis
After examination of the survey files and encoding,
data were analyzed using SAS software (2006). The
Proccorre sp proceeding of SAS was used for
Correspondence factor analysis (CFA). The variables
taken into account were: the profile of the informant,
monitor lizard species, consumption and use forms,
source of monitor lizard supplies, capture mode and
materials, lizard price, prohibition and religious
beliefs associated to the uses of monitor lizards. A
hierarchical cluster analysis based on the
characteristics of the lizard exploitation on the most
significant components of CFA was then performed.
The groups of consumers and producers of bushmeat
in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast were then
identified and each group corresponds to one type of
exploitation of lizards (Varanus sp.).
For quantitative variables (Prices of young, medium
and old monitor lizards), a single factor variance
analysis was used and the country was the only source
of variation. The Proc GLM procedure was used for
analysis of variance and the F test was used to
determine the significance of the effect of the country
on the variables. The means were calculated and
compared by the t test. The frequencies were calculated
by Proc freq procedure of SAS (2006) and compared
by the Chi-square test and the bilateral Z test.
Results and discussion
Results
Profile and activities of informants
The profile and activities of surveyed informants of
Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast are given in
table 1. It appears that proportion of the informant of
male sex in the 3 surveyed counties varies between 67
and 72%. The female informants represent about 28-
32% of the studied population in Benin, Burkina Faso
and Ivory Coast.
Their education level varies significantly according to
the country (P<0.001). 68% of the informants In
Benin are from the University level to 30% and 34%
respectively for Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast
(P<0.01). Informants of the secondary education level
were predominant in Burkina-Faso, followed by Ivory
Coast, while the primary education level is most met
in Benin (P<0.01).
The main activities of the surveyed population of
Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast are various and
consist of civil office, teaching, trading, craft,
agriculture, household, study and research. The main
activities the most met in Benin and Ivory Coast are
Civil office, trading and study, while in Burkina Faso,
the main activities the most reported are Civil office
and study (P<0.001).
The secondary activities the most practiced by the
informants met in Benin and Ivory Coast are
agriculture, teaching, and scientific research, whereas
the majority (75%) of the informants of Burkina
doesn’t have any secondary activity (P<0.001).
5. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 37
Call of lizard and associated Proverb in the main local
languages of Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast
The different calls of monitor lizards in the main local
languages of Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast are
given in table 2.
Monitor lizard (Varanus sp.) species, consumption
and use forms
The variation of monitor lizard (Varanus sp.) species,
consumption and use forms among countries is given
in table 3. All of the surveyed informants in Benin,
Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast know the monitor lizard
(Varanus sp.) and recognize their exploitation as food,
medicinal and artisanal raw materials. The species of
monitor lizards described by the surveyed populations
are: Varanus exanthematicus (Fig. 1) and V. niloticus
(fig. 2). The both monitor lizard species reported by the
informants are respectively terrestrial, and
semiaquatic. In Benin and Ivory Coast, all of them (the
2 species) were met by all respondents (100%) to
82.9% of surveyed population (P<0.001) in Burkina
Fasso. The proportions of monitor lizard meat
consumers vary significantly among country and were
of 100%, 70% and 100% respectively for Benin,
Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast (P<0.001).
The preparation forms of the meat reported in the
current study for the three countries are: boiling of
the fresh meat, the smoking, the braising and the
frying. In Benin, all the informants use the boiled,
smoked, braised and fried meat while in Ivory Coast,
only the smoked and the boiled, smoked and fried
meat is consumed with the predominance of smoked
and boiled forms (30 – 31%; P<0.001). In Burkina
Faso, all the 4 preparation forms were found with the
predominance of smoked meat (P<0.001). Monitor
lizard meat is conserved smoked, salted or sun-dried.
Smoking is the most common form of conservation in
the 3 surveyed countries. The sun-dried form is used
for preparation of medicinal purpose.
Source of monitor lizard (Varanus sp.) supplies,
capture mode and materials
The table 4 shows the source of monitor lizard
(Varanus sp.) supplies, capture mode and materials
used in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast.
It comes out from the survey that the main sources of
monitor lizard (Varanus sp.) supplies reported by the
informants vary significantly according to the
country. The main sources reported by the informants
are: local market of smoked bushmeat, farms of
monitor lizard breeding, fisherman, hunter, sale
places of fresh bush meat, gift, and catcher of live
monitor lizards. In Benin, the monitor lizard meat
consumers found most the monitor lizard meat on the
local market of smoked bushmeat, close to fisherman,
catcher of live monitor lizard, hunter, and/or on sale
places of fresh bush meat, while in Burkina Faso,
monitor lizard meat is mainly provided by hunter and
catcher of live monitor lizards (according to 85 - 87%
of informants; P<0.001). In Ivory Coast, only the
local market of smoked bush meat or sale places of
fresh bush meat were the source of monitor lizard
(Varanus sp.) meat for the consumer.
The tools and equipment used for the catching of
monitor lizard are composed of shotgun, trap, cudgel,
hook and net. Shotgun, trap, cudgel and catching of the
live monitor lizard are most commonly used in Benin
comparatively to the 2 others countries where trap and
cudgel are most used (P<0.001). The responsible of the
monitor lizard capture in the nature is mainly the men
(97% in Benin; 88.7% in Burkina Faso and 100% in
Ivory Coast). The women are most implicated in the
catching or slaughtering of lizards in Burkina Faso than
in Benin and Ivory Coast (P<0.001).
Lizard price, prohibition/taboos and religious beliefs
The table 5 shows the monitor lizard price. The
prohibition/taboos and religious beliefs associated
to the monitor lizard exploitation as food or craft
raw materials are given in table 6. The monitor
lizards of middle size, small size and heavy size are
most expensive in Ivory Coast than in Burkina Faso
and Benin (P<0.001). The criterions of price
definition of monitor lizard are live weight, the size
or length of the reptile, and the social rank of the
customer with the predominance of the size or
length of the reptile, and the social rank of the
customer in Benin, the size in Burkina Faso, the live
weight and the size in Ivory Coast.
6. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 38
Prohibition and taboos exist about the exploitation of
monitor lizard for food or others purposes. This
prohibition is highly reported in Benin and Burkina
Faso by 60.6% and 55% of total informants
respectively, to 10% in Ivory Coast (P<0.001).
Similarly, religious beliefs exist about monitor lizard
(Varanus sp.). These religious beliefs were most
reported in Benin and Burkina Faso (39 to 49%)
comparatively to Ivory Coast where only 5.71% of
informants have attested the existence of religious
beliefs exist about monitor lizard.
In Burkina Faso, religious beliefs on the monitor
lizards (Varanus sp.) are observed in the socio-
cultural groups Dafin, Samo, Bissa, Lyele, Bwaba and
Gourmatche. Indeed, the following beliefs exist in
Burkina Faso:
✓ Find monitor lizards (Varanus sp.) lying in the
middle of the road is a sign of misfortune;
✓ The arboreal monitor lizard is a dangerous
messenger for its finder;
✓ The monitor lizards (Varanus sp.) are sacred
reptiles; fetishist must not consume them;
✓ The arboreal monitor is very sacred according to
Dafin socio-cultural groups. When monitor lizard
dies, it is treated like a human, and buried with rites.
Moreover, according to this socio-cultural group,
there is a period when terrestrial monitor lizards
leave their natural environment and invade the city.
In this case, sacrifices are obligatory in order to allow
them to regain their sources. In Dedougou and among
Bobo, when you kill a monitor lizard, a Bobo dies too.
✓ In Samo socio-cultural group, women of
childbearing age and pregnant women do not consume
monitor lizard meat. If a woman has killed a monitor
lizard, even without being the author of the slaughter,
she must obligatorily name her child "Boussi".
✓ According to Sambo, Lyele and Gourmatche, it is
strictly forbidden to kill the monitor lizard. According
to legend, the monitor lizard and specifically Varanus
exanthematicus would have saved the lives of their
ancestors.
In Benin, sacred Varanus niloticus of Sam is the only
population of sacred monitor lizard reported in
Benin. This species of monitor is considered as deity
and worshipped.
Regardless the consumption of lizard meat, monitor
lizard is also used in traditional medicine, craft, and
international trading. The proportions of informants
that use monitor lizard in traditional medicine, craft, and
international trading in Benin is 100% to respectively
52.11%, 15.49%, and 2.82% for Burkina Faso and
22.86%, 7.14% and 2.86% in Ivory Coast (P<0.001).
Distribution of sauces and dishes prepared using
monitor lizard (Varanus sp.) meat by country using
Correspondence Factorial Analysis
The distribution of sauces and dishes prepared using
monitor lizard (Varanus sp.) meat by country (Benin,
Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast) using Correspondence
Factorial Analysis is given in fig. 3.
The first axis explains 54.1% of the variations of sauces
and dishes prepared using monitor lizard meat and
oppose Burkina Faso to Benin and Ivory Coast. The
second axis explains 45.9% of the variations of sauces
and dishes prepared using monitor lizard meat and
oppose the Benin to the Ivory Coast and in a lesser
measure to the Burkina-Faso. Indeed, the Benin is
characterized by the sauces and dishes prepared using
monitor lizard meat whose names are: kalalou sauce,
sesame sauce, palm nut sauce, vegetable sauce, peanut
seed sauce and grilled meat. The Ivory Coast is
characterized by the okra sauce, Gnanagnan sauce,
Kedjenou Sauce, tomato sauce, Gouagouasoup sauce,
Biokosoe dish and palm nut sauce. The Burkina Faso is
characterized by the smoked lizard meat sauce, a soup,
Piapia yangoila sauce, Soumbala sauce, peanut sauce
and sorrel sauce.
Characteristics of types of lizard exploitations
Three axes were selected for the interpretation of the
correspondence analysis results. Each axis
corresponds to a group of monitor lizard users and
each group corresponds to a type of lizard
exploitations. Group 1 corresponds to lizard
exploitation type 1, group 2 to the monitor lizard
exploitation type 2 and group 3 to the monitor lizard
exploitation type 3. The results of the factorial
correspondence analysis are given by group of lizard
users in Fig. 4.
7. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 39
The type 1 corresponded to lizard users who weren’t
provided with schooling or had rarely reached the
primary or secondary level. This type of monitor
lizard exploitation included the hunters, farmers,
students, craftsmen, bush meat sellers, and
housewives. They were distributed in almost all
studied countries (Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory
Coast) and represent 68.8% of the surveyed
population. In this group, informants were
predominantly men (69.01%) and did hunting,
agriculture, fishermen, craft, bush meat trading, and
household as main activities. Terrestrial and semi-
aquatic lizards are the most common known lizard
species. Almost all of them consume monitor lizard
meat. Their main catching methods of monitor lizard
and sources of monitor lizard meat supply are
hunting, trapping, purchase, hook and net fishing. In
this group, knowledge about taboos, prohibition and
religious beliefs on monitor lizards are reported. The
caught or slaughtered monitor lizard are sold or
bought according to their size.
The Type 2 corresponded to monitor lizard users who
had rarely reached the primary or secondary level.
Only a few wasn’t provided with formal education.
This type of monitor lizard exploitation included the
public officers, bush meat restaurant manager, agro-
livestock breeders, and lizard breeders. They were
most concentrate in Benin, and Ivory Coast. In this
group, informants are men (69.71%) and women
(30.29%). They do public service, restoration, agro-
livestock production and monitor lizard rearing as
main activities. Terrestrial and semi-aquatic monitor
lizards are the most common known species. All of
them (100%) consume monitor lizard meat. Their
main sources of lizard supply are bush meat market,
the nature (savanna), hook and net fishing. In this
group, there are no taboos, prohibition and religious
beliefs about monitor lizards. The caught or
slaughtered monitor lizards are sold or bought
according to their size. Regardless of capture in the
bush, monitor lizards are sometimes bred in captivity.
Their diet is provided by insects, fry and fruits. They
are raised on the ground in buildings with galleries on
the walls whose upper walls are tiled to prevent
animals from going out. The reproduction is of
natural type but with the peculiarity that the fertilized
eggs are collected and incubated under a litter of
chips to obtain the small ones.
Finally, in the Type 3, lizard users were provided with
higher education level. This type of lizard exploitation
included the teachers, scientific researcher, and civil
administrators. They were distributed in almost all
studied countries (Benin and Burkina Faso) and
represent 48.3% of the surveyed population. In this
group, informants were predominantly men and did
teaching, research and civil office management as
main activities. Terrestrial and semi-aquatic lizards
are the most common known lizard species. Almost
all of them consume lizard meat. Their main sources
of lizard meat are hunters and local market of smoked
bush meat. In this group, no taboos, prohibition and
religious beliefs about lizards were reported. The
monitor lizards are bought very expensive. The
peanut sauce is their main soup prepared with
smoked monitor lizard meat followed by grilled meat.
Discussion
Exploitation of monitor lizards as a food resource
According to Klemens and Thorbjarnarson (1995),
reptiles have served as an important source of protein
for human populations around the world.
Exploitation for food is heaviest in the tropical and
sub-tropical regions, but also occurs in temperate
areas. In the current study, monitor lizards are
consumed by almost all the informants of Benin,
Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast as protein resource.
The preparation forms of the meat reported in the
current study for the three countries are: boiling of
the fresh meat, the smoking, the braising and the
frying. In Benin, all the informants use the boiled,
smoked, braised and fried meat while in Ivory Coast,
only the smoked and boiled meats are consumed.
In Burkina Faso, all the 4 preparation forms were
found with the predominance of smoked meat.
Monitor lizard meat is conserved smoked, salted or
sun-dried. Smoking is the most common form of
conservation in the 3 surveyed countries. This finding
confirms that monitor lizard is among the bushmeat
consumed in West Africa and therefore contributes to
8. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 40
the reduction of animal protein deficiency and
malnutrition. Bushmeat includes a large variety of
wild species that are eaten as food (Bennett and
Robinson, 2000; Wilkie et al., 2005; Nasi et al., 2015,
Hema et al., 2019; Luiselli et al., 2019). According to
Nasi and Fa (2015), animal source foods, such as
wildlife, are rich in energy, protein, and
micronutrients that have greater bioavailability than
vegetable sources although their consumption is
linked to the transmission of zoonotic diseases, such
as Ebola (Ordaz-Németh et al., 2017).
However, there is some evidence that indicates a
strong causal link between bushmeat consumption
and human nutrition (Neumann et al., 2003). In a
study of children of 12 years old in rural northeastern
Madagascar, the lack of access to wild meat caused a
29% increase in the numbers of children suffering
from iron deficiency anaemia and a tripling of
anaemia cases among children in the poorest
households (Golden et al., 2011).
Thus, if consumption of sufficient amounts of
nutrients to meet the body’s needs is limited,
including those contained in meats, chronic
malnutrition will occur over time and will result in
growth retardation in children (stunting) and
eventually ill health in later life. If food security is
taken as the provision of nutritionally adequate and
safe foods, that have a steady supply during the year,
and to which households have access at all times, to
sufficient amounts, for an active and healthy life
(Maxwell and Wiebe 1999; Pinstrup-Andersen 2009),
the contribution of monitor lizard as bushmeat to
human nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa is very
important. Moreover, Starkey (2004), Cawthorn and
Hoffman (2015) and Nasi and Fa (2015) also reported
that wild animals as monitor lizards are a great source
of income for rural populations, and play an
important role in the practice of traditional medicine.
Accoding to Deutsch and Murakhver (2012), common
edible lizards include iguanas (Iguana spp.), tegus
(Tupinambis spp.), monitor lizards (Varanus spp.),
geckos (infraorder Gekkota), and to a lesser extent
worm lizards (sub-order Amphisbaenia).
Exploitation of monitor lizards for trading and
medicinal receipts
In the current study, regardless the consumption of
lizard meat, monitor lizard is also used in traditional
medicine, craft, and international trading. The
proportions of informants that use monitor lizard in
traditional medicine, craft, and international trading
in Benin is 100% to respectively 52.11%, 15.49%, and
2.82% for Burkina Faso and 22.86%, 7.14% and
2.86% in Ivory Coast. This finding confirms the report
of Schulte-Herbrüggen et al. (2013) who showed that
bushmeat is an important resource in the livelihoods
of many rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa and
may be a crucial safety-net for the most vulnerable
households, especially during times of economic
hardship. Therefore, despite the small cash incomes
from monitor lizard trade, they provide an important
contribution that complements the diverse livelihood
strategies within a household, especially for the
poorer sectors of rural society. Moreover, there are
non-financial benefits of non-timber forest products
trade that are commonly overlooked (Shackleton and
Shackleton, 2004).
According to Brashares et al. (2011), the harvest of
wildlife such as monitor lizards catching for human
consumption is valued at several billion dollars
annually and provides an essential source of meat for
hundreds of millions of rural people living in poverty.
This harvest is also considered among the greatest
threats to biodiversity throughout Africa, Asia, and
Latin America. Economic development is often
proposed as an essential first step to win–win
solutions for poverty alleviation and biodiversity
conservation by breaking rural reliance on wildlife. In
West and Central Africa, the bushmeat trade reaches
five million tonnes every year (Fa et al., 2002).
About medicinal uses of monitor lizards, several
informants of the current survey had reported the
exploitation of lizard organs in the treatment of several
illnesses such as female sexual dysfunction, ailments,
including haemor-rhoids, rheumatism, body pain and
burns, as well as spider and snake bites. They are also
used as a cure for arthritis. The fat and meat of lizards
are also reported to work like testosterone and are
9. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 41
considered a delicacy and an aphrodisiacin in South
India (da Nóbrega et al., 2008).
According to these authors, the meat of lizards is also
reported to be effective in curing the tension,
hyperglycemia, asthma and cough (Subramanean and
Vikram Reddy, 2012).
This result confirms the report of FAO (2002),
Cawthorn and Hoffman (2015), and Nasi and Fa (2015)
who showed that wild animals are not only a source of
income, but also play an important role in the practice
of traditional medicine. In Africa, whole specimens and
reptile organs (crocodiles, snakes, turtles, monitor
lizards, etc.) are used for feeding and medicinal recipes
(Bayless and Luisselli 2001, De Buffrénil 2004, Kpéra
et al., 2004; Sinsin et al., 2008).
The capture technique of semi-aquatic monitor lizard
found herein and based on the use of hook was also
reported by Buffrenil and Hemery (2007).
Taboos and religious beliefs associated to the
exploitation monitor lizards
Food prohibition is an act of not allowing a pre-
determined group of person from eating some kinds
of foods (Anyanwu et al., 2015). This act or taboo
exists in all socio-cultural groups and generally aims
to protect the practitioners from unseen problems. In
the current study, prohibition and taboos exist about
the exploitation of monitor lizard for food or others
purposes. This prohibition is highly reported in Benin
and Burkina Faso (55 to 60.6% of informants) but
weakly reported in Ivory Coast (10%).
Similarly, religious beliefs exist about monitor lizard
in the 3 studied countries and were most reported in
Benin and Burkina Faso. This finding on the existence
of prohibition and religious beliefs about the
consumption of monitor lizards is in accordance with
the results of Bolton (1972), Odebiyi (1989), Onuorah
and Ayo (2003), Waibel (2013), Anyanwu et al.
(2015). According to Anyanwu et al. (2015), in the
African setting, these acts are usually strongly
adhered to and are most often associated with some
traditional ancestral worship which religiously serves
as the symbol for the forbidden food articles. These
practices, by their nature often limit the availability of
freely available protein foods to the local communities
that are believers and practitioners.
Furthermore, many religious congregations in the
world also are characterized by food prohibition or
taboo mostly due to regulations, rules and laws from
their holy book and also by their wills to prevent
health problems in their devoted adepts or believers
(Waibel, 2013).
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the practice of food
prohibition has existed among the various local
indigenous sects for several generations (Anyanwu et
al., 2015). This practice is generally attached to some
myths or beliefs among the practicing population.
Stories, folklores, legends and even religious practices
are the main means of transmission of myths or
beliefs from generation to generation. For instance,
the people of Orogun, an Urhobo community in
Nigeria prohibit the slaughtering and consumption of
Iguana Lizard. These lizards are called “mother” and
are allowed to pick whatever food items they want
both at home and in the farm, and to go about
‘majestically’, unmolested and can go into the
traditional homes of the people uninhibited.
According to Anyanwu et al. (2015), the person
involved in any accidental death of these big lizards
has to spend huge sums of money for burial ceremony
for these reptiles which are recognized ‘god’ or the
worshiped deity.
In Olomu Kingdom of Nigeria, crocodile is also seen
as a god. It is a strict taboo to kill and eat the meat of
a crocodile, and anybody who does so will develop
severe rashes all over his body, with severe itching
and scratching. No medication works, and the person
must perform certain rites. Failure to do this
ceremony will result into the culprit developing,
swollen body, and abdomen and death eventually
(Akpokona, 2014; Anyanwu et al., 2015).
In Gambia, according to Odoi (2014), there are also
certain practices originating from past beliefs.
10. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Tougan et al. Page 42
Among these beliefs are taboos: members of the
Ceesay family should not touch or eat sole fish and
monitor lizards, and members of the Sanyang family
should not touch iguanas or eat turtle meat.
In Benin, sacred Varanus niloticus of Sam is
considered as deity and worshipped. Beyond the
cultic and cultural, the importance of these sacred
lizars in the protection of populations against bites of
reptiles like the snakes that enter in the diet of these
monitor lizards is recognized (Ciliberti, 2011; Pianka
et al., 2004). These sacred lizards regulate also the
damage in grain stocks because the rodents who are
responsible for it enter in their diet (Sinsin et al.,
2008; Savey, 2009).
Conclusion
The characterization of the different uses of monitor
lizards and associated taboos, prohibitions and
religious believes carried out in this study presents a
large diversity of use of monitor lizard (Varanid sp.)
in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. Overall, it
comes out from the survey that all of the surveyed
informants in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast
know the monitor lizards and recognize their
exploitation as food, medicinal and artisanal raw
materials. The preparation forms of the meat
reported in the current study for the three countries
are: boiling of the fresh meat, the smoking, the
braising and the frying.
Monitor lizard meat is conserved smoked, salted or
sun-dried. The main sources of monitor lizard
supplies reported by the informants are: local market
of smoked bushmeat, farms of monitor lizard
breeding, fisherman, hunter, sale places of fresh bush
meat, and gift. The tools and equipment used capture
of monitor lizards are composed of shotgun, trap,
cudgel, catching of the live lizard and net.
These species of monitor lizards are hunted for
feeding, commercial and craft purposes. The cash
incomes from monitor lizard trade provide an
important contribution that complements the diverse
livelihood strategies within a household of monitor
lizard catchers or trader.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the INTRA-ACP Project HAAGRIM
and the hunters of Benin, Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina
Faso; the Department of Animal Science of Gembloux
Agro-Bio Tech / University of Liège in Belgium for their
logistical, financial and technical supports.
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